Industry & Progressivism · Industry & Progressivism Robber barons vs. captains of industry 2...

Industry & Progressivism

The definition of gilded according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary is “to give an attractive but often deceptive appearance.”

The Gilded Age in U.S. is the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900.

It was a time of enormous growth, attracting millions from Europe.

Most of the growth and prosperity occurred only in the North and West.

What was going on in the South at this time?


The Gilded Age was a period of transformation in the economy, technology, government, and social customs of America.

This formation forged a modern, national industrial society out of what had been small regional communities.

Many new corporations and businesses gave way to ultra-rich individuals.

The period was also marked by social movements for reform, the creation of machine politics, and continued immigration.

The summer home of Cornelius Vanderbilt II. Built in 1893, it typifies the excesses of Gilded Age wealth.


Laissez-faire

French word that literally translates to “leave alone” or “let it be”

In economics, this means allowing industry to be free of state intervention, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies.


Bessemer Process The Bessemer Process was developed in 1855 when the

Englishman Henry Bessemer invented a process to create steel from iron which produced steel cheaply and efficiently.

The Bessemer Process was an extremely important invention because it helped made stronger rails for constructing the railroads allowed for the price of steel to drop dramatically.

The process made steel making convenient (easier) and cheap.

The United States Industrial Revolution moved from the Age of Iron to the Age of Steel.


Why is electricity important to you?

At the turn of the 19th century, Electricity turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life.

Industry could now be located just about anywhere!

Thomas Edison invented the lightbulb in 1879.


The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.

Why was this significant??? Imagine your life without a phone.

He made the first long-distance telephone call in 1892, reaching Chicago from New York.

Communication was forever changed! Life was much more convenient.


Expansion of Railroads

Railroads started to play an even bigger role in the US.

Because they were not regulated, the railroad industry produced tycoons (ultra-rich individuals).

These tycoons handled business however they saw fit with little or no restrictions from the government often becoming corrupt in the process.

They in turn took advantage of their clients (mostly farmers) and their workers.


Mass Production/Assembly Line

Industrialist Henry Ford installed the first assembly line while developing his Model T car in 1908, and perfected its use in the 1920s.

Assembly line manufacturing allowed workers to remain in one place and master one repetitive action, maximizing output.

It was the system that increased worker productivity and product output.

It became the production method of choice by most industrialist.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgL1ZL_sh08




Corporations

Corporations became a huge power during the Age of Industry in America.

A corporation is a business that is owned by many people which are called stockholders.

The corporations dominated all of the important, major industries.

They were able to make goods more cheaply and quickly to cut prices by using large manufacturing facilities.

EFFICIENCY!!!!


Horizontal Integration

Basically a merger between 2 similar companies.

http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/horizontalintegration.asp

Examples

The Heinz and Kraft Foods merger

The Standard Oil Company’s acquisition of 40 refineries.

Carnegie bought out competing steel producers.

An automobile manufacturer’s acquisition of a sport utility vehicle manufacturer.

This is ok UNLESS all producers of a particular good or service in a given market were to merge, this would be a .......????






Vertical Integration

Vertical Integration is different from Horizontal because businesses are buying other companies that provide products necessary to produce their own goods or services.

Does this make sense?

Vertical integration occurs when a company assumes control over several production or distribution steps involved in the creation of its product or service.

Andrew Carnegie used this process to by out his suppliers (coal fields, iron mines, ore freighters and railroad lines) in order to control the raw materials and transportation systems.


The merger of Live Nation and Ticketmaster created a vertically integrated entertainment company that manages and represents artists, produces shows and sells event tickets.

Apple Inc. is one of the best known companies for perfecting the art of vertical integration. The company produces most of its parts (A-series chips & custom touch ID fingerprint sensor) instead of contracting the work out to another company.

EXIT TICKET

_____Which of the following best represents the concept of laissez-faire?

A. A factory that restricts the amount of hours worked

B. An economy that is restricted by government regulation

C. A company that is ruled by a variety of stockholders

D. A government that doesn’t interfere with the economy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Spgdy3HkcSs




Monopolies

The basic definition of a monopoly is when a company would have complete control over a particular market.

They control the price of a certain good by being the only option

A monopoly could basically set whatever prices they wanted.

They could increase prices at will and exert power over their labor force by cutting wages or increasing hours.

Stop and Jot: Is this a good or bad thing???


In the Industrial Age, big business and corporations would form trusts, which enabled them to merge businesses without violating laws against owning other companies.

This enabled them to continue the practice of regulating the supply and price of commodities.

The establishment of trusts was another way to monopolize an industry or big business.

Trusts in the Industrial age were basically a big monopoly.


Law? Who cares about the law. Hain't I got the power?“

—Comment made by Cornelius Vanderbilt, when warned he might be violating the law.


Were the founders of American industry "robber barons" or "captains of industry?”

The wave of industrialism that we have been studying was often driven by a few great men known as industrialists.

There can be no mistaking their motives: wealth.

There is some debate, however, on how history should portray these industrialists.


Robber barons vs. captains of industry

2 slides

Some feel that the powerful industrialists of the gilded age should be referred to as "robber barons."

This view accentuates the negative. It portrays men like Vanderbilt and Rockefeller and Ford as cruel and ruthless businessmen who would stop at nothing to achieve great wealth.

These "robber barons" were accused of exploiting workers and forcing horrible working conditions and unfair labor practices upon the laborer.


Another view of the industrialist is that of "captain of industry."

The term captain views these men as ingenious and industrious leaders who transformed the American economy with their business skills.

They were praised for their skills as well as for their philanthropy (charity).


Andrew Carnegie, a self-made steel tycoon and one of the wealthiest 19th century U.S. businessmen, donated towards the expansion of the New York Public Library.

Philanthropist- a person who seeks to promote the welfare of others, especially by the generous donation of money to good causes.


John D. Rockefeller


John D. Rockefeller

Oil tycoon and owner of Standard Oil.

Standard Oil gained a monopoly in the oil industry.

In 1882, Standard Oil controlled over 90% of the nation’s refineries and pipelines.

Critics accused Rockefeller of engaging in unethical practices, such as predatory pricing and colluding with railroads to eliminate his competitors.

During his life Rockefeller donated more than $500 million to various philanthropic cause.

Western Expansion Cont. & Industrialization


The monopoly guy????

J.P. Morgan


J.P. Morgan

One of the most powerful bankers of his era, J.P. (John Pierpont) Morgan (1837-1913) financed railroads and helped organize U.S. Steel, General Electric and other major corporations.

He faced criticism that he had too much power and was accused of manipulating the nation’s financial system for his own gain.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gR7oHh-fXUw






Standard Oil Company

John D. Rockefeller's company, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age.

By 1877 this company controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the US.

It was also one of the first multinational corporations, and at times distributed more than half of the company's kerosene production outside the US.

By the turn of the century it had become a target for trust-busting reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies.


In reality the debate over robber barons and captains of industry mirrors views of industrialism itself.

Just as their were both positives and negatives to industrialism there were positives and negatives to the leaders of industrialism.


Carnegie Steel helped feed national growth, accelerating the already booming industrial sector.

Steel meant more jobs, national prestige, and a higher quality of life for many.

For Carnegie’s workers, however, cheap steel meant lower wages, less job security, and the end of creative labor.

For Carnegie, efficiency, not safety, was paramount.


Some question to think about!!!

These guys were definitely rich and powerful. Their influence had a great reach.

So how do you feel about these powerful people?

Could they be compared to some rich and powerful people of today? Who?

EXIT TICKET

Why are companies that have a monopoly considered to be negative? A. They treat their workers poorly with few benefits B. They use vertical integration instead of horizontal integration C. They control the price of a certain good by being the only option D. They are owned by many people, but treated legally as a single person


Immigration With the exception of Native Americans, everyone in the

United States is either an immigrant or a descendant of immigrants from the past five centuries.

Groups of immigrants came to the United States for a variety of reasons, including changing economic conditions and religious persecution in their home countries.

Public attitudes and the political landscape in the United States have often reflected negative reactions toward new groups of immigrants.

The development of American towns, cities, and infrastructure owe a great deal to immigrant labor.

Immigration continues to be a major force in the United States economy and in political discussions.


"I came to America because I heard the streets were paved with gold. When I got here, I found out three things: First, the streets weren't paved with gold; second, they weren't paved at all: and third, I was expected to pave them.“- Words of an Italian immigrant.

What are some reasons (push/pull) factors of immigration?


Push and pull factors of immigration

Some push factors

Immigrants were forced out of their countries by factors like overpopulation, crop failure, famine, religious persecution, violence, and industrial depression.

Some pull factors would be

the promise of good wages and broad range of jobs.

Better opportunities.


Before we get to the “new” immigrants, you need to know who the “old” immigrants were.

When discussing old and new, many historians are referring to Europe, so this should help to narrow things down.

The “old” were considered mainly the Irish and the Germans.

They also came from Northern and Western Europe

The were considered “old” because they migrated to America first, hence they were here longer.


“New” immigrants of the late 19th century and early 20th century

The “new” immigrants of the late 19th century and early 20th century included Greek, Italian, Polish, Slovak, Serb, Russian, Croat, and others.

Jews were included in this group as they were trying to escape persecution in Eastern Europe.

Very few newcomers spoke any English, and large numbers were illiterate in their native tongues.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVYnB6JZCw0




Eastern and southern European immigrants

Were mainly from countries like Italy, Greece, Russia and Poland.

These “new” immigrants frightened Americans because of their customs, different faiths, illiteracy, and poverty.

Most immigrants came from peasant and poor backgrounds.


Assimilation

During the early part of the 20th century, immigrants from all over the world were expected to assimilate “as quickly as possible” into the American mainstream.

In fact, the quicker a person “melted” into the “pot” of American culture the easier it was to be accepted by the white Anglo-Saxon Protestants.

For example, an ethnic group was encouraged to forget its language, religious practices, dietary and eating habits, customs, values, and norms.

In order to assimilate, a person had to be willing, and able, to conform while letting go of their cultural and ethnic foundation.


Ellis Island

So, during the age of industry and big business, the U.S. became a very attractive place to immigrants.

Europe was the major hub from where immigrants were coming from at this point in time.

The immigration station for European immigrants to enter the U.S.

Located in the New York Harbor.


Angel Island

The Ellis Island of the West.

It was located in the San Francisco Bay and served as the immigration center for immigrants coming from China, Japan and other Asian countries.


Ghettos

Ghettos were crowded immigrant communities or neighborhoods that were created in cities.

The ghetto does not exist in regards to the old atmosphere but they still physically exist.

Examples would be areas called Chinatown, Greektown and Little Italy.


Settlement Houses (Hull House)

They were a place where immigrants can come to for assistance with a new start in a new place.

English lessons were given, as well as help with finding jobs.

The first Settlement House, called Hull House was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in

1889.

These centers were usually run by educated middle class women.

The houses became centers for reform in the women’s and labor movements.


Tenement housing

Refers to the overcrowded housing for worker and the poor (new immigrants) and often referred to as “slum dwellings.”

Can go hand and hand with ethnic ghettos.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRhjqqe750A



EXIT TICKET

_____ Which person would most likely enter the United States through Angel Island?

A. Unskilled Chinese immigrant

B. Skilled German immigrant

C. Unskilled Russian immigrant

D. Unskilled Irish immigrant


Political machines

Were organized groups of dishonest politicians who had two main goals:

Get the group's own candidates elected to all of the top jobs in the city government.

Once in control of the city government, use that power to make the leaders of the organization rich.

The top man in a political machine was called the city "Boss." The most famous example was William M. Tweed. From around 1860 until 1872, Boss Tweed ran a political machine that had control of New York City's government.


To win elections, a political machine depended mainly on the votes of the immigrants pouring into America's cities.

The organization would have supporters in all the city's neighborhoods. They would meet new immigrants and give them help of various kinds, such as help finding a job or a place to live. On election day, the machine's supporters would make sure the immigrants knew who to vote for to return the favor.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ns-qtoxnAS8






How city bosses got rich

Once in control of the city's top elected offices, a city boss had many ways of making money. He could demand bribes from businesses that wanted to get city contracts for jobs like paving city streets, for example.

Tweed was finally exposed for his crimes by newspaper reporters. He was first arrested in 1871.


But. . . political machines did some good things!

Boss Tweed and his political machine, known as Tammany Hall, did some good things for New York City. He pushed for real improvements to the city's schools, hospitals, roads, and the city water system.

Supporters of the organization made it a point to give help to the immigrants and other poor people of the city. That help, no matter how small, would be remembered for a long time. When Tweed died, thousands of New Yorkers attended his funeral.


The Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Of 1890 was the first law to limit monopolies in the U.S.

The hope was that this law would create a fairer competition in the workplace and limit any take-overs of departments of merchandise.


Clayton Anti-Trust Act

The Clayton Antitrust Act is an amendment passed by U.S. Congress in 1914 that provides further clarification and substance to the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 on topics such as price discrimination, price fixing and unfair business practices.

The Clayton Antitrust Act addressed some of the limitations and loopholes of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Focused on making antitrust laws stronger.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx-nuqANVbk






The Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Intended to establish a form of economic stability in the United States through the introduction of the Central Bank, which would be in charge of monetary policy.

Gave the 12 Federal Reserve banks the ability to print money in order to ensure economic stability.

Another goal of the Federal Reserve act is to maximize employment and keep inflation low.


Social Darwinism

During the late 1800s, the idea of Social Darwinism developed as people extended Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to politics and sociology.

This philosophy stated that the fittest and strongest civilizations were the natural rulers of the world.

Adherents of this philosophy also believed that some people were wealthy and some were poor because of "natural" inequalities.

This philosophy was also used as justification for the poor treatment of immigrants and minorities.


What does progress mean?

According to dictionary.com, the word progress means,

a movement toward a goal or to a further or higher stage;

advancement in general;

growth or development;

the development of an individual or society in a direction considered more beneficial than and superior to the previous level.


The progressive movement began in the late 19th century (1890s) and continued until WWI.

It was a time of great social change, when people began to address their concerns about rampant corruption in the U.S. government and ills of society.

Muckrakers, or journalists who worked to expose abuses of corporate power, helped to gather public support for regulation and reform during the Progressive Era.


Think about this way, people wanted accountability. Yes, the country was growing at a tremendous rate but people were still being taken advantage of.

We already discussed some legislation that fought against big business.

Labor unions were very influential in creating change.

Can anyone describe what a labor union is and what is the main focus?


Knights of Labor (KoL)

This group, which peaked membership in 1886, grew rapidly because of a combination of their open-membership policy, the continuing industrialization of the American economy, and the growth of urban population; welcomed unskilled and semiskilled workers, including

women, immigrants, and African Americans;

Were idealists who believed they could eliminate conflict between labor and managements.

Their goal was to create a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked.

Terence V. Powderly was the leader at both the peak and decline of its membership.


American Federation of Labor

The A.F. of L. was a loose grouping of smaller craft unions, such as the masons' union, the hatmakers' union or cigarmakers' union. Samuel Gompers was the founder.

Concentrated on bread and butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.

Every member of the A.F. of L. was a skilled worker.


Industrial Workers of the World

Led by “Mother” Jones and Eugene Debs

Strove to unite all laborers including unskilled workers and African Americans.

Goal was to create “One Big Union”

Embraced the rhetoric of class conflict and endorsed violent tactics.


Samuel Gompers

He was a diehard capitalist and saw no need for a radical restructuring of America.

Gompers had no visions of uniting the entire working class.

Gompers knew that the A.F. of L. would have more political and economic power if unskilled workers were excluded.

The members of the A.F. of L. were almost exclusively skilled white males.

Gompers maintained the support of the American government and public.


STOP & JOT:

Why did Samuel Gompers and the American Federation of Labor have the support of the

government and the public???


Eugene Debs

Labor leader who helped organize Pullman Strike; later became socialist leader and presidential candidate.

Some historians label him as the father of the Socialist party in America.

http://www.history.com/topics/eugene-v-debs/videos/history-of-labor-day













Exit Ticket

_____ Boss Tweed and his allies were most concerned

with:

A. Buying and influencing voters

B. Passing the Anti-Trust acts

C. Creating a national currency and reliable credit

D. Eliminating political corruption


Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Also known as the Great Strike of 1877 or just the Great Strike

The country's first major rail strike and witnessed the first general strike in the nation's history

Railroad workers went on strike in response to wage cuts.

The railroads shut down, this harmed the U.S. economy.

Why or how???


Homestead Strike 1892 One of the most violent strikes in U.S. history It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was

part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts.

The riot was ultimately put down by the Pinkerton police and the state militia .

The violence further damaged the image of unions.

http://www.history.com/topics/labor/videos/homestead-strike?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false






Pullman Strike

A 1894 strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts.

The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor.

Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened and federal troops forced an end to the strike.

The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's new willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

The railroads shut down, this harmed the U.S. economy.


Haymarket Square Riot

This was a riot led by the Knights of Labor in Chicago.

It began as an attempt to secure an 8 hour work day.

12 people were killed when an anarchist threw a bomb into a column of policemen.

This act of violence was linked to the Knights of Labor and was a major setback to their cause.

The public’s view on labor unions was affected because of this riot & the government used this to their advantage.

Can anyone explain what is meant by the above bullet point?


Crash course, if we have time.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6tRp-zRUJs






The Progressive Movement

Child Labor Children were preferred for labor because factory owners knew that

younger workers would be more manageable, cheaper, and less likely to strike, revolt, or even directly complain.

They treated them harshly and made them do labor that was like slave work.

They defended themselves by saying that they provided shelter, food and clothes to orphans, even though none of these things were up to par.

As factories arose, the need for a cheap labor force also developed. However, the slaves that America had once relied on had been emancipated, so children quickly became the next victims of society's dark side.

Children were often chosen to do the most dangerous jobs because of their nimble fingers and small bodies.

Many children were primarily hired to repair factory machines; work which quite often ended in loss of limb.


Working Conditions

Working conditions were poor, workers were prevented from any sort of leisure, and the newly introduced machinery sort of functioned as a metronome for the pace at which the workers must be working.

The work was unsafe and workers often got hurt and some were killed on the job.

Pay was miniscule at best.

Workers would get paid $8-$10 a week or about 10 cents per hour.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHmqEqJN59o




Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Company

factory in New York City burned, killing 145 workers. It is remembered as one of the most infamous incidents

in American industrial history, as the deaths were largely preventable–most of the victims died as a result of neglected safety features and locked doors within the factory building.

The tragedy brought widespread attention to the dangerous sweatshop conditions of factories, and led to the development of a series of laws and regulations that better protected the safety of workers.


Socialist Party

The number of those who felt the American capitalist system was fundamentally flawed was in fact growing fast.

American socialists based their beliefs on the writings of Karl Marx, the German philosopher.

Many asked why so many working Americans should have so little while a few owners grew incredibly wealthy.

No wealth could exist without the sweat and blood of its workforce.

They suggested that the government should own all industries and divide the profits among those who actually created the products.

Who is regarded as the father of the American socialist party?


Mother Jones

Mother Jones- Mary Harris Jones (aka "Mother Jones") was a union activist.

Was a labor and social reformer.

She founded the Social Democratic Party, and helped establish the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).

Supported striking railroad workers in Pittsburg and traveled around the country organizing coal miners and campaigning for improved working conditions.

Helped pave the way for reform.


Florence Kelley

Similar to Mother Jones as she was also a labor and social reformer.

She battled for the welfare of women, children, African Americans and consumers.

She worked at the Hull House for a number of years.’

Where was the Hull House located???

She would go on to fight for women’s suffrage but our focus on her will be her battle against the atrocities of the life of laborers.


Ida Tarbell

Was an American journalist best known for her pioneering investigative reporting(muckraker).

Tarbell exposed unfair practices of the Standard Oil Company, leading to a U.S. Supreme Court decision to break its monopoly.


Upton Sinclair

Was another muckraker whose works, including 'The Jungle' and 'Boston,' often uncovered social injustices.

He shocked the nation with his novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago.

The book was fiction but based on the things that Sinclair had seen.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xxe9nosWawM



EXIT TICKET

_____ How did the Haymarket Square Riot impact the

United States?

A. It brought attention to workers’ demands and led to an

increase of support

B. It led to the formation of the American Federation of

Labor and Knights of Labor

C. It caused President Grover Cleveland to send in troops

for the first time

D. It led to negative publicity towards immigrants and

labor unions because of violence

EXIT TICKET

Mother Jones and Florence Kelley could both be described as important:

A. Fighters for women’s suffrage

B. Muckrakers

C. Labor reformers

D. Conservationists


Trust Busting

Defined as any government activity designed to break up trusts or monopolies.

Teddy Roosevelt is the U.S. president most associated with dissolving trusts.

However, William Howard Taft signed twice as much trust-busting legislation during his presidency.


Conservation A movement in America to begin preserving

natural resources and stop the rapid destruction of these resources and land.

Teddy Roosevelt was known as the “environmental” or “conservationist” President.

The environment was being ignored by the majority of people.

Roosevelt knew that our resources were not endless and wanted to preserve them.

He set aside 148 million acres of forest reserves and established over 50 wildlife sanctuaries and many national parks.


Municipal Reforms

Changes in city governments made to encourage greater efficiency, honesty, and responsiveness residents, particularly middle-class businessmen, organized against the corruption and inefficiency that they thought plagued their cities.

This movement was particularly strong in cities controlled by political machines, the undemocratic and corrupt arrangements through which bosses could profit by controlling city governments.


Direct Primary

A method in which voters can directly vote for their party's candidates introduced by Robert La Follette.

Previously, Republicans and Democrats nominated candidates in conventions and the public would not get to vote for the candidates.

Would lead to the 17th amendment of the Constitution.


Initiative

The people have the right to propose a new law.

There is a process to follow but anyone can get an item or a proposal onto a ballot for the general public to vote on.

An initiative can be either direct or indirect in regards to how it is brought through the process.


Referendum

A law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto.

Remember, the people did not always have a say or a vote.

Politicians used to make ALL the decisions.


Recall

The recall was an effort to limit the power of party and improve the quality of elected officials.

It gave voters the right to remove a public official from office at a special election, which could be called after a sufficient number of citizens had signed a petition.


Women’s Suffrage Movement

Reform groups were proliferating across the United States–temperance clubs, religious movements and moral-reform societies, anti-slavery organizations–and in many of these, women played a prominent role.

Women should have the right to vote.

In 1890 the two groups merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association.

Would eventually lead to the 19th Amendment

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGEMscZE5dYamendment





EXIT TICKET

Which of the following is the MOST important effect of the Progressive Era reforms of initiative, referendum and recall?

A. Made government more responsive to voters

B. Restructured the government branches

C. Increased the power of the judicial branch

D. Provided for use of the Australian ballot


Alice Paul

Women suffragist, feminist and a women’s right activist.

She was also the main leader of the 1910 campaign for the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and organized the Sentinels protest group.

She served as the leader of the National Woman’s Party for 50 years.

http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/7-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-womens-suffrage-movement


























Carrie Chapman Catt Also a woman’s suffragist. Instrumental to the cause that brought equal voting

rights to U.S. citizens. A teacher and then superintendent of schools in Iowa,

Catt became involved in the women’s suffrage movement in the 1880s.

She served as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) from 1900 to 1904 and again from 1915 to 1920, spearheading the movement with her ability to organize campaigns, mobilize volunteers and deliver effective speeches.

Shortly before the suffragists celebrated victory with passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, Catt founded the League of Women Voters.


Meat Inspection Act

Passed in 1906 largely in reaction to Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, the law set strict standards of cleanliness in the meatpacking industry.

Teddy Roosevelt


Pure Food and Drug Act

Passed in 1906, the first law to regulate manufacturing of food and medicine.

Prohibited dangerous additives and inaccurate labeling.

http://study.com/academy/lesson/pure-food-and-drug-act-of-1906-definition-summary-history.html






















16th Amendment (1913)

Allowed Congress to charge an income tax.



Required U.S. senators to be elected directly by the voters.

Previously, senators were chosen by state legislatures.



The prohibition amendment; outlawing the use & sale of alcohol or any alcoholic beverage.

http://www.history.com/topics/18th-and-21st-amendments/videos












Amendment to the U.S. Constitution extending the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

EXIT TICKET

The following quote would best describe which new piece of legislation passed during the Progressive Era?

“After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.”

A. 16th Amendment B. Meat Inspection Act

C. 18th Amendment D. Pure Food & Drug Act


Founding of the NAACP

Founded in 1909, the NAACP was one of the earliest and most influential civil rights organization in the United States.

During its early years, the NAACP focused on legal strategies designed to confront the critical civil rights issues of the day.

Brought numerous cases into the US court system to try to break down racial barriers and gain constitutional rights for minorities.


W.E.B. Du Bois

William Edward Burghardt “W. E. B.” Du Bois (1868-1963) was was a leading African-American sociologist, writer and activist. Educated at Harvard University and other top schools, Du Bois studied with some of the most important social thinkers of his time.

A founding officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and editor of its magazine.

http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/w-e-b-du-bois













Presidents During Progressive Era


Theodore Roosevelt

Was known as the trust busting and conservationist president.

The point of trust busting was to keep businesses competitive.

Roosevelt's progressive policies in New York ran him afoul of his own party, so Republican Party bosses plotted to quiet him by naming him on the McKinley ticket in the thankless post of vice president.

Became the 26th President of the U.S. in 1901 when who was assassinated???

Presidential Trivia- Roosevelt became the youngest man (42) to serve as president. Who was the youngest man to be ELECTED President?


William Howard Taft

Became president after Teddy Roosevelt. Was basically handpicked by Teddy to take over as President.

Generally more conservative than Roosevelt, Taft also lacked his expansive view of presidential power, and was generally a more successful administrator than politician.

Because Roosevelt was unhappy with the Taft presidency, he decided to come back and run for president again.

Only served as President for 1 term. Became chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, his lifelong goal.


Woodrow Wilson

The 28th U.S. president, led America through World War I and crafted the Versailles Treaty's "Fourteen Points," the last of which was creating a League of Nations to ensure world peace.

Wilson also created the Federal Reserve and supported the 19th Amendment, allowing women to vote.

Was the last U.S. President of the Progressive Era.

The Progressive Era would end with the U.S. entry into WWI.

http://www.biography.com/people/woodrow-wilson-9534272/videos/woodrow-wilson-health-crisis-27938371788
















Progressive Party

Known for its strong commitment to progressive causes that had become popular over the past 2 decades

The party advocated additional regulation of industry and trusts, sweeping reforms of many areas of government, compensation by the government for workers injured on the job, pensions for the elderly and for widows with children, and women suffrage.


Bull Moose Party

The election of 1912 was special because it pitted a former president (Roosevelt) vs. the current president (Taft).

Since Taft was the Republican nominee and Roosevelt still wanted to run for president, he split from the Republican Party and created his own political party.

It was called the Bull Moose Party because that was one of Teddy’s nicknames.

The Progressive Party that sponsored Theodore Roosevelt.


Election of 1912 The United States presidential election of 1912 was

fought among three major candidates. Teddy Roosevelt (88) 4,119,207 William Howard Taft (8) 3,483,922 Woodrow Wilson (435) 6,293,454

Interesting fact: Roosevelt and Taft split up the Republican votes. Their vote totals combined (popular) would have surpassed W.W. (7 million vs. 6 million).

Teddy Roosevelt also received more votes than any other 3rd party candidate before or since.

1912 was also the last year that the candidate that placed 2nd was not a Republican or Democrat.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdl8RzFcArU



EXIT TICKET

The Progressive Party that sponsored Theodore Roosevelt was also known as:

A. The Wobblies

B. The Bull Moose Party

C. The Whigs

D. The Suffragists

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