Infections Due to Malassezia Presenter: Dr. Cooper.
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Transcript of Infections Due to Malassezia Presenter: Dr. Cooper.
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Infections Due to Malassezia
Presenter: Dr. Cooper
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Definition
• Various species of Malassezia cause both opportunistic, superficial infections and occasionally systemic infections
• Common superficial infections include:– Pityriasis versicolor– Seborrheic dermatitis– Atopic dermatitis– Folliculitis– Dandruff
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Case Report 1
• Fan et al., Arch. Dermatol. (2006) 142: 1181-1184.
• In January 2004, a 49 year-old female developed an asymptomatic facial papule
• Self-treated with herbs, but became larger, erosive, and produced an exudate
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Case Report 1 (cont.)
• In March 2004, a similar nasal lesion appeared
• Patient presented to clinic in April 2004– No history of trauma– Owned a pet dog for 9 months– No lymphadenopathy
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Source: Fan et al., Arch. Dermatol. 142 (2006) 1181-1184
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Case Report 1 (cont.)
• Biopsy of lesion – Gram stain revealed numerous budding yeast
cells– Pronounced inflammatory reaction including
microabscesses of follicules and numerous lymphocytes and histiocytes
– PAS staining documented round-to-ovoid cells/spores in necrotic areas as well as in dermis
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Source: Fan et al., Arch. Dermatol. 142 (2006) 1181-1184
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Case Report 1 (cont.)
• Culture/Laboratory Work– Skin scrappings from both patient and dog grew
yeast-like cells on Sabouraud Dextrose agar with or without olive oil supplement
– Scanning electron micrographs revealed morphology consistent with Malassezia pachydermatis
– Patient had no other underlying disease or immunosuppression
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Case Report 1 (cont.)
• Treatment– Initially treated with antituberculosis agents
because of slow culture results– After positive fungus culture results, patient was
treated with itraconazole and potassium iodide– Lesion stopped growing but was still positive for
fungus– Therapy changed to fluconazole with cryotherapy
to remove lesion– Some hypopigmented scarring remained, but
patient was free of infection after 15 months
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Source: Fan et al., Arch. Dermatol. 142 (2006) 1181-1184
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Case Report 2
• Rosales et al., Ped. Develop. Pathol. (2004) 7: 86-90.
• Infant born after 23 weeks of gestation– Chronic lung disease– Necrotizing enterocolitis– Intraventricular hemorrahge– At 24 days post birth, developed hypotension
• Treated empirically with amphotericin B• Hepatic lesion noted
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Case Report 2 (cont.)
– Blood cultures were positive for Malassezia furfur on day 11 of treatment (day 35 of life)
– Central line catheter was also shown to be positive for M. furfur
– Removal of catheter resulted in negative fungus cultures for 2 weeks of amphoterin B therapy
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Case Report 2 (cont.)
– Day 50 of life• Patient’s condition worsened due to intestinal
perforation• Surgery improved condition and was being
given intravenous hyperalimentation infusions of lipids via a scalp catheter
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Case Report 2 (cont.)
– Day 83 of life• Patient’s condition worsened again and seizure
occurred• Spinal fluid examination revealed fungal forms
consistent with M. furfur• Catheter and blood cultures were positive for
M. furfur• Death occurred on day 86
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Source: Rosalles et al., Ped.Devel. Pathol. 7 (2004) 86-90
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Case Report 2 (cont.)
• Autopsy findings– Inflammatory reactions of meninges consistent
with meningitis– Histopathological examination (silver stained
sections) revealed meninges contained yeast cells with morphologies consistent with M. furfur
– No such observations were noted for any other organs in the body
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Source: Rosalles et al., Ped.Devel. Pathol. 7 (2004) 86-90
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Pityriasis Versicolor
• Synonym: tinea versicolor, among others• Presentation:
– Chronic, benign skin disorder– Asymptomatic– Characterized by scaly patches of varible color
(pink, white, or brown) of the upper trunk– Worldwide in distribution
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Pityriasis Versicolor (cont.)
• Etiological Agents:– Various species of Malassezia:
• M. furfur• M. globosa• M. sympodialis• M. sloofiae• M. restricta
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Pityriasis Versicolor (cont.)
– There are other species of Malassezia which may or may not be involved in pityriasis versicolor
• M. obtusa• M. pachydermatis - common pathogen of dogs
– Malassezia is a basidiomycetous yeast, but the telomorph has yet to be described
– Different species differentiated based upon:• Physiological parameters, including use of
complex lipid sources• Genetic-based differences
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Pityriasis Versicolor (cont.)
• Epidemiology:– Typically an infection of children and young adults– Associated with hormonal changes and increased
sebum production– Favored by high temperature and humidity,
particularly tropic areas
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Pityriasis Versicolor (cont.)
• Clinical manifestations– Multiple macules and/or patches varying in
appearance• Hypopigmented• Hyperpigmented• Erythematous
– Commonly affected areas include back, chest, abdomen, neck, and upper limbs
– Children often acquire facial macular lesions
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Pityriasis versicolor. Source: www.doctorfungus.com
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Lesions of pityriasis versicolor. Source: www.doctorfungus.com
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Pityriasis Versicolor (cont.)
• Diagnosis– Typically, KOH preps of lesions that show yeast
and pseudohyphal elements (“spaghetti and meat balls”)
– Can confirm the diagnosis by using a Wood's lamp to show yellow to yellow-green fluorescence of active lesions.
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“Spaghetti and Meat Balls” - Malassezia furfur (PAS stain). Source: www.doctorfungus.com
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Pityriasis Versicolor (cont.)
• Treatment is via use of topical agents including:– Selenium sulfide shampoo– Zinc pyrithione shampoo– Ciclopirox– Terbinafine– Benzoyl peroxide
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References
• Clinical Mycology. 2003. Elias J. Anaissie, Michael R. McGinnis, Michael A. Pfaller, eds. Churchill Livingstone
• Clinical Mycology. 2003. William E. Dismukes, Peter G. Pappas, Jack D. Sobel, eds. Oxford University Press
• Topley & Wilson's Microbiology & Microbial Infections, 10th ed. 2005. Vol. 3. Medical Mycology. Hodder Arnold
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References (cont.)
• www.doctorfungus.com (accessed on June 3, 2007)
• Ashbee, H. R. 2007. Update on the genus Malassezia. Med. Mycol. 4: 287-303.
• Morishita, N., Sei, Y. 2006. Microreview of pityriasis versicolor and Malassezia species. Mycopathologia 6: 373-376.