INFECTION AND IMMUNITYVOLUME 56 0 JANUARY 1988 0 NUMBER 1

J. W. Shands, Jr., Editor in Chief(1989)

University of Florida, GainesvillePhillip J. Baker, Editor (1990)National Institute ofAllergy and

Infectious DiseasesBethesda, Md.Edwin H. Beachey, Editor (1988)VA Medical CenterMemphis, Tenn.

Peter F. Bonventre, Editor (1989)University of CincinnatiCincinnati, OhioRoy Curtiss III, Editor (1990)Washington UniversitySt. Louis, Mo.

Dexter H. Howard, Editor (1991)University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, Calif.Stephen H. Leppla, Editor (1991)U.S. Army Medical Research Instituteof Infectious Diseases

Frederick, Md.Stephan E. Mergenhagen, Editor (1989)National Institute ofDental ResearchBethesda, Md.

Julia Albright (1989)Leonard t. Altman (1989)Michael A. Apicella (1988)Neil R. Baker (1989)Alan Barbour (1989)John B. Bartlett (1988)Joel B. Baseman (1988)Robert E. Baughn (1990)Gary K. Best (1988)Jenefer Blackwell (1988)Arnold S. Bleiweis (1990)William H. Bowen (1988)David E. Briles (1988)Gerald Byrne (1988)Richard A. Calderone (1990)Janne G. Cannon (1990)Gail H. Cassell (1990)Bruce Chassy (1990)John 0. Cisar (1988)William B. Clark (1988)P. Patrick Cleary (1990)Steven Clegg (1990)John Clements (1988)Don B. Clewell (1990)Rebecca Cox (1990)Jorge H. Crosa (1988)Jim E. Cutler (1990)Charles J. Czuprynski (1989)James B. Dale (1988)Judith E. Domer (1989)James L. Duncan (1988)Roman Dziarski (1990)Robert A. Eisenberg (1990)Barry Eisenstein (1988)

Helen R. Whiteley,

EDITORIAL BOARDStanley Falkow (1988)Joseph Ferretti (1989)Richard A. Finkelstein (1989)Vincent A. Fischetti (1989)David FitzGerald (1989)Robert Fitzgerald (1989)James D. Folds (1988)Peter Gemski (1988)Robert Genco (1988)Ronald J. Gibbons (1988)Jon Goguen (1989)William E. Goldman (1989)Emil Gotschlich (1988)Frank M. Griffin, Jr. (1990)Thomas L. Hale (1990)Robert E. W. Hancock (1988)Eric J. Hansen (1989)Thomas P. Hatch (1988)Fred Heffron (1990)David Hentges (1988)Penny J. Hitchcock (1989)Vincent J. Iacono (1988)James B. Jensen (1989)Howard M. Johnson (1988)Russell C. Johnson (1988)William Johnson (1988)Keith A. Joiner (1989)Dennis L. Kasper (1988)Stefan H. E. Kaufmann (1989)Paul Kolenbrander (1989)Maurice J. Lefford (1990)F. Y. Liew (1988)Francis L. Macrina (1988)John Mansfield (1988)

Chairman, Publications BoardLinda M. Illig, Managing Editor, Journals

Jerry R. McGhee (1988)Floyd C. McIntire (1988)John Mekalanos (1989)Jiri Mestecky (1989)Suzanne M. Michalek (1989)David C. Morrison (1989)Steven Mosely (1990)Antony J. Mukkada (1990)Robert S. Munford (1989)Juneann W. Murphy (1990)H. Nikaido (1989)Alison O'Brien (1988)Itzhak Ofek (1989)Dennis Ohman (1989)Andrew B. Onderdonk (1990)Paul Orndorff (1990)Shelley M. Payne (1988)Nathaniel F. Pierce (1989)Matthew Pollack (1989)Richard A. Proctor (1990)Reuben Ramphal (1988)Richard R. Ranney (1988)Jonathan I. Ravdin (1989)Richard F. Rest (1990)John B. Robbins (1989)Donald Robertson (1990)Burton Rosan (1989)Raoul S. Rosenthal (1989)Roy R. B. Russell (1989)David Sacks (1989)Catherine Saelinger (1990)Ann L. Sandberg (1989)Phillippe Sansonetti (1989)Dwayne C. Savage (1990)

Kirk Jensen,

Charles F. Schachtele (1988)Julius Schachter (1989)Patrick Schlievert (1990)June R. Scott (1990)Philip Scott (1988)Gerald D. Shockman (1989)W. A. Simpson (1988)Phillip D. Smith (1988)Ralph Snyderman (1988)Maggie So (1989)P. Frederick Sparling (1990)Susan Straley (1989)Barnet M. Sultzer (1988)Catharina Svanborg-Edkn (1988)John L. Swanson (1990)Diane Taylor (1990)John Thompson (1990)Michael R. Thompson (1990)K. N. Timmis (1990)Ivo van de Rijn (1990)Johannes van Houte (1988)Michael L. Vasil (1990)Stefanie Vogel (1988)Peter A. Ward (1988)Rodney Welch (1990)Tracy D. Wilkins (1990)Peter H. Williams (1990)Herbert H. Winkler (1989)Donald E. Woods (1989)William W. Yotis (1989)Elizabeth J. Ziegler (1988)Wendell D. Zollinger (1988)

Director of PublicationsThomas M. Rogers, Production Editor

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Author IndexAbdallah, Mohamed A., 291Adinolfi, Luigi E., 135Alderete, John F., 28Amano, Shigeru, 272Andersen, Roxanna N., 219Apicella, Michael A., 128, 259

Baker, Carol T., 64Baskin, Gary, 1Black, Robert E., 161Blanco, David R., 168Bockowski, Stephen W., 60Boncyk, Louis, 13Bonventre, Peter F.. 135Botzenhart, Konrad, 291Bourgeois, A. Louis, 99Broes, A., 241Burr, Donald H., 99

Calderone, Richard A., 252Caldwell, M. Blake, 99Chamberlain, Neal R., 71Champion, Cheryl I., 168Chedid, Louis A., 204Cheers, C., 247Cisar, John O., 267Clements, Mary Lou, 161Cox, Rebecca A., 13Cray, William C., Jr., 142Czarniecki, Christine W., 283

de Deckker, Francine A., 204de la Maza, Luis M., 283Delisle, Allan L., 54De Souza, J. B., 88Donkersloot, Jacob A., 54Doring, Gerd, 291Duque, R. E., 156

Eaves, Fredrick W., 287Ebisu, Sigeyuki, 191Eisenhauer, Patricia, 83Engle, Sharon A., 51Erlandsen, Stanley L., 278

Fairbrother, J. M., 241Falkow, Stanley, 225Fischler, Cynthia, 219Flynn, M., 156Furuya, Teisuke, 149

Garza, Guillermo E., 28Gillis, Zoe A., 135Gijes, Adeeb A., 287Goebel, W., 79Gothefors, Leif, 230

Gregoire, Stephen, 112

Hackstadt, Ted, 40Haigh, A. M., 247Hall, Robert, 161Hanazawa, Shigemasa, 272Hansen, Eric J., 182Hart, David A., 182Hasegawa, Akira, 149Herrington, Deirdre, 161Hirose, Kimiharu, 272Ho, Margaret, 197Holmes, Randall K., 106Holmgren, Jan, 230Homma, J. Yuzuru, 149Hsu, Pei-Ling, 71Hudson, J. L., 156

lizawa, Yuji, 45Imada, Akira, 45Inada, Katsuya, 149Ivins, Bruce E., 176

Jacques, M., 241Jertborn, Marianne, 230Johnson, W. M., 241

Kaack, M. Bernice, 1Kaper, James B., 142, 161Kathariou, S., 79Kelso, A., 247Kennell, Wiebke, 13Kiso, Makoto, 149Kitano, Shigeo, 272Knudson, Gregory B., 176Koker, Paul J., 34Kolenbrander, Paul E., 54,

219Kondo, Masahiro, 45Kuhn, M., 79Kumazawa, Yoshio, 149Kume, Katsumi, 234

Lally, Edward T., 122Lamont, Richard J., 64Lariviere, S., 241Lavin, Martin F., 287Leblanc, Donald J., 176Levine, Myron M., 161Linehan, Lisa, 252Lipscomb, Mary F., 7Loesche, W. J., 156London, Jack, 219Losonsky, Genevieve, 161Lovett, Michael A., 168

Mack, Douglas G., 83Maddaus, Michael A., 278Mahrt, J. L., 270Malech, Harry L., 267Martin, Larry E., 51Massad, George, 275McGehee, J. Lucius, 182McLaughlin, John, 92McLeod, Rima, 83Mekalanos, John J., 142Metcalf, D., 247Metcalf, Julia A., 267Miller, James N., 168Mody, Christopher H., 7Morgan, Herbert R., 99Morris, J. Glenn, 161Moser, Stephen A., 34Mudrick, Linda L., 267Muller, Eugene, 259Murphy, Genevieve M., 64Murphy, Juneann W., 13Murphy, Timothy F., 128

Nagumo, Terukazu, 149Nakai, Toyotsugu, 234Nakatsuka, Mitsunobu, 149Nauman, Robert K., 92Nelson, M. Bud, 128Nishi, Takeshi, 45Norgard, Michael V., 71

O'Brien, Alison D., 106Ohishi, Iwao, 24Ohmori, Yoshihiro, 272Okada, Hiroshi, 191Olenick, John G., 92Oliver, James D., 275Oyamada, Toshifumi, 234

Paranchych, William, 18Parsonnet, Jeffrey, 135Patterson, George M., 1Peterson, Ellena M., 283Pfestorf, Martina, 291Piekarowicz, Andrej, 112Pierce, Nathaniel F., 142Playfair, J. H. L., 88

Rabie, Geoffrey, 122Radolf, Justin D., 71Rekosh, David, 128Riveau, Gilles R., 204Roberts, James A., 1Robinson, J. P., 156Rosan, Burton, 64Rouse, Robert F., 60

Sandberg, Ann L., 252, 267Sastry, Parimi A., 18Sell, Stewart, 71Shafer, William M., 51Shenker, Bruce J., 122Shi, Yufang, 270Simmons, Richard L., 278Simonson, Lloyd G., 60Simpson, Lance L., 24Simpson, Linda M., 275Singh, Bhagirath, 18Siraganian, Reuben P., 219Small, Pamela L. C., 225Smart, Wallace, 18Spitznagel, John K., 51Spotila, Loretta D., 128Stanley, E. R., 247Stein, Daniel C., 112Stoll, Barbara, 230Svennerholm, Ann-Mari, 230

Takimoto, Hiroaki, 149Tall, Ben, 161Teh, Hung-Sia, 197Thompson, Michael R., 135Timms, Peter, 287Toews, Galen B., 7, 182Travis, James C., 275Tsuchiya, Kanji, 45Tylenda, Carolyn A., 54

van de Rijn, Ivo, 117Vankeulen, Harry, 128Vishwanath, Suryanarayanan,40

Wadsworth, Elsa, 252Walker, Richard I., 99Warren, H. Shaw, 204Weinstein, Debra L., 106Weiss, Ervin I., 219Welkos, Susan L., 176Wells, Carol L., 278Williams, James E., 34Williams, Laura D., 197Wistar, Richard, Jr., 99Wolff, Ruth, 92

Yamamoto, Akihiro, 149Yamazaki, Yoji, 191Yoshida, Masao, 149Yoshikawa, Hiroyasu, 234Yoshikawa, Takashi, 234Young, A. M., 247

Zakaria-Meehan, Zairani, 275Zehavi-Willner, T., 213Zepeda, Hector, 24Zhong, Guangming, 283

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INFECTION AND IMMUNITY

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

pretation of the results in relation to previously pub-lished work and to the experimental system at handand should not contain extensive repetition of theResults section or reiteration of the introduction. Inshort papers, the Results and Discussion sections maybe combined.

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listing: unpublished data, personal communications,manuscripts in preparation, manuscripts submitted,"in press" references, pamphlets, abstracts, patents,theses, dissertations, newsletters, letters to the editor,and material that has not been subjected to peerreview. References to such sources should be madeparenthetically in the text. An "in press" reference toan ASM publication should state the control number(e.g., IAI 576-88) or the name of the publication if it isa book.Follow the styles shown in the examples below.

1. Alderete, J. F., and D. C. Robertson. 1978. Purificationand chemical characterization of the heat-stable entero-toxin produced by porcine strains of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 19:1021-1030.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, and R. E.Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements for enzyme inhi-bition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schlessin-ger (ed.), Microbiology-1977. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

3. Finegold, S, M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H. Spaulding.1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobic bacteriology. Co-ordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

4. Gill, T. J., III. 1976. Principles of radioimmunoassay, p.169-171. In N. R. Rose and H. Friedman (ed.), Manual ofclinical immunology, 1st ed. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

5. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagales nomennovum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gibbons(ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 8thed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.

6. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics, p.352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold SpringHarbor, N.Y.

7. Sacks, L. E. 1972. Influence of intra- and extracellularcations on the germination of bacterial spores, p. 437-442.In H. 0. Halvorson, R. Hanson, and L. L. Campbell(ed.), Spores V. American Society for Microbiology,Washington, D.C.

Parenthetical references in the text should be citedas follows:... and protects the organisms against oxygen toxic-ity (H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, Fed. Proc. 35:1686,1976).. . . system was used (W. E. Scowcroft, A. H.Gibson, and J. D. Pagan, Biochem. Biophys. Res.Commun., in press).. . in linkage group XIV (R. D. Smyth, Ph.D. thesis,University of California, Los Angeles, 1972).... in poly mitochondria (S. E. Mainzer and C. W.Slayman, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol.1976, K15, p. 139).

NotesSubmit Notes in the same way as full-length papers.

They receive the same review, and they are neitherpublished more rapidly than full-length papers norconsidered preliminary communications. The Noteformat is intended for the presentation of brief obser-vations that do not warrant full-length papers.Each Note must have an abstract of no more than 50

words. Do not use section headings in the body of theNote; report methods, results, and discussion in asingle section. Paragraph lead-ins are permissible. Thetext is not to exceed 1,000 words, and the number offigures and tables should be kept to a minimum.Materials and methods should be described in the text,not in figure legends or table footnotes. Present ac-knowledgments as in full-length papers, but do not usea heading. The Literature Cited section is identical tothat of full-length papers.

MinireviewsMinireviews are brief summaries (limit of six printed

pages) of developments in fast-moving areas. Theymust be based on published articles: they may addressany subject within the scope of IAI. Minireviews maybe either solicited or proffered by authors respondingto a recognized need. Irrespective of origin, mini-reviews are subject to editorial review.

iV

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

ErrataThe Erratum section provides a means of correcting

errors (e.g., typographical) in published articles.Changes in data and the addition of new material arenot permitted. Send errata directly to the PublicationsDepartment.

Author's CorrectionsThe Author's Correction section provides a means

of adding citations that were overlooked in a publishedarticle. The author who failed to cite a reference andthe author whose paper was not cited must agree tosuch a publication; the editor, editor in chief, chairmanof the Publications Board, and director of publicationswill not be involved. Letters from both authors mustaccompany the author's correction sent to the Publi-cations Department.

DisclaimersStatements disclaiming governmental or any other

type of endorsement or approval will be deleted by thePublications Department.

ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLESThe figure number and authors' names should be

written on all figures, either in the margin or on theback (marked lightly with a soft pencil). For micro-graphs especially, the top should be indicated as well.Do not clasp figures to each other or to the manu-

script with paper clips. Insert small figures in anenvelope.

Continuous-Tone and Composite PhotographsWhen submitting continuous-tone photographs (e.g.,

polyacrylamide gels), keep in mind the journal pagesize: 35/16 inches for a single column and 60/8 inches fora double column (maximum). Include only the signif-icant portion of an illustration. Photos must be ofsufficient contrast to withstand the inevitable loss ofcontrast and detail inherent in the printing process.Submit one photograph of each continuous-tone figurefor each copy of the manuscript; photocopies are notacceptable. If possible, the figures submitted should bethe size they will appear when published so that noreduction is necessary. If they must be reduced, makesure that all elements, including labeling, can with-stand reduction and remain legible.

If a figure is a composite of a continuous-tonephotograph and a drawing or labeling, the originalcomposite must be provided for the printer (i.e., not a

photograph of the composite). This original, labeled"printer's copy," may be sent with the modifiedmanuscript to the editor.

Electron and light micrographs must be direct cop-ies of the original negative. Indicate the magnificationwith a scale marker on each micrograph.

Color PhotographsColor photographs are discouraged. However, if

they are necessary, include an extra copy so that acost estimate for printing may be obtained. The cost ofprinting color photographs must be borne by theauthor.

DrawingsSubmit graphs, charts, complicated chemical or

mathematical formulas, diagrams, and other drawingsas glossy photographs made from finished drawingsnot requiring additional artwork or typesetting. Nopart of the graph or drawing should be handwritten.Both axes of graphs must be labeled. Most graphs willbe reduced to one-column width (35/16 inches), and allelements in the drawing should be large enough towithstand this reduction. Avoid heavy letters, whichtend to close up when reduced, and unusual symbols,which the printer may not be able to reproduce in thelegend. One of the two sets of drawings may consist ofphotocopies; the other, however, must consist ofphotographs.

In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as well as intable column headings), avoid ambiguous use of num-bers with exponents. Usually, it is preferable to usethe International System of Units (,u for 10-6, m for10-3, k for 103, M for 106, etc.). A complete listing ofSI symbols can be found in the International Union ofPure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) "Manual ofSymbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quan-tities and Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970).Thus, a representation of 20,000 cpm on a figureordinate is to be made by the number 20, accompaniedby a label kcpm.When powers of 10 must be used, the journal

requires that the exponent power be associated withthe number shown. In representing 20,000 cells per ml,the numeral on the ordinate would be "2" and thelabel would be "104 cells per ml" (not "cells per ml x10-4'"). Likewise, an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/mlwould be shown as 6, accompanied by the label 10-2U/ml. The preferred designation would be 60 mU/mllabeled as mU (or milliunits) per ml.

Figure LegendsLegends should provide enough information so that

the figure is understandable without frequent referenceto the text. However, detailed experimental methodsmust be described in the Materials and Methodssection, not in a figure legend. A method that is uniqueto one of several experiments may be reported in alegend only if the discussion is very brief (one or twosentences). Define all symbols and abbreviations usedin the figure that have not been defined elsewhere.

TablesType each table on a separate page. Arrange the

data so that columns of like material read down, notacross. The headings should be sufficiently clear sothat the meaning of the data will be understandable

v

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

without reference to the text. See the Abbreviationssection of these instructions for those that may be usedin tables. Explanatory footnotes are acceptable, butmore extensive table "legends" are not. Footnotesshould not include detailed descriptions of the exper-iment. A well-constructed table is shown below.

TABLE 1. Trapping of previously perfused piliated S.typhimurium by mouse livers

Bacteria % Recovery ina: TotalLiver Perfusate recovery

Control 60.1 ± 11.2 46.2 ± 10.5 106.2 ± 8.7Previously 39.4 ± 8.4b 66.2 ± 9.5b 105.6 ± 10.3

perfuseda Mean + standard deviation of at least seven experiments.b p < 0.001 versus control by the White rank order method (21).

Tables that can be photographically reproduced forpublication without further typesetting or artwork arereferred to as "camera ready." They should not behand lettered and must be carefully prepared to con-form with the style of the journal. The advantage ofsubmitting camera-ready copy is that the material willappear exactly as envisioned by the author, and nosecond proofreading is necessary. This is particularlyadvantageous when there are long, complicated tablesand when the division of material and spacing areimportant.

NOMENCLATURE

Chemical and Biochemical NomenclatureThe recognized authority for the names of chemical

compounds is Chemical Abstracts (Chemical AbstractService, Ohio State University, Columbus) and itsindexes. For biochemical terminology, including ab-breviations and symbols, consult the following: Bio-chemical Nomenclature and Related Documents(1978; reprinted for The Biochemical Society, Lon-don), instructions to authors of the Journal ofBiolog-ical Chemistry and the Archives of Biochemistry andBiophysics (first issues of each year), and the Hand-book of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (G. D.Fasman, ed., CRC Press, Inc., 3rd ed., 1976).Do not express molecular weight in daltons; molec-

ular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecular mass isexpressed in daltons.For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial) name

assigned by the Nomenclature Committee of the In-ternational Union of Biochemistry as described inEnzyme Nomenclature (Academic Press, Inc., 1984).If a nonrecommended name is used, place the proper(trivial) name in parentheses at first use in the abstractand text. Use the EC number when one has beenassigned, and express enzyme activity either in katals(preferred) or in the older system of micromoles perminute.

Amino Acid SequencesSingle-letter designations, rather than three-letter

designations, should be used for sequences of aminoacids.

DrugsChemical or generic names of drugs should be used;

the use of code numbers or trade names is not permit-ted.

Nomenclature of MicroorganismsBinary names, consisting of a generic name and a

specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli), should be usedfor all microorganisms. Names of higher categoriesmay be used alone, but specific and subspecific epi-thets may not. A specific epithet must be preceded bya generic name the first time it is used in a paper.Thereafter, the generic name should be abbreviated tothe initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli), provided therecan be no confusion with other genera used in thepaper. Names of all taxa (phyla [for fungi, divisions],classes, orders, families, genera, species, and subspe-cies) are printed in italics and should be underlined inthe manuscript; strain designations and numbers arenot.The spelling of bacterial names should follow the

Approved Lists ofBacterial Names (American Societyfor Microbiology, 1980) and the validation lists andrelevant articles published in the International Journalof Systematic Bacteriology since 1980. If there isreason to use a name that does not have standing innomenclature, the name should be enclosed in quota-tion marks and an appropriate statement concerningthe nomenclatural status of the name should be madein the text (for an example, see Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.30:547-556, 1980).

It is recommended that a strain be deposited in arecognized culture collection when that strain is nec-essary for the description of a new taxon (see Bacte-riological Code, 1975 Revision, American Society forMicrobiology, 1975).

Since the classification of fungi is not complete, it isthe responsibility of the author to determine the ac-cepted binomial for a given yeast or mold. Somesources for the spelling of these names include TheYeasts: a Taxonomic Study (3rd ed., N. J. W. Kreger-van Rij, ed., Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1984)and Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi,Including the Lichens, 6th ed. (Commonwealth Myco-logical Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1971).

Microorganisms, viruses, and plasmids should begiven designations consisting of letters and serial num-bers. It is generally advisable to include a worker'sinitials or a descriptive symbol of locale, laboratory,etc., in the designation. Each new strain, mutant,isolate, or derivative should be given a new (serial)designation. This designation should be distinct fromthose of the genotype and phenotype, and genotypicand phenotypic symbols should not be included.A registry of plasmid designations is maintained by

Vi

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

the Plasmid Reference Center, Department of MedicalMicrobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94304.

Genetic NomenclatureBacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria are

described in terms of phenotypes and genotypes. Thephenotype designation describes the observable prop-erties of an organism. The genotype refers to thegenetic constitution of an organism, usually in refer-ence to some standard wild type. Use the recommen-dations of Demerec et al. (Genetics 54:61-76, 1966) asa guide to the use of these terms. If your manuscriptcontains information including genetic nomenclature,please refer to the Instructions to Authors in the Janu-ary issue of the Journal of Bacteriology.

"Mutant" vs. "mutation." Keep in mind the distinc-tion between a mutation (an alteration of the primarysequence of the genetic material) and a mutant (astrain carrying one or more mutations). One mayspeak about the mapping of a mutation, but one cannotmap a mutant. Likewise, a mutant has no geneticlocus, only a phenotype.

Transposable elements, plasmids, and restriction en-zymes. Nomenclature of transposable elements (inser-tion sequences, transposons, phage Mu, etc.) shouldfollow the recommendations of Campbell et al. (Gene5:197-206, 1979), with the modifications given in sec-tion vi. The system of designating transposon inser-tions at sites where there are no known loci, e.g.,zef-123::Tn5, has been described by Chumley et al.(Genetics 91:639-655, 1979). Whenever possible, usethe nomenclature recommendations of Novick et al.(Bacteriol. Rev. 40:168-189, 1976) for plasmids andplasmid-specified activities, of Low (Bacteriol. Rev.36:587-607, 1972) for F-prime factors, and of Roberts(Nucleic Acids Res. 9:r75-r96, 1981) for restrictionenzymes and DNA fragments derived from treatmentwith these enzymes. Recombinant DNA molecules,constructed in vitro, follow the nomenclature for in-sertions in general. DNA inserted into recombinantDNA molecules should be described by using the genesymbols and conventions for the organism from whichthe DNA was obtained. The Plasmid Reference Cen-ter, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford,CA 94304, assigns Tn and IS numbers to avoid con-flicting and repetitive use and also clears nonconflict-ing plasmid prefix designations.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

Patient IdentificationWhen isolates are derived from patients in clinical

studies, do not identify them by using the patients'initials, even as part of a strain designation. Changethe initials to arabic numerals or use randomly chosenletters. Do not give hospital unit numbers; if a desig-nation is needed, use only the last two digits of the

unit. (Note: Established designations of some virusesand cell lines, although they consist of initials, areacceptable [e.g., JC virus, BK virus, HeLa cells].)Do not identify patients by race, country or region

of origin, or occupation unless the relevance of thisinformation is readily apparent or demonstrated in thetext.

Verb TenseUse the past tense to narrate particular events in the

past, including the procedures, observations, and dataof the study you are reporting. Use the present tensefor general statements, including your own generalconclusions, the conclusions of previous researchers,and generally accepted facts. In addition, the presenttense should be used for discourse having an immedi-ate effect on the reader ("the data indicate"; "Fig. 1shows").

AbbreviationsGeneral. Abbreviations should be used as an aid to

the reader, rather than as a convenience to the author,and therefore their use should be limited. Abbrevia-tions other than those recommended by the IUPAC-IUB (Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Docu-ments, 1978) should be used only when a case can bemade for necessity, such as in tables and figures.

It is often possible to use pronouns or to paraphrasea long word after its first use (e.g., "the drug," "thesubstrate"). Standard chemical symbols and trivialnames or their symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may beused for terms that appear in full in the neighboringtext.

It is strongly recommended that all abbreviationsexcept those listed below be introduced in the firstparagraph in Materials and Methods. Alternatively,define each abbreviation and introduce it in parenthe-sis the first time it is used; e.g., "cultures were grownin Eagle minimal essential medium (MEM)." Gener-ally, eliminate abbreviations that are not used at leastfive times in the text (including tables and figurelegends).

Not requiring introduction. In addition to abbrevia-tions for standard units of measurement and chemicalsymbols of the elements, the following should be usedwithout definition in the title, abstract, text, figurelegends, and tables: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid);cDNA (complementary DNA); RNA (ribonucleicacid); cRNA (complementary RNA); RNase (ribonu-clease); DNase (deoxyribonuclease); rRNA (ribo-somal RNA); mRNA (messenger RNA); tRNA (trans-fer RNA); AMP, ADP, ATP, dAMP, ddATP, GTP,etc. (for the respective 5' phosphates of adenosine orother nucleosides) (add 2'-, 3'-, or 5'- when needed forcontrast); ATPase, dGTPase, etc. (adenosine triphos-phatase, deoxyguanosine triphosphatase, etc.); NAD(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide); NAD+(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized); NADH(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced); NADP

.ii

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate);NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos-phate, reduced); poly(A), poly(dT), etc. (polyadenylicacid, polydeoxythymidylic acid, etc.); oligo(dT), etc.(oligodeoxythymidylic acid, etc.); Pi (orthophos-phate); PP1 (pyrophosphate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU(plaque-forming units); CFU (colony-forming units);MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration); MBC (mini-mal bactericidal concentration); Tris [tris(hydroxy-methyl)aminomethane]; DEAE (diethylaminoethyl);A260 (absorbance at 260 nm); and EDTA (ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid). Abbreviations for cell lines(e.g., HeLa) also need not be defined.The following abbreviations should be used without

definition in tables:

amt (amount)approx (approximately)avg (average)concn (concentration)diam (diameter)expt (experiment)ht (height)mo (month)mol wt (molecular

weight)no. (number)prepn (preparation)

SD (standard deviation)SE (standard error)SEM (standard error of themean)

sp act (specific activity)sp gr (specific gravity)temp (temperature)tr (trace)vol (volume)vs (versus)wk (week)wt (weight)yr (year)

units, such as g or min, in the denominator instead offractional or multiple units, such as ,ug or 10 min. Forexample; "pmol/min" would be preferable to"nmol/10 min," and "pLmol/g" would be preferable to"nmol/,ug." It is also preferable that an unambiguousform such as exponential notation be used instead ofmultiple slashes; for example, ",umol g-1 min-" ispreferable to ",umol/g per min."

See the CBE Style Manual, 5th ed., for more de-tailed information about reporting numbers. Also con-tained in this source is information on the appropriateSI units for the reporting of illumination, energy,frequency, pressure, and other physical terms. Alwaysreport numerical data in the appropriate SI unit.

Isotopically Labeled CompoundsFor simple molecules, labeling is indicated in the

chemical formula (e.g., 14CO2, 3H20, H235S04).Brackets are not used when the isotopic symbol isattached to a word which is not a specific chemicalname (e.g., '311-labeled protein, 14C-amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.).For specific chemicals, the symbol for the isotope is

placed in square brackets directly preceding the part ofthe name that describes the labeled entity. Note thatconfiguration symbols and modifiers precede the iso-topic symbol. The following examples illustrate cor-rect usage:

Reporting Numerical DataStandard metric units are used for reporting length,

weight, and volume. For these units and for molarity,use the prefixes m, pL, n, and p for lo-3, 10-6, lo-9,and 10-12, respectively. Likewise, use the prefix k for103. Avoid compound prefixes such as m,u or ,u,. Usepug/ml or ,ug/g in place of the ambiguous ppm. Units oftemperature are presented as follows: 37°C or 342 K.When fractions are used to express units such as

enzymatic activities, it is preferable to use whole

[14C]ureaL-[methyl-14C]methionine[2,3-3H]serine[o-14C]lysine

UDP-[U-'4C]glucoseE. coli [32P]DNAfructose 1,6-[1-32P]bisphosphate[y_32P]ATP

This journal follows the same conventions for iso-topic labeling as the Journal of Biological Chemistry,and more detailed information can be found in theinstructions to authors of that journal (first issue ofeach year).

. .i.

1988APPLICATION FOR FULL MEMBERSHIP IN THEAMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY

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