1

INDUSTRY REFERENCE COMMITTEE

ANNUAL UPDATE 2020

INDUSTRYOUTLOOK

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES

EMPLOYMENT & SKILLS OUTLOOK

WORKFORCE SUPPLY SIDECHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

AVIATION

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The Aviation industry is one of the largest industries in Australia, connecting people and businesses across the country and around the globe. The industry is a major economic contributor, creating jobs and facilitating international trade and tourism.

The industry had an estimated annual revenue over $50 billion in 2018-19, employing over 100,000 people across the major subsectors: domestic commercial aviation, international commercial aviation, general aviation, air-freight aviation, and aviation support infrastructure.

Air traffic control systems and aviation operations have been significantly reshaped over the past few years. Digital Control Towers are planned to be trialled in Australia. This technology can significantly increase the amount of information available to air traffic controllers. Digital towers can also be integrated into the air traffic management data networks to improve flow management and collaborative decision-making.

The rapid rise of drones is further changing aviation traffic systems and the industry is undertaking work to deliver the capability and functionality of Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM) systems to accommodate for drones in low altitude airspace. One critical challenge is integrating a safe and sustainable air traffic system to support the forecast growth.

Air Traffic Control operations are conducted by highly skilled professionals who oversee automated processes to conduct terminal and approach operations. New technologies and systems such as OneSky, Long Range Air Traffic Flow Management (LR-ATFM), and Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) can increase air traffic predictability and reduce controllers’ workload, allowing for improved efficiency in airport operations. These technologies demand “on-the-fly” analysis of large volumes of data, interpretation of diagnostic information, as well as critical thinking and problem-solving. As aircraft activity in Australia continues to increase, there

will be significant demand for operators capable of accurately interpreting large volumes of flight data and communicating with manned and unmanned flights.

The IRC continues to review and update qualifications to ensure workers are competent and able to work safely with new technologies and processes. Australia’s extensive flight training capabilities and expertise in commercial aviation provides the capacity to assist in addressing the predicted global demand for commercial pilots. Currently, the industry has reported a shortage of qualified pilots and flight instructors, but with further workforce training initiatives, Australia is poised to benefit from the anticipated demand for pilots across the globe.

Stephen Leahy Aviation IRC Chair This IRC Industry Outlook was endorsed to by the Aviation IRC on [DATE].

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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AVIATION

Training Package

Training Data

Challenges and Opportunities

Employment Opportunities

Industry Labour Shortages

Priority Skills

Workforce Supply Side

AVI

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IRC INDUSTRY OUTLOOKThe Industry Reference Committee (IRC) Industry Outlook focuses on the prioritisation of skill needs of the industry sectors that each IRC has responsibility for. At the June 2019 meeting, the Australian Industry and Skills Committee (AISC) changed the annual requirements for Industry Skills Forecasts to a rolling three-year schedule with a brief annual update in the intervening years. The Skills Forecast update will continue to be submitted annually on behalf of the IRC to the AISC for approval, focusing only on proposed work for the year.

The Aviation IRC Industry Outlook identifies the priority skill needs of the Aviation industry following a research and stakeholder consultation process conducted by Australian Industry Standards (AIS) on behalf of the IRC.

The document is deliberately brief. It does not seek to identify every issue within every sector. It is a snapshot of a continually evolving story that is intended to alert and inform a wide audience and enhance the industry’s capacity to act.

The Aviation IRC consults broadly with stakeholders to ensure a whole-of-industry view about the opportunities and challenges for the workforce and the review work within the AVI Aviation Training Package necessary to meet industry needs.

More information on the National Schedule can be found at:www.aisc.net.au/content/national-schedule

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AVIATION INDUSTRY REFERENCE COMMITTEEThe Aviation IRC has been assigned responsibility for the AVI Aviation Training Package.

AVIATION IRC MEMBERS

More information about the Aviation IRC and its work can be found here: www.australianindustrystandards.org.au/committee/aviation-industry-reference-committee/

Stephen Leahy (Chair)

Greg Tyrell (Deputy Chair)Australian Association for Unmanned Systems

Claire RobertsAirservices Australia

David MogfordAustralian Airline Pilots’ Association

Douglas NancarrowThe Royal Aeronautical Society Australian Division

Lynda DouglasDepartment of Defence

Matt NorreyAustralian Services Union

Mike HigginsRegional Aviation Association of Australia

Peter HoweAustralian Helicopter Industry Association

Roger CrosthwaiteCivil Aviation Safety Authority

Samantha LeightonAustralian Airports Association

Sarah DavisQantas Airways Limited

Steve GaljarAviation Aerospace Australia

For more information please contact:

Kath White Aviation Industry Manager Australian Industry Standards M 0448 181 661 E Katherine.White@aistnds.org.au DRAFT

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AVIATION INDUSTRY OVERVIEWThe Aviation industry underpins Australian business and tourism and has an estimated annual revenue of $50 billion, adding $ 20.06 billion to the Australian economy in 2019. The industry employs more than 100,000 people across its five main subsectors: Domestic commercial aviation, international commercial aviation, general aviation, air-freight transport and aviation support infrastructure.

EXPLANATORY NOTESCounts of Australian Businesses

Distinct from the Census and Labour Force data, the Counts of Australian Businesses data uses a top down approach where industries are primarily classified by the single predominant industry class associated with a business’ ABN. A limitation of this approach is that organisations with a presence in several States/Territories will be counted only once. This can lead to enterprise figures appearing low for a given state/territory, but it’s not that there are no enterprises existing in the state/territory, it’s that the headquarters are located elsewhere. A further consideration is that organisations in more than one industry will also be only counted in one industry.

AVG. AGE STUDENTS IN TRAINING

28.4 Years THE TYPICAL AVI STUDENT IS 2 YEARS YOUNGER THAN THE AVERAGE VOCATIONAL STUDENT

WORKFORCE SIZE

2020

102,2022025

109,259

WESTERN AUSTRALIA

232

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SOUTH AUSTRALIA

99

AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY

29

EMPLOYMENTGROWTH TO 2025

6.9%

VICTORIA

434

TASMANIA

28

NEW SOUTH WALES

565

QUEENSLAND

530

NORTHERNTERRITORY

45

INDUSTRY VALUE

REVENUE

50B VALUE ADD

20.06B

GENDER DISTRIBUTION

35% 65%ENTERPRISES BY STATE

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KEY AVIATION STAKEHOLDERS

» Flight Safety Foundation

» Recreational Aviation Australia

» Regional Aviation Association of Australia

» Royal Aeronautical Society (RAeS) Australia

Royal Federation of Aero Clubs

Safeskies Australia

Employee Representatives

» Australian & International Pilots Association

» Australian Federation of Air Pilots

» Australian Services Union

» Flight Attendants Association of Australia

» Transport Workers Union

Licensing / Regulatory

» Airservices Australia

» Australian Transport Safety Bureau

» Civil Aviation Safety Authority

Government

» Department of Defence

» Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development

» Federal, State/Territory Departments

Industry Advisory

» State and Territory Industry Training Advisory Bodies (ITABs)

Training Organisations

» TAFEs, Private RTOs, Enterprise RTOs

Employers

» Airbus Group Asia Pacific

» Airport security providers – Major, Regional and Remote

» Airports – Major, Regional and Remote

» Alliance Airlines

» Aviation Australia

» Basair Aviation College

» Becker Helicopters

» Boeing Australia Holdings Pty Ltd

» Cobham Aviation Services

» Council operated aerodromes

» Dedale Asia Pacific

» Flight Academy Australia

» Heliwest

» Insitu Pacific

» LifeFlight

» Medical Rescue

» Moorabbin Flying Services

» Qantas Airways Limited, including Jetstar and QantasLink

» Regional Express (REX)

» Rotor-Lift Aviation

» Sharp Airlines

» Virgin Australia

» Westpac Lifesaver Rescue Helicopter

» Yamaha Motor Australia Pty Ltd

Employer Representatives

» Australian Airports Association

» Australian Helicopter Industry Association

» Aviation-Aerospace Australia

677.90thousand domestic aircraft trips in 2019

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of apprentices are 20 to 24 years

25%DRAFT

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AVI AVIATION TRAINING PACKAGEThe AVI Aviation Training Package provides the only nationally recognised Vocational Education and Training (VET) qualifications for occupations involved in aerodrome operations, airport safety, ground operations, cargo services, customer service, transport security protection, aviation search and rescue, management and supervision, air traffic control, flight operations (pilots – aeroplane, helicopter, commercial, military, remote pilot and pilot in command) and flight instruction.

The AVI Aviation Training Package comprises 21 qualifications, 48 Skill Sets and 240 Units of Competency and associated assessment requirements and covers aviation safety, ground operations and flight operations.

The AVI Aviation Training Package contains the following qualifications:

Certificates

» Certificate I in Aviation (Foundation Skills)

» Certificate II in Transport Security Protection

» Certificate II in Aviation (Ground Operations and Service)

» Certificate II in Aviation (Flight Operations-Cargo Services)

17.4%of international

movements by Qantas Airways

» Certificate III in Aviation (Cabin Crew)

» Certificate III in Aviation (Remote Pilot)

» Certificate III in Aviation (Rescue Crew Officer)

» Certificate III in Aviation (Ground Operations and Service)

» Certificate III in Aviation (Aerodrome Operations)

» Certificate IV in Aviation (Flight Operations Supervision)

» Certificate IV in Aviation (Remote Pilot-Beyond Visual Line of Sight)

» Certificate IV in Aviation (Aviation Supervision)

» Certificate IV in Aviation (Air Crew Officer)

Diploma - Advanced Diploma

» Diploma of Aviation (Air Traffic Control)

» Diploma of Aviation (Aviation Management)

» Diploma of Aviation (Commercial Pilot Licence – Aeroplane)

» Diploma of Aviation (Commercial Pilot Licence – Helicopter)

» Diploma of Aviation (Instrument Rating)

» Diploma of Aviation (Flight Instructor)

» Advanced Diploma of Aviation (Pilot in Command)

» Advanced Diploma of Aviation (Chief Flight Instructor)

The AVI Aviation Training Package is on the Scope of

Registration of

339Registered Training

Organisations.DRAFT

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TRAINING DATAThe charts below investigate commencing qualification enrolments in each State and Territory along with qualification utilisation by occupational group. At the national level, qualification enrolments in the AVI Training Package have grown by 81% over the last four years while Units of Competency enrolments have nearly tripled (182.5%).

QUALIFICATION ENROLMENTS BY STATE/TERRITORY

Enrolments in Aviation qualifications have grown strongly in most States and Territories, driven largely by increases in two qualifications; Diploma of Aviation (Commercial Pilot Licence – Aeroplane) and Certificate III in Aviation (Remote Pilot) which have grown by 267.6% and 545.4%, respectively, since 2015. The growth in these qualifications account for 92% of the growth in Aviation qualifications nationally. The sharp decline in New South Wales in 2017, is almost entirely due to a decline in Certificate III in Aviation (Rescue Crew Officer), which both rose and declined suddenly around a peak in 2017 suggesting a specific training program has come to an end in the State.

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QUALIFICATION UTILISATION BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUP

The occupational group with the largest VET qualification utilisation in the Aviation industry is Technicians and Trades Workers where 82.8% of workers hold a VET qualification. This group is dominated by Aircraft Maintenance Engineers who are generally qualified through the MEA Aeroskills Training Package. The group with the next highest VET qualification utilisation is Community and Personal Service Workers where 42.1% hold a vocational qualification. Travel Attendants make up 81% of this group. The next group, Professionals, is largely comprised of pilots, air traffic controllers and instructors and here 41.5% of workers hold VET qualifications, compared to 44.8% that hold tertiary qualifications. Approximately 38% of both Administrative and Sales workers have VET qualifications which is roughly twice the share of workers that hold a tertiary qualification in those groups. The major occupations in those groups are transport and despatch clerks and ticket salespeople. The Machinery Operators and Drivers group, which is primarily comprised of aircraft baggage handlers and airline ground crew, have about the same ratio of VET qualifications at 37.6%. The share of Managers with a VET qualification (34%) is higher than the share of Labourers with the same type of qualification (32.4%) who have the lowest qualification rate of any kind. Labourers in the Aviation industry generally comprise of commercial cleaners, kitchenhands and freight handlers.

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EXPLANATORY NOTESTraining Charts

Total VET Activity (TVA) data is collected from all types of training providers and not only those in receipt of Commonwealth or State funding. TVA data collection commenced in 2014. For Enrolments by Delivery type ‘Other’ includes; Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL), Credit Transfers and Units where the mode of delivery is mixed.

42.121mscheduled international

passengers in 2018-19

Exemptions

Where the submission of training data to TVA conflicts with defence or national security legislation or jeopardises the security or safety of personnel working in defence, border protection, customs or Australian police departments, an exemption from reporting training data is available.

Organisations that deliver training for vital services to the community (such as emergency, fire, first aid and rescue organisations) may have received an exemption to submit data to TVA. From 1 January 2016 however, the exemption from reporting applies only in respect of training activity not delivered on a fee for service / commercial basis.

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CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESBOOMING AVIATION INDUSTRY

The international Aviation industry will continue to grow rapidly in the foreseeable future. According to the International Air Transport Association, over the next two decades the number of air travellers is expected to almost double to 7.8 billion globally, with the biggest demand across the Asia-Pacific region.1 The air traffic share in this region will increase to 35 per cent of all the global air travel in the next 20 years.2 The latest Commercial Market Outlook from Boeing estimates that, the international aviation industry will need 645,000 new pilots and 881,000 new cabin crew to serve projected travel demand by 2038.3 It is forecasted that about 240,000 new commercial pilots will be required in the next 20 years to meet the Aviation industry’s need in Asia-Pacific countries.4 This is largely driven by international economic growth in provincial areas, higher disposable incomes and increased air travel in emerging economies.5

Australia’s aviation industry has continued to grow over the past decade. In 2018-19, Australia recorded an increase of 3.7 per cent in its international passenger traffic compared to the previous year.6 Australian major airports (Melbourne,7 Sydney8 and Brisbane9) expect a doubling of both domestic and international passengers in the next two decades and have invested in major development plans to accommodate the increased demand.

Western Sydney International Airport is under construction and is expected to open in the mid 2020s, accommodating around 10 million passengers a year.10 During both construction and operation, Western Sydney Airport will support a range of jobs including baggage handlers, ground staff and engineers. The project is expected to create 28,000 direct and indirect jobs by 2031, which will pose a challenge in developing a capable workforce.11

As air travel increases, Australian airlines and airports are facing greater competition for skilled labour, both locally and from other countries. This is already evident as qualified pilots and engineers are in great demand. Many developing countries are

raising pilot wages to attract foreign-trained talent to support their growth.12 Incentives and methods to retain skilled Aviation industry employees, as well as ensuring the Vocational Education and Training (VET) meets demands of industry, will continue to be highly important in the future.

NEW INNOVATIONS IN AVIATION & PASSENGER EXPERIENCE

Aviation technology is advancing at an unprecedented rate, requiring the industry to anticipate, adapt and plan much faster than ever before. These innovations remain a key challenge in meeting the capability requirements of the Aviation workforce.13

Aircraft are becoming more sophisticated and by 2038, over half of the available aircraft will be new next-generation planes with new technologies. The maintenance tasks will rely more on robotics which will result in operational adjustments and investments as service providers prepare to address next generation equipment.14

The concept of Smart Airports is also gaining more traction. Future airports will be digitally connected environments with cutting-edge technologies to provide a seamless travel experience for passengers.15

Smart airports provide a holistic approach to air travel where, through data collection, automation, and artificial intelligence (AI), customers receive personalized experiences. Air transport stakeholders benefit from increased security, revenue, and cost savings. Customers can manage their journeys through smart phones with a single booking that covers transportation to the airport, the flight, and to travellers’ ultimate destination. Beacons connecting passengers’ mobile phones to real time information allow customers to interact with the airport, receive real-time updates, and track baggage. The meta-data from these beacons give airports and carriers visibility into passenger movement, allowing airport operators to analyse information in real time to make better decisions such as reacting to customer flow and manage flight changes or disruptions.16

11.2% of passenger movement

to/from Australia in 2018-19 was either to/from or

via Auckland

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Biometric recognition is a key focus for the industry to enable seamless transition to be extended beyond a single airport into an entire end-to-end journey. This innovation adopts a single, persistent digital identity that is secure, recognized globally and allows the passenger to maintain control over that identity. Biometric technology, along with mobile solutions and AI, will be critical to creating a secure identity verification solution.17

Examples of new technologies at Australian airports which have improved efficiency18 and enhanced customer passenger experience19 include:

» the introduction of SmartGates;

» automated check-in and bag-drops;

» trials of biometric technologies and facial recognition;

» launch of digital platforms to provide tailored information for customers;

» advanced X-Ray equipment and body scanners;20

» automated lane technology, e-gates;21 and

» Checkpoint Computed Tomography (CT) which can produce a 3D image of the content of bags.22

AI and Virtual Technology (VT) have the potential to significantly increase operation efficiency. Worldwide and within Australia, airlines have adopted tools such as dynamic airborne rerouting planning, crew scheduling optimisation, predictive maintenance, and fuel efficiency cloud systems23 to minimise costs and disruptions and improve services.24 Leveraging new technologies will create opportunities to improve overall performance, productivity and safety.25 Western Sydney Airport will become Australia’s first digital/smart airport by optimising the integration of technology and sustainability, providing a seamless travel experience.26

Technology-based solutions will provide new career paths for existing and future employees, with opportunities to train and further enhance skills in order to keep pace with technological advancements.

SECURITY AND INDUSTRY SPECIFIC CYBER SECURITY SKILLS

Australia’s Aviation industry is currently undergoing major transformations driven by automation, smart devices and digitisation. Airports are using technologies such biometrics, face-recognition, cloud, big data, etc. that require extensive information-sharing. Such digital technologies are accompanied by new security risks which can expose the industry to cyber attacks with critical impact on the industry. A recent report revealed 99 per cent of cyber attacks targeted human factors rather than systems, where threat factors use identity deception techniques to trick users into making a risky click27 leading to data theft. Cyber attack risks are rated among the top four threats to organisational growth.28 Australian organisations recorded an 18 per cent increase in cyber security breaches, incurring a cost of US $6.9 million in 2018.29 Australia has also been identified as the nation most under cyber attack threats in the Asia-Pacific region with 80 per cent of companies reporting a total of 5,000 threats a day,30 incurring a cost of $29 billion per annum to Australian businesses.31

Awareness of the nature of cyber security threats and skills to detect, report and resolve the issues remain a challenge. The unique nature of the Aviation industry and technologies such as Big Data, AI, automation, smart devices, etc., creates large amounts of data and can expose the industry to growing cyber security risks.32 Threat factors are also

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becoming more sophisticated and more difficult to detect. Ensuring the safe handling of personal data of all passengers in airports, and on planes, as well as their personal safety, will continue to be a challenge for aerodrome operators.

In the light of such serious safety risks, it is imperative to have a tailored cyber security training program not only to inform the workforce of the nature and examples of the Aviation industry cyberattacks, but also give them the skills and competencies to be able to resolve them. Businesses need to continue to raise awareness about the issue, have proper procedures in place and deploy the right technologies to help identify, block or remediate against any malicious attacks. Investing in skills and capabilities through educational programs is key to understanding cyber security and being protected from cyber threats.33

Similarly, there is increased risk of real-world attacks, either in the air or in high-density airport facilities. The challenge in establishing the appropriate level of security at airports is that the global threat environment is constantly evolving. Threat actors are continuing to innovate and experiment with new techniques, technologies and concealment methods in an attempt to defeat security measures. Maintaining high standards of security and training people to identify suspicious behaviour will be necessary to ensure continued reliable safe travel operations. Investing in skills and capabilities through educational programs is key to understanding cybersecurity and being protected from both security and cyber threats.

DIGITAL LITERACY IS ESSENTIAL

Digital transformation has revamped every aspect of life and the workforce. New technologies and devices are widely used in the workplace, creating digitally-enabled environments that affect numerous occupations. Digital literacy and Information Communication Technology (ICT) skills are required to respond and adapt to the fast pace of change. Digital literacy is defined as having practical skills in using technology to access, manage, manipulate, and create information as well as the skills to critically analyse, interpret and apply the information to relevant situations.34 Digital literacy also encompasses more technical skills in programming and coding, data analysis, technology design, system

analysis, and presenting and managing content on the web to develop and manage applications.35

Advancements in AI, computer technology, automation, the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, big data, customer-service platforms and social media are generating a massive volume of data and information, offering a range of benefits such as improved customer service and operational efficiency. Airservices Australia has invested in cloud technology36 and intends to digitalise their workflow services in 2019,37 hence the need for the workforce development in digital skills.

Digital innovations can provide $315 billion in gross economic value to Australia in the next ten years. These innovations will be driven by technologies reliant on the collection and analysis of large volumes of data which can affect many industries. Currently, Australia faces shortages in key digital skills such as data management and analysis, cloud computing, AI and machine learning, cyber security, digital design, and software design.38 The Australian Government has emphasised that education and training should meet current and future needs, to help businesses take advantage of digital opportunities. The government is committed to developing Australia’s digital skills through supporting greater life-long engagement in evolving technologies.39

By 2024, Australia will need 100,000 technology workers with digital skills, which poses a challenge in terms of recruiting and reskilling the workforce. The economic benefit of reskilling workers to meet the digital skills demand is estimated to be worth over $11,000 per worker annually.40 Digital skills have been identified as one of the top three priority skills by Australian industries and businesses.41 Participants at the AIS Industry Skills Forums across the country in 2018 also emphasised digital literacy as a highly significant skill in demand. A survey conducted by RMIT university concluded that VET qualifications need to reflect the current digital technologies and ensure that graduates are adequately skilled in digital literacy.42

211,505 international aircraft movements in 2018-19

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Australia is very well positioned to be a leader in the digital economy. This will be enhanced through continued planning and investment in educational programs to train and upskill the existing and future workforce in digital literacy.

SAFE SKIES FOR DRONES

The use of Remotely Pilot Aircraft Systems (RPAS), also known as Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), or drones, is on the rise. There are currently 100,000 drones in Australia.43 By 2031, there will be more than 24 million drones in skies globally.44Australia is experiencing exponential growth in the number of drones being operated with rapid adoption of innovative drone technologies. This is a growing area of the Aviation industry which requires effective management of safety standards and compliance with regulations.45

One of the challenges is the effective integration of drones into traditional airspace and flight

operations.46 There have also been regulatory changes regarding drone operations. There are specific requirements regarding the approval of the operation of a drone when the pilot cannot see the aircraft, beyond visual line of sight operations. Also, drone operations in a controlled airspace require the maintenance of a “buffer” between the device and the controlled space around it.47 A Senate inquiry conducted in 2018 emphasised the aerial safety of drone operations.48 This is supported by the Australian Association for Unmanned Systems (AAUS) which has shown strong support for recommendations from the inquiry to improve aerial safety of drone operations.49

RPAS can provide huge economic opportunities to a range of industries. These opportunities necessitate immediate response in terms of upskilling and training to ensure RPAS operators are conscious of safe operations of these systems and compliance regulations.

DIGITAL CONTROL TOWERS AND NEW INNOVATIONS

Air traffic control is being reshaped by a surge of new systems and technologies. In Australia there is a push to introduce Digital Control Towers and Airservices Australia intends to trial a prototype of this technology in Sydney.50 The technology involves capturing imagery of an airport and surrounding airspace via video cameras. The imagery is compressed and sent by wide area network (WAN) and displayed on screens at a centrally-based control room. The screens are positioned in an arc to display a 360-degree picture of an airport and surrounding airspace. This technology can significantly increase the amount of information available to air traffic

controllers. Aircraft information, including safety alerts, is delivered to controllers in a digital

tower linked to flight data processing systems, while infrared cameras can enhance visibility

in cloud or low visibility.51 Digital towers can also be integrated into the air

traffic management data networks to improve flow management and

collaborative decision-making. This technology can increase efficiency

and save costs.

Air traffic control operations are also rapidly changing.

With the rapid rise of drones and the

prospects of Uber flying taxis by 2023,52 DRAFT

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Airservices Australia is also undertaking work to deliver the capability and functionality of Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM) systems as the landscape of low altitude airspace rapidly changes.53 One critical challenge is integrating a safe and sustainable air traffic system to support the forecast growth in the emerging air mobility industry sector.

Air Traffic Control operations are conducted by highly skilled professionals who oversee automated processes to conduct terminal and approach operations. Technologies such as Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) have been trialled successfully and can provide safer and more accurate approach guidance and stability to airplanes.54 As aircraft activity in Australia continues to increase, their will be significant demand for operators capable of accurately interpreting large volumes of flight data and communicating with manned and unmanned flights, while maintaining situational awareness of the broader airspace environment.

A new Air Traffic Management System, known as OneSky, will replace the current system and is expected to roll out by 2023. OneSky will harmonise civil and military air operation and allow flexible use of air space, improving safety and efficiency.55 As a part of this project, Air Traffic Management (ATM) systems in Melbourne, Sydney and Perth have switched to the Civil Military Air Traffic Management System (CMATS) voice control system.56

Another technology is Long Range Air Traffic Flow Management (LR-ATFM) which can increase air traffic predictability and reduce controllers’ workload, allowing for improved operational efficiency.57 Australia is also leading the world’s first network-wide implementation of Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) which will harmonise airport operations through data sharing and provide the opportunity to make collaborative and predictive decisions.58

Whilst new systems will be supported through new or revised VET skills and knowledge, the role of the air traffic controller will increasingly demand “on-the-fly” analysis of large volumes of data, interpretation of diagnostic information, as well as critical thinking and problem-solving.

REGULATORY CHALLENGES AND SAFETY

According to an expert panel, Australia’s aviation regulations on engineering and maintenance is not harmonised and impacts negatively on the supply of skilled employees for the domestic market.59 One of the identified challenges is to balance the regulatory oversight required to ensure the safe operations for the aviation industry. There is a need to harmonise state and territory privacy laws and standards in relation to drones,60 a need which has been emphasised by the Australian Association for Unmanned Systems.61

31% of apprentices are

female

9.20mpassengers travelled Melbourne-Sydney in

2019DRAFT

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24.87m domestic passengers

travelling through regional airportsDRAFT

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EMPLOYMENT AND SKILLS OUTLOOKEMPLOYMENT DEMOGRAPHICSThe following charts provide an overview of the Aviation workforce at a glance. These include historical and projected employment for the next five years, job vacancies for the main occupations in the industry as well as gender-composition by State/Territory.

PROJECTED AND HISTORICAL AVIATION WORKFORCE (2010 – 2025)

Though comprising a significantly smaller component of the industry, the Airport Operations workforce is expected to grow at twice the rate (2.5% per year) that Freight and Passenger Transport is (1.2% per year). At this rate, Freight and Passenger Transport is also expected to slightly trail natural population growth rate (1.4% per year).

Source: IBISWorld Reports.DRAFT

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AVIATION JOB VACANCIES, MAIN OCCUPATIONS (2009 – 2019)

Online job advertisements for Air Transport Professionals (comprised mainly of pilots, air traffic controllers and instructors) grew steadily from 2011 to 2017 while online vacancies for Travel Attendants remained stable. There has been a marked decline in both occupational groups since then, with online advertisements for Air Transport Professionals declining 11.7% in the last two years while Travel Attendants declined 42%.

Source: Labour Market Information Portal Internet Vacancy Index (IVI)DRAFT

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GENDER COMPOSITION BY STATE/TERRITORY (2019)

Nationally, more than a third of the Aviation workforce is female but there are large differences between the States and Territories. Despite accounting for just over a third of the Aviation workforce, Queensland and Western Australia combined account for nearly half (46%) of the overall female workforce in Australia. South Australia stands out as an outlier on the lower end with only 14% of the reported workforce being female, well under half the national average.

Source: Australian Bureau Statistics (2017) 6291.0.55.003 - Labour Force, Australia, Detailed. Australian Government.

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EXPLANATORY NOTESLabour Force Data

Outside of Census years, the size of an industry’s workforce is established by the Australian Bureau of Statistics using the Labour Force survey. This dataset provides a 30-year view of the industry where, like the Census, industry is assigned at the discretion of the individual respondent. Given that the survey is sample-based, it should also be understood that the smaller the industry being measured, the larger the margin of error.

The scope of the Labour Force survey is limited to the civilian population of Australia and therefore members of permanent defence forces are excluded from the survey.

IBISWorld Data

IBISWorld data is comprised from a variety of economic, demographic, government and company data, including the Australian Bureau of Statistics.

Labour Market Information Portal Internet Vacancy Index (IVI)

The IVI is the only publicly available source of detailed data on online vacancies, including for around 350 occupations (at all skill levels), as well as for all states/territories and 37 regions. The IVI is based on a count of online job advertisements newly lodged on SEEK, CareerOne and Australian JobSearch during the month. As such, the IVI does not reflect the total number of job advertisements in the labour market as it does not include jobs advertised through other online job boards, employer websites, word of mouth, in newspapers, and advertisements in shop windows. The IVI also does not take account of multiple positions being advertised in a single job advertisement.

60% of apprentices are 25

years and olderDRAFT

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AVIATION INDUSTRY LABOUR SHORTAGESOn behalf of the Aviation IRC, AIS conducted an online survey for stakeholders, between 26 September 2019 and 18 January 2020. The IRC sought feedback on the current skills labour shortages and the reasons for the shortages as perceived by industry stakeholders.

AVIATION LABOUR SHORTAGES72.9% per cent of respondents reported experiencing a labour shortage in the last 12 months. The occupations reported as being in shortage were:

1. Engineers and Technicians

2. Pilots

3. Educators, Trainers and Assessors

4. Airport Operations

5. Security

REASONS FOR SHORTAGEEmployers identified the following reasons for the shortage with the most frequent response listed first.

1. Cost/time to achieve the required qualification

2. Ageing workforce / current staff retiring

3. Competition from other organisations

4. Wages / salaries considered too low

5. Geographic location of the vacancy

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PRIORITY SKILLSThe priority skills of the Aviation industry are drawn from stakeholder responses to the Aviation IRC Skills Forecast survey conducted between 26 September 2019 and 18 January 2020.

SKILL CATEGORYIn order of priority to the industry, the following skills were identified from the survey as the most important for the Aviation workforce within the next three to five years.

Technical skills

» Piloting

» Health/Safety

» Digital skills

» Maintenance/Servicing

» Operational

Non-technical skills

» Problem Solving

» Communication

» Teamwork

» Attention to detail

» Critical Thinking

GENERIC SKILLSThe Generic Skills listed are provided to AIS by the Department of Education, Skills, and Employment. Within the survey, the IRC asked stakeholders to rank these skills in order of importance to the industry. Ranking of the 12 generic workforce skills in order of importance to the Aviation industry are as follows.

1. Design mindset / Thinking critically / System thinking / Solving problems

2. Learning agility / Information literacy / Intellectual autonomy and self-management

3. Communication / Virtual collaboration / Social intelligence

4. Technology

5. Managerial / Leadership

6. Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM)

7. Language, Literacy and Numeracy (LLN)

8. Customer service / Marketing

9. Data analysis

10. Environmental and Sustainability

11. Financial

12. Entrepreneurial

25% of apprentices are 20 to

24 years

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WORKFORCE SUPPLY SIDE CHALLENGES AND PPORTUNITIESWORKFORCE SHORTAGES: PILOTS, FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS AND MAINTENANCE ENGINEERS

The Aviation industry is experiencing a shortage of pilots. This is a global trend where airlines worldwide have been hit by a growing demand for pilots with a projected 645,000 pilots needed around the world by 203862, with 240,000 of them in Asia Pacific countries.63

In addition to pilots, there is a reported shortage of flight instructors and licenced maintenance engineers to supervise the maintenance of aircrafts, and the challenge is further compounded by the age profile of the current aviation engineering workforce, with an age average in the mid-fifties.64

The projected aviation growth in the Asia Pacific region will have flow-on effects on Australian Aviation industry as international airlines poach pilots from Australian airlines.65 Flight instructors have also moved or returned to airline flying further exacerbating the present shortage of qualified instructors to train pilots.66

There has already been growth in training for both domestic and international airlines in Australia.67 Pilot Academies and Cadet Pilot Programs have been established, a move which has been well received by the Australian aviation industry to ensure long-term training of pilots. Airlines are committed to attracting a more diverse workforce through these programs68 and the Federal Government is committed to boosting female participation in the industry.69

THE CHANGING WORKPLACE AND THE DEMAND FOR MICRO-CREDENTIALS

The rapid pace of technological change creates challenges for both employers and workers; a flexible VET system can ensure both current and future demand for training is met. While employers require timely reskilling and/or upskilling of the workforce, employees will also require a responsive VET system capable of delivering affordable training with options for flexible delivery.70 Non-formal learning, as opposed to a formal qualification system, is emerging as a potential solution to the rapid upskilling requirements to meet both specific industry needs and individuals seeking to progress their careers.71 Using methods such as micro-credentials or Skill Sets are gaining momentum. A Skill Set is defined as “a single Unit of Competency or a combination of Units of Competency from a Training Package which link to a licensing or regulatory requirement, or a defined industry need.”72 Micro-credentials permit individuals to acquire industry recognised skills in stages, and without necessarily committing to a full qualification.

Skill Sets are becoming increasingly important to workplaces in their management of changing demands. The number of Skill Sets in Training Packages has grown from 20 in 2008 to a little under 1500 existing Skill Sets by 2019. Reported enrolments in Training Package Skill Sets have grown from 58,000 in 2015 to over 96,000 in 2018.73

Throughout AIS Industry Skills Forums in 2018, the topic of micro-credentials emerged as a solution to upskilling the workforce in a constantly changing environment. This requires a strong and ongoing partnership with industry to ensure skills standards and training delivery keeps pace with the fast-changing workplace.74 There is ongoing work to improve the recognition of shorter form credentials more broadly across AQF qualifications as well. The latest Australian Qualification Framework (AQF) review has called for Pathways Policy revision to broaden guidelines for credit recognition across AQF qualifications including micro-credentials. A key focus of the review is the formalisation of the ways micro-credentials can be mapped onto the AQF so employees can attain formal recognition for their incremental learning.75 Similarly, the Joyce Review of the VET system has called for the increased use of short-form credentials such as Skill Sets or micro-credentials because they provide an effective way to DRAFT

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meet flexible training needs

of both employers and employees.76

SOFT SKILLS FOR A DIGITAL FUTURE

The workplace has fundamentally changed over the past decade and

will continue to be transformed due to the advent of new technologies. In addition to technical and digital skills, soft skills remain vitally important. Non-technical skills such as teamwork, problem-solving, and creativity are integral to the successful adoption and implementation of disruptive technologies.77 The World Economic Forum has also indicated that soft skills such as critical thinking, leadership, and emotional intelligence will be in demand in the next four years.78 A recent Deloitte report reveals that by 2030, about two-thirds of jobs will be strongly reliant on soft skills.79 Industry experts and participants at the AIS Industry Skills Forums in 2018 also emphasised the significance of soft skills as well as lifelong learning in order to have a workforce prepared for the future. Creativity and problem-solving skills also enhance the ability of workers to explore and engage with new technologies more effectively in the workplace.

REGIONAL AIRPORTS’ CHALLENGES: PILOT SHORTAGE AND OPERATING COSTS

Competitive market conditions remain a challenge for regional and remote aerodromes, from both financial and workforce perspectives.80 Australia’s regional airports are a significant factor in the sustainability of rural and regional communities. Regional airports enable tourism, provide access to global supply chains, improve access to metropolitan health services, enhance educational opportunities for regional communities, and connect rural Australia through fast and economical transport means.

Regional airports may be generally characterised by ageing airport infrastructure which is costly to maintain or upgrade. The maintenance expertise often needs to be sourced from other locations that entails additional costs.81 Australia Airports Association reports that regional airports have a budget deficit of $170 million in the next ten years to upgrade their aging infrastructure and invest in maintenance to ensure the airport operations are safe and compliant with regulations.82 A pilot shortage in regional airlines is also challenging the industry which has caused disruptions to air services through cancellations.83

The increasing costs of aviation regulatory compliance and transport security protection needs will likely cause major disruption to the management of regional airports. Federal, state and government aviation industry policies will continue to play an important role in the future of Australia’s rural and regional airports.

TRAINING COSTS

Training providers have indicated that aviation ground and flight training in Australia is widely recognised as being high-quality compared with other countries. Achieving quality training outcomes has an associated high financial cost. Aviation training organisations have raised significant concerns regarding the dual costs of maintaining separate Registered Training Organisation and Flying Training Organisation accreditation with national VET and aviation safety regulatory authorities. Many organisations question the cost/benefit ratio of maintaining duplicated training compliance requirements. High regulatory compliance costs drive student training costs, with the subsequent financial effects flowing into the wider aviation industry. The availability of VET Student Loans (VSL) has managed to attract more aviation training applicants. However, the current VSL cap for aviation skills is considered insufficient to support applicants to undertake the full suite of aviation employment courses.84

The current cost barriers faced by individuals and businesses within the aviation industry are well understood. However, there is a need for the aviation industry to invest further in upskilling its current and future workforce, through public and private funding mechanisms.DRAFT

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WHAT IS DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION?SHAPING OUR FUTUREDigital Transformation is the process of adopting digital technologies to create new or modify existing business processes, culture, and customer experiences to improve productivity and meet changing business and market requirements.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEAn advanced computer programming language aimed at enabling computers to emulate human reasoning.

AUTOMATION The trend toward using computers/robots, artificial intelligence and other technologies to produce, oversee, and deliver goods and services.

BIG DATAMassive data sets that are produced in a variety of formats at a fast speed that can be stored, analysed, and used with the help of special tools and methods.

CLOUD COMPUTING A secure data centre or a network of remote servers, able to store data on the internet rather than on personal computers.

CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEM (CPS)A system that links physical objects/processes with digital elements/processes via open and constantly interconnected information networks.

DATA ANALYTICSThe process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming and modelling data to discover useful information, suggest conclusions, and support decision-making. Techniques include data mining, machine learning and business intelligence.

INDUSTRY 1.0Mechanisation of manufacturing

processes, steam and water power, weaving loom

INDUSTRY 2.0Mass production, assembly line,

electrical energy

$315B digital innovations’ gross economic value to Australia in the next 10 years.

300,000 Australia’s projected technology workforce by 2024.

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PLUG-AND-PLAYDenotes software or devices that are intended to work perfectly when first used or connected, without the need for physical device reconfiguration or adjustment by the user.

DIGITAL TWINA digital twin is a computerized (or digital) version of a physical asset and/or process. The digital twin contains sensors that collects data to represent real-time information about the physical asset.

DIGITALISATIONThe use of digital technologies to change a business model and provide new revenue and value-producing opportunities. It is the process of moving to a digital business.

INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)A network of physical objects that contain embedded technology to communicate and sense or interact with their internal states or the external environment.

INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIOT)The application of the Internet of Things to the manufacturing, logistics, oil and gas, transportation, energy/utilities, mining and metals, aviation, and other industrial sectors.

ROBOTICSA programmable, versatile machine for handling and manipulating objects which acts independently of humans.

SMART FACTORYA facility where the degree of integration across systems can enable self-organisation and self-optimisation in production processes and all business processes relating to production.

INDUSTRY 3.0Advanced production, computers,

IT-systems, and robotics.

INDUSTRY 4.0Cyber physical systems, internet of

things, networks, autonomous systems, machine learning

$5.3B the value of IoT at Australian homes by 2023.

1,100 robotic companies in Australia.

66% time spent using technology skills by 2030.

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1 International Air Transport Association. (2017). “2036 Forecast Reveals Air Passengers Will Nearly Double to 7.8 Billion.” Press Release No.55. Retrieved from https://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2017-10-24-01.aspx.

2 Boeing. (2019). Commercial Market Outlook 2019-2038.

3 Ibid.

4 Australian Aviation. (2018). “Boeing Says Asia Pacific to Need 240,000 New Commercial Pilots over the Next 20 Years.” Retrieved from http://australianaviation.com.au/2018/08/boeing-says-asia-pacific-to-need-240000-new-commercial-pilots-over-next-20-years/

5 Boeing. (2019). Commercial Market Outlook 2019-2038.

6 Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Cities and Regional Development. (2019). Aviation: International Airline Activity 2018-19.

7 Melbourne Airport. (2018). Melbourne Airport Master Plan 2018

8 Sydney Airport. (2018). Sydney Airport Master Plan: The Right Future Starting Now.

9 Brisbane Airport Corporation. (2018). Planning for Brisbane Airport’s Future

10 Airport Technology. (2018). “Western Sydney International Airport, Badgerys Creek.” Retrieved from https://www.airport-technology.com/projects/western-sydney-airport-badgerys-creek/

11 Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities. (2018). Western Sydney Airport Overview

12 PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2015). Tailwinds: 2015 Airline Industry Trends.

13 Civil Aviation Safety Authority. (2018). CASA Corporate Plan 2019-20.

14 Boeing. (2019). Commercial Market Outlook 2019-2038.

15 Infrastructure. (2019). “Designing the Airport of the Future.” Retrieved from https://infrastructuremagazine.com.au/2019/05/07/designing-the-airport-of-the-future/

16 Boeing. (2019). Commercial Market Outlook 2019-2038.

17 SITA. (2019). 2025: Air Travel for a Digital Age.

18 Australian Airport Association. (2018). Australian Airports Driving Tourism Growth.

19 Australian Aviation. (2018). “Qantas Starts Brisbane Biometrics and Digital Passport Trial” retrieved from http://australianaviation.com.au/2018/11/qantas-starts-brisbane-biometrics-and-digital-passport-trial/

20 Creedy, S. (2018). “New X-Ray Machines and Body Scanners in $A300m Australian Security Upgrade.” Airline Ratings. May 8th. Retrieved from https://www.airlineratings.com/news/new-x-ray-machines-body-scanners-a300m-australian-security-upgrade/

21 Infrastructure. (2019). “Melbourne Airport Embraces Smart Security Technology.” Retrieved from https://infrastructuremagazine.com.au/2019/04/01/melbourne-airport-embraces-smart-security-technology/

22 Infrastructure. (2019). “Adelaide Airport Trials New 3D Screening Equipment.” Retrieved from https://infrastructuremagazine.com.au/2019/04/15/adelaide-airport-trials-new-3d-screening-equipment/

23 CIO Australia. (2019). “Qantas’ Cloud-Based Flight Sim Saving Millions in Fuel.” Retrieved from https://www.cio.com/article/3493085/qantas-cloud-based-flight-sim-saving-millions-in-fuel.html

24 Boeing. (2018). Commercial Market Outlook 2018-2037

25 Airservices. (2019). Corporate Plan 2019-20.

26 Western Sydney Airport. (2019). Corporate Plan 2019-2020.

27 Proofpoint. (2019). Human Factor Report 2019.

28 KPMG. (2019). Agile or Irrelevant: Redefining Resilience – 2019 Global CEO Outlook. KMPG International.

29 Accenture. (2019). The Cost of Cybercrime. Ponemon Institute.

30 CISCO. (2018). CISCO 2018 Asia Pacific Security Capabilities Benchmark Studies: Regional Breach Readiness.

31 Microsoft. (2018). “Direct Costs Associated with Cybersecurity Incidents Costs Australian Businesses $29 Billion Per Annum.” Retrieved from https://news.microsoft.com/en-au/features/direct-costs-associated-with-cybersecurity-incidents-costs-australian-businesses-29-billion-per-annum/

32 Gojszyk, M. (2018). “Automated Vehicle Data Security and Privacy a Key Policy.” Retrieved from https://www.fullyloaded.com.au/industry-news/1810/automated-vehicle-data-security-and-privacy-a-key-policy?utm_source=atn_newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=article6_readmore&utm_campaign=03-10-2018&utm_term=list_fullyloaded_newsletter

33 Ibid.

34 Western Sydney University. (2017). Digital Literacy. Retrieved from https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/1105398/eBook_-_Digital_literacy.pdf

35 McPherson, S. (2017). Digital Literacy: “What is it and How Important is it in the Future of Work?” Foundation of Young Australians. Retrieved from https://www.fya.org.au/2017/06/29/digital-literacy-important-future-work/

REFERENCE

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36 O’Brien, J. (2018). “Airservices Australia Flying High after ‘Biggest Transition to Cloud in Government History.” Retrieved from https://www.cio.com.au/article/648279/airservices-australia-flying-high-after-biggest-transition-cloud-government-history/

37 Airservices. (2019). Corporate Plan 2019-20.

38 Department of Industry, Innovation and Science. (2018). Australia’s Tech Future: Delivering a Strong, Safe and Inclusive Digital Economy. Australian Government.

39 Ibid.

40 Deloitte Access Economics. (2019). ACS Australia’s Digital Pulse 2019.

41 Australian Industry and Skills Committee. (2018). National Industry Insights Report: 2018/19 National Overview.

42 NCVER. (2019). Skilling the Australian Workforce for the Digital Economy.

43 Information Age. (2019). “Drone Industry Welcomes Tighter Rules.” Retrieved from https://ia.acs.org.au/article/2019/drone-industry-welcomes-tighter-rules.html

44 Airservices. (2019). Corporate Plan 2019-20.

45 Civil Aviation Safety Authority. (2019). Corporate Plan 2019-20. Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra.

46 Ibid.

47 Civil Aviation Safety Authority. (2019). “CASA Briefing – April 2019” Retrieved from https://www.casa.gov.au/publications-and-resources/publication/casa-briefing-april-2019

48 Parliament of Australia. (2018). Current and Future Regulatory Requirements that Impact on the Safe Commercial and Recreational Use of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and Associated Systems.

49 Australian Association of Unmanned Systems. (2018). “AAUS Extended Response to Senate Inquiry Report on the Safe Use of RPAS.” Press Release. Retrieved from https://aaus.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/20180824-PRESS-RELEASE-Senate-Inquiry-Report.pdf.

50 Australian Aviation. (2019). “Airservices To Trial Remote Digital Tower Prototype at Sydney.” Retrieved from https://australianaviation.com.au/2019/11/airservices-to-trial-remote-digital-tower-prototype-at-sydney/

51 Australian Aviation. (2019). “Digital Air Traffic Control Towers are Coming to Australia and New Zealand.” Retrieved from https://australianaviation.com.au/2019/01/digital-air-traffic-control-towers-are-coming-to-australia-and-nz/

52 News Coprs Australia Network. (2020). “Uber Reveals Details of Melbourne’s New Flying Taxi.” Retrieved from https://www.news.com.au/technology/uber-reveals-details-of-melbournes-new-flying-taxi/news-story/501147a7d8c5f31590e21851656d4901

53 Airservices. (2019). Corporate Plan 2019-20.

54 Australian Aviation. (2018). “Airservices Trials Show the Promise of SBAS.” Retrieved from http://australianaviation.com.au/2018/08/airservices-trials-show-the-promise-of-sbas-2/.

55 Deloitte Access Economics. (2018). Connecting Australia: The Economic and Social Contribution of Australia’s Airports.

56 Comms Critical. (2018). “OneSky Hits Key Milestones.” Comms Critical, Vol. 6, No. 2.

57 Air Services. (2019). Corporate Plan 2019-20.

58 Ibid.

59 Expert Panel on Aviation Skills and Training in Australia. (2018). Report of the Expert Panel on Aviation Skills and Training.

60 Parliament of Australia. (2018). Current and Future Regulatory Requirements that Impact on the Safe Commercial and Recreational Use of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and Associated Systems.

61 Australian Association of Unmanned Systems. (2018). AAUS Extended Response to Senate Inquiry Report on the Safe Use of RPAS. Press Release. Retrieved from https://aaus.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/20180824-PRESS-RELEASE-Senate-Inquiry-Report.pdf.

62 Boeing. (2019). Commercial Market Outlook 2019-2038

63 Australian Aviation. (2018). “Boeing Says Asia Pacific to Need 240,000 New Commercial Pilots over the Next 20 Years.” Retrieved from http://australianaviation.com.au/2018/08/boeing-says-asia-pacific-to-need-240000-new-commercial-pilots-over-next-20-years/

64 Expert Panel on Aviation Skills and Training in Australia. (2018). Report of the Expert Panel on Aviation Skills and Training.

65 Ballantyne, T. (2019). “Pilot Training: Problems and Solutions.” Australian Aviation. Retrieved from https://australianaviation.com.au/2019/04/pilot-training-problems-and-solutions/

66 Australian Aviation. (2018). “Report Says Australia Suffering Severe Shortage of Pilots and Engineers.” Retrieved from https://australianaviation.com.au/2018/07/report-says-australia-suffering-severe-shortage-of-pilots-and-engineers/

67 Ballantyne, T. (2019). “Pilot Training: Problems and Solutions.” Australian Aviation. Retrieved from https://australianaviation.com.au/2019/04/pilot-training-problems-and-solutions/

68 Chong, J. (2018). “Virgin Australia Sets 50:50 Gender Target for Pilot Cadetships.” Australian Aviation. Retrieved from http://australianaviation.com.au/2018/05/virgin-australia-sets-5050-gender-target-for-pilot-cadetships/

69 Ho. K. (2019). “Initiative to Boost Women in Aviation.” Infrastructure Magazine. Retrieved from https://infrastructuremagazine.com.au/2019/03/12/initiative-to-boost-women-in-aviation/

70 Expert Panel for the Review of the Australian Qualifications Framework. (2018). Review of the Australian Qualifications Framework: Discussion Paper. Australian Government: Canberra.

71 Oliver, B. (2019). Making Micro-Credentials Work for Learner, Employers and Providers. Deakin University: Australia.

72 Australian Skills Quality Authority. (2015). Standards for Registered Training Organisations (RTOs) 2015. Australian Government: Canberra. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019C00503 DRAFT

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73 National Centre for Vocational Education Research. (2019). Are Skill Sets Booming? An Analysis of Training Package Skill Sets. NCVER: Adelaide.

74 Australian Industry Standards. (2018). Future Skilling Our Workforce: A National Conversation. AIS: Melbourne.

75 Expert Panel for the Review of the Australian Qualifications Framework. (2019). Review of the Australian Qualifications Framework: Final Report. Commonwealth of Australia.

76 Australian Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2019). Strengthening Skills: Expert Review of Australia’s Vocational Education and Training System. Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra.

77 National Centre for Vocational Education Research. (2018). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: The Implications of Technological Disruption for Australian VET.

78 World Economic Forum. (2018). The Future of Jobs Report 2018.

79 Deloitte. (2019). The Path to Prosperity: Why the Future of Work is Human.

80 Curran. A. (2019). “The Future Of Regional Flights in Australia.” Simple Flying. Retrieved from https://simpleflying.com/australia-regional-flights-future/

81 The Airport Professional. (2018). Challenges Remain for Regional Airports. Retrieved from https://airportprofessional.asn.au/regional-airports/challenges-remain-for-regional-airports/

82 Australian Airports Association. (2018). “AAA Renews Funding Call to Protect Regional Airports.” Media Release. Date: 14 Nov. Retrieved from https://airports.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Media-release-AAA-renews-funding-call-to-Protect-Regional-Airports.pdf

83 Senate Standing Committee on Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport. (2019). Operation, Regulations an Funding of Air Route Service Delivery to Rural, Regional and Remote Communities. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.

84 Expert Panel on Aviation Skills and Training in Australia. (2018). Report of the Expert Panel on Aviation Skills and Training.

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Australian Industry Standards (AIS) is a Government appointed Skills Service Organisation (SSO) that partners with industry to shape the workforce of the future through the development of skills standards. We work under the direction of Industry Reference Committees that represent the following sectors: Aviation, Transport and Logistics, Maritime, Rail, Energy, Water and Utilities, Public Safety, Police, Fire, Defence and Corrections. Together, these industries keep Australia productive, powered and secure. AIS supports IRCs through industry engagement, research and analysis to prioritise the skill needs of their industry. We help to develop contemporary, future focused and world class qualifications for the workforce, create career pathways, and support industry growth and productivity.

australianindustrystandards.org.au | enquiries@aistnds.org.au

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