Infection, Asepsis and Sterile Technique. 2 MICROORGANISMS living cells found everywhere in the...
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Transcript of Infection, Asepsis and Sterile Technique. 2 MICROORGANISMS living cells found everywhere in the...
Infection, Asepsis and
Sterile Technique
2
MICROORGANISMS
living cells found
everywhere in the environment
can be beneficial
mold for cheese
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MICROORGANISMS can be harmful
HIV causes AIDS understanding disease
transmission helps create technology for disease prevention
you will care for patients with:
infectious diseases communicable
diseases
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MICROORGANISMS Structure and Function
similar cell structure to animals and plants
metabolic process take in oxygen burn food for energy and
growth excrete wastes
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MICROORGANISMS
Structure and Function increase in size,
divide and mutate react to
environmental changes
able to move on their own
form protective capsules
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MICROORGANISMS Nature of microorganisms
all human beings contain microorganisms in and on their bodies
most do not produce disease under normal conditions
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MICROORGANISMS
Nature pathogenic (disease
causing) microorganisms have the potential to negatively affect a person’s health
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MICROORGANISMS Growth of
microorganisms
beginning of a bacterial infection
hundreds of bacterial cells as bacteria reproduce
millions of bacterial cells colonies
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MICROORGANISMS
Growth environmental factors
oxygen nutrients temperature moisture pH light
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MICROORGANISMS Types
algae rarely cause disease
fungi yeasts
thrush/vaginitis molds
athlete’s foot
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MICROORGANISMS Types
protozoa microscopic vaginal infection
urinary tract infection
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MICROORGANISMS
Types bacteria
spores difficult to control & destroy
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MICROORGANISMS Types
bacteria pathogenic
gonorrhea upper respiratory infection
meningitis
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MICROORGANISMS Types
Viruses affect every system
and tissue of the body HIV
immunization is most effective in prevention of specific viruses
polio, smallpox & measles
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Definition caused by
pathogenicmicroorganisms
communicable spreads from oneperson to another
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE Definition
contagious transmitted to many
individuals quickly & easily
can cause an epidemic large number of people
in the same area areinfected in a short time
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE Chain of Infection
reservoir people animals insects inanimate objects
portal of exit all body orifices discharges
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Chain of Infection Vehicle
direct/indirect contact human carrier airborne water-borne food-borne vectors blood borne
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Chain of Infection Portal of Entry
respiratory tract GI/GU reproductive open wounds incisions/
puncture sites body orifices tubes/catheters
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Chain of Infection High Risk Host
hospitalized/inactive chronic fatigue poor nutrition infants/elderly injury/wound/shock/trauma medications side effects emotional factors
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE Breaking the Chain of Infection
reservoir HANDWASHING sterilize disinfect clean/soap & water discard disposable equipment dressing changes PRN contaminated/proper disposal
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE Breaking the Chain of Infection
Portal of Exit HANDWASHING waste disposal secretions/drainage protect open wounds/sterile fields
gloves/masks medications
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE Breaking the Chain of Infection
Vehicle HANDWASHING trash incinerators linen/toiletries infected wounds food handling isolation/airflow sterilization sharps
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Breaking the Chain of Infection Portal of Entry
HANDWASHING clean, dry skin; use
moisturizer prevent skin breakdown clean, dry linen tubes/collection bags wound care BSI/sterile procedure
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Breaking the Chain of Infection High risk Host
HANDWASHING (infection control)
treat underlying condition rest/skin care nutrition/fluids reduce anxiety cough/deep breathe immunization
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RESPONSE TO INFECTION Response
depends on organism and host normal course of infection
1st phase (incubation period) when pathogen enters the body to the appearance of first symptoms
2nd phase (prodromal stage) from appearance of first symptoms to more severe symptoms
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RESPONSE TO INFECTION Response
normal course of infection 3rd phase (full stage)
symptoms are acute and specific to type of infection
final phase (convalescence stage)
when acute symptoms subside and patient recovers
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RESPONSE TO INFECTION
Factors that Influence Infection Body’s defense mechanisms Portal of entry
only if they gain accessto the body through a specific portal of entry
Number of microorganism greater the number,
greater the opportunity to cause disease
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RESPONSE TO INFECTION Factors that Influence Infection
Virulence pathogen’s strength to cause disease
protective capsules enzymes
Host resistance some normal flora have an antibiotic relationship
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NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
serious problem acquired in the
hospital reasons
presence resistance to antibiotics
many reservoirs
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NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
Conditions that Increase the Risk broad spectrum antibiotic
used frequently failure of appropriate proper
technique multiple healthcare personnel prolonged hospitalization lowered resistance to disease
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MEDICAL ASEPSIS
Definition (Asepsis) practices that minimize or
eliminate organisms that can cause infection and disease
medical asepsis clean technique
surgical asepsis sterile technique
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MEDICAL ASEPSIS
Definition (Medical Asepsis) components
reduce/prevent number of microorganism transmissions
HANDWASHING barrier techniques clean environment
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MEDICAL ASEPSIS Medical Asepsis
HANDWASHING single most effective measure
to prevent the spread of disease
barrier technique (PPE) keep organisms from
entering or leaving therespiratory tract, your eyesor breaks in the skin
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MEDICAL ASEPSIS
Medical Asepsis gloves
latex allergy eye protection
goggles/glasses gowns/aprons
fluid resistant masks
disposable
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MEDICAL ASEPSIS
leaving a patient’s room discard
gown/mask/gloves HANDWASHING terminal disinfecting
patient and family teaching
HANDWASHING hygienic practices aseptic technique
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SURGICAL ASEPSIS Asepsis
dirty not been cleaned or sterilized
clean many or the most harmful microorganisms have been removed
sterile free of all microorganisms and spores
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SURGICAL ASEPSIS Sterile Technique
no organisms are carried to the patient
used during dressing changes, administering parenteral medications & sterile procedures
first sterilize articles and prevent contact with unsterile articles
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SURGICAL ASEPSIS
Disinfection & Sterilization disinfectants destroy most
pathogens but not necessarily their spores
sterilization destroys all pathogens and spores
Sterile Protective Measures hair covering, surgical mask,
sterile gown and sterile gloves
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INFECTION CONTROL Standard Precautions
Universal Precautions reduce risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens
Body Substance Isolation (BSI)
reduce transmission from moist body substances
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INFECTION CONTROL
Standard Precautions must consider ALL patients
are potentially infected wear gloves when in contact with
blood, body fluids, non-intact skin, mucous membranes or contaminated items & change them after each contact
HANDWASHING if contaminated with blood, body fluids, after each patient contact & after removing gloves
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INFECTION CONTROL Standard Precautions
wear a gown/apron when clothing could become soiled
wear mask, eye protection/face shield if splashing of blood/body fluids is possible
do not recap/break needles use proper sharps container report any exposures clean equipment after each use
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INFECTION CONTROL
Transmission-Based Precautions airborne precautions
tiny microorganisms from evaporated droplets remain suspended in the air or carried by dust particles & inhaled
TB, measles and chickenpox private negative pressure room doors of rooms kept closed high-filtration particulate respirator
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INFECTION CONTROL Transmission-Based Precautions droplet precautions
microorganisms are propelled through the air through sneezing, coughing, talking or suctioning
meningitis, pneumonia, influenza, mumps, rubella, and etc.
mask and private room doors may remain open
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INFECTION CONTROL Transmission-Based Precautions
contact precautions most frequent mode of transmission direct contact of body surface indirect contact such as needle/hand HEP A, herpes simplex virus, acute diarrhea, draining abscess & etc.
gloves, gown and private room use in ADDITION to Standard Precautions
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INFECTION CONTROL Isolation
administering medications unwrap before going into pt’s room use disposable med trays and cups don’t take med cards into pt’s room HANDWASHING needles/syringes in sharps container use & discard IV bags in pt’s room dispose of all materials in pt’s room
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INFECTION CONTROL Isolation
sending a specimen to the laboratory
before collecting, label container
place into bag with “biohazard” label
HANDWASHING
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INFECTION CONTROL
Isolation taking vital signs
use equipment in patient’s room
wear PPE as indicated use clock in patient’s room,
not your watch use disposable temperature
system
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INFECTION CONTROL
Isolation
transporting the patient to other areas
wear PPE as indicated to include pt
control/contain patient’s drainage
escort ambulatory patients notify other areas of
patient’s precautions disinfect transportation
device
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INFECTION CONTROL Isolation
caring for the patient’s body after death take special precautions to prevent spread of infection
protective (reverse) isolation protection from outside environment for weakened immune response pts burns or bone marrow transplants, HIV positive, chemotherapy and etc.
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REVIEW OF MAIN POINTS Microorganisms Infectious Disease Response to Infection Nosocomial Infections Medical Asepsis Surgical Asepsis Infection Control