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SINGRAULI SUPER THERMAL POWER PLANT SHAKTINAGAR

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY(Electrical Engineering)

AT

AZAD INST. OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,LUCKNOW

SUBMITTED BY:

NAME : Deepak kr Singh

ROLL NO. : 1005320022

TRAINING INCHARGE:Mr. CH SATYNARAYAN

DGM (ELECTRICAL)

NTPC , SHAKTINAGAR

SESSION 2013-2014

Department of Electrical Engineering

(Affiliated by GBTU)


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DECLARATION

I, Mr. Deepak kr Singh ,hereby declare that this industrialtraining report is the record of authentic work carried out by

me during the period from 10 june 2013 to 10 july 2013 in

NTPC SHAKTINAGAR under the super vision of my training

incharge Mr. CH Satynarayan (DGM , ELECTRICAL ,NTPC

SHAKTINAGAR).

Signature

Name of the student : Deepak Kr SINGH


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.Deepak Kr Singh of

Azad Inst. OF Engg. And Technology has

successfully completed the training work

in partial fulfillment of requirement for the

completion of B.Tech course as prescribed by the AZAD INST.

OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY. This training report is the record of

authentic work carried out by him during the period from 10 june 2013

to 10 july 2013

He has worked under my guidance.

Signature

Training incharge (Internal)

Counter signed by


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Acknowledgement

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who providedme the possibility to complete my industrial training. A special gratitude Igive to our Training incharge , Mr. CH Satynarayan(DGM,Electrical,NTPC),whose contribution in stimulating suggestions and encouragement, helpedme to coordinate in my training period.

Furthermore I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the

crucial role of the employee of Other sections who gave the permission to

use all required equipment and the necessary materials to complete the

task . A special thanks goes to my team mate, who help me to assemble

the parts and gave suggestion about the task . . I have to appreciate the

guidance given by other supervisor as well as the panels especially in our

training period that has improved our presentation skills and knowledge.

A special thanks to Mr. H.K. Verma ( DGM, C & I ) For his guidance and

care in NTPC.

Last but not least, many thanks to NTPC ,who give me opportunity to complete my industrial training in suchwonderful working environment,in achieving my goal.

Deepak Kr Singh
http://acknowledgementsample.com/?cat=4http://acknowledgementsample.com/?cat=4


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CONTENT

ABOUT NTPC

INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL POWER PLANT

BOILER THEORY

TURBINE THEORY

GENERATOR THEORY

GENERATOR TRANSFORMER

SWITCHGEAR

SWITCHYARD AND ITS ELMENTS

FUTURE CAPACITY ADDITION IN NTPC , AWARDS , AND RANKING

REFERENCES


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ABOUT NTPC SHAKTINAGAR


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SINGRAULI SUPER THERMAL POWER PLANT

Singrauli Super Thermal Power Plantis located atShaktinagarinSonebhadra districtin

Indian state ofUttar Pradesh.The power plant is the first power plant ofNTPC.It sources coal

from Jayant and Bina mines and water from Rihand Reservoir. The states benefitting from this

power plant areUttar Pradesh,Uttranchal,Rajasthan,Punjab,Haryana,Jammu &

KashmirandHimachal Pradeshand the Union Territories ofDelhiandChandigarh.An

investment worth 1,190.69crore(US$200 million) has already been cleared. It even gets

international assistance fromIDA.

The unit wise capacity and other details are as follows.

Stage Unit Number Installed Capacity (MW) Date of Commissioning

1st 1 200 1982 February

1st 2 200 1982 November

1st 3 200 1983 March

1st 4 200 1983 November

1st 5 200 1984 February

2nd 6 500 1986 December

2nd 7 500 1987 November

Total Seven2000
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktinagar,_Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktinagar,_Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktinagar,_Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonebhadra_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonebhadra_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonebhadra_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttranchalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttranchalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttranchalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttranchalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonebhadra_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktinagar,_Uttar_Pradesh


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NTPC ROLE IN DIFFERENT AREAS AND FUTURE SCOPE

Power Generation

Presently, NTPC generates power from Coal and Gas. With an installed

capacity of 41,184 MW, NTPC is the largest power generating major in

the country. It has also diversified into hydro power, coal mining, power

equipment manufacturing, oil & gas exploration, power trading &

distribution. With an increasing presence in the power value

Installed Capacity

Present installed capacity of NTPC is 41,184 MW (including 5,364 MW

through JVs) comprising of 23 NTPC Stations (16 Coal based stations, 7combined cycle gas/liquid fuel based stations), 7 Joint Venture stations

(6 coal based and one gas based) and 2 renewable energy projects.

NO. OF PLANTS CAPACITY (MW)

NTPC Owned

Coal 16 31,855

Gas/Liquid Fuel 7 3,955

Renewable energy projects - 10

Total 23 35,820

Owned By JVs

Coal & Gas 7 5,364

Total 30 41,184

Regional Spread of Generating Facilities

REGION COAL GAS Renewable TOTAL

Northern 8,515 2,312 5 10,832Western 10,840 1,293 - 12,133

Southern 4,600 350 5 4,955

Eastern 7,900 - - 7,900

JVs 3,424 1,940 - 4,864

Total 35,279 5,895 10 41,184


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Operations

In terms of operations, NTPC has always been considerably above

the national average.

The table below shows the detailed operational performance of coal basedstations over the years.

OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF COAL BASED NTPC STATIONS

Generation(BU) PLF(%) Availability Factor(%)

2011-12 222.07 85.00 89.73

2010-11 220.54 88.29 91.62

2009-10 218.84 90.81 91.76

2008-09 206.94 91.14 92.47

2007-08 200.86 92.24 92.12

2006-07 188.67 89.43 90.09

2005-06 170.88 87.52 89.91

2004-05 159.11 87.51 91.20

2003-04 149.16 84.40 88.79

2002-03 140.86 83.57 88.70

2001-02 133.20 81.11 89.09

2000-01 130.10 81.80 88.54

1999-00 118.70 80.39 90.06

1998-99 109.50 76.60 89.36


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Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation

Renewable Energy

Renewable energy (RE) is being perceived as an alternative source of energy for

Energy Security and subsequently Energy Independence by 2020. Renewableenergy technologies provide not only electricity but offer an environmentally cleanand low noise source of power.

Objectives

NTPC plans to broad base generation mix by evaluating conventional and

alternate sources of energy to ensure long run competitiveness and mitigatefuel risks.

Vision

To provide green power through locally available resources at affordableprice, promoting clean energy

Portfolio of Renewable Power

NTPC has also formulated its business plan of capacity addition of about

1,000 MW thru renewable resources by 2017.

In this endeavour, NTPC has already commissioned 10 MW Solar PV Projectsand another 30 MW Solar PV and 8 MW Small Hydro Projects are under

implementation. Further, 70 MW Solar Projects are under tendering.

Renewable Energy Projects

Solar Energy:

Projects Commissioned (10 MW)o 5 MW Solar PV based project at NTPC-Dadri in Uttar Pradesh.

o 5 MW Solar PV based project at Portblair in Andaman & NicobarIsland.

Projects under Implementation (35 MW)

o 10 MW (Phase-1) Solar PV based project at NTPC-Ramagundam

in Andhra Pradesh.

o 10 MW Solar PV based project at NTPC-Unchahar in UttarPradesh.

o

10 MW Solar PV based project at NTPC-Talcher Kaniha in Orissa.o 5 MW Solar PV based project at NTPC-Faridabad in Haryana.

Projects under Tendering (65 MW)

o 15 MW Solar PV based project at NTPC-Singrauli in Uttar

Pradesh.

o 50 MW Solar PV based project at Rajgarh in Madhya Pradesh.


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Wind Energy :

Projects under Consideration (80 MW)

o 40 MW Wind energy projects in Karnataka.

o 40 MW Wind energy projects in Maharashtra.

Hydro Energy: Projects under Implementation (8 MW)

o 8 MW hydro energy based project at NTPC-Singrauli in Uttar

Pradesh.

Projects under Consideration (3 MW)

o 3 MW hydro energy based project at NTPC-Rihand in Uttar

Pradesh.

Geothermal Energy:

Tattapani Geothermal Project in Chhattisgarh: MoU Signed with Govt.

of Chhattisgarh.

Technology Development:

Two Stage Gasifier: This gasifier is being developed in association with

SDC, TERI and Denmark Technical University (DTU).Prototype modeltesting completed at Gual Pahari, Gurgaon.

DPR under preparation for integration of Solar Energy with existing

thermal projects of NTPC.

Distributed Generation

Indias ambitious growth plans require inclusion of all sectors, especially the

rural sector where two third of our population lives. Such economicdevelopment cannot be achieved without availability of energy and

subsequently efficient energy management which is crucial for ruraldevelopment. As per census 2001, about 44% of the rural households do nothave access to electricity. Some of the villages are located in remote &

inaccessible areas where it would be either impossible or extremelyexpensive to extend the power transmission network. Total 16 DG projects

commissioned by NTPC so far with total capacity of 340 kW and 2233households electrified.

Awards:

IEEMA Power award-2009 in the category of Excellence in DistributedGeneration.

NTPC Distributed Generation film Energizing villages has been

awarded in category development venture by Public Society of India,Hyderabad


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Environment

While leading the nations power generation league, NTPC has remained

committed to the environment. It continues to take various pro-active

measures for protection of the environment and ecology around its projects.

NTPC was the first among power utilities in India to startEnvironment

Impact Assessment (EIA)studies and reinforced it with Periodic

Environmental Audits and

Enviroment Policy & Management

Environment Policy & Environment Management System

For NTPC, the journey extends much beyond generating power. Right fromits inception, the company had a well defined environment policy. More than

just generating power, it is committed to sustainable growth of power.

NTPC has evolved sound environment practices.

National Environment Policy

The Ministry of Environment and Forests and the Ministry of Power and NTPC

were involved in preparing the draft Environment Policy (NEP) which was

later approved by the Union Cabinet in May 2006.


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NTPC Environment Policy

Since its inception NTPC has been at the forefront of Environment

management. In November 1995, NTPC brought out a comprehensive

document entitled NTPC Environment Policy and Environment Management

System. Amongst the guiding principles adopted in the document are the

company's pro-active approach to environment, optimum utilisation of

equipment, adoption of latest technologies and continual environment

improvement. The policy also envisages efficient utilisation of resources,

thereby minimising waste, maximising ash utilisation and ensuring a green

belt all around the plant for maintaining ecological balance.

Environment Management, Occupational Health and SafetySystems

NTPC has actively gone for adoption of the best international practices on

environment, occupational health and safety areas. The organisation has

pursued the Environmental Management System (EMS) ISO 14001 and the

Occupational Health and Safety Assessment System OHSAS 18001 at itsdifferent establishments. As a result of pursuing these practices, all NTPC

power stations have been certified for ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001 by

reputed national and international certifying agencies.


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Pollution Control Systems

While deciding the appropriate technology for its projects, NTPC integrates

many environmental provisions into the plant design. In order to ensure that

NTPC complies with all the stipulated environment norms, following state-of-

the-art pollution control systems / devices have been installed to control airand water pollution:

Electrostatic Precipitators

Flue Gas Stacks

Low-NOX Burners

Neutralisation Pits

Coal Settling Pits / Oil Settling Pits

DE & DS Systems Cooling Tower

Ash Dykes & Ash Disposal Systems

Ash Water Recycling System

Dry Ash Extraction System (DAES)

Liquid Waste Treatment Plants & Management System

Sewage Treatment Plants & Facilities

Environmental Institutional Set-up

Following are the additional measures taken by NTPC in the area of Environment Management:

Environment Management During Operation Phase

Monitoring of Environmental Parameters

On-Line Data Base Management

Environment Review

Upgradation & Retrofitting of Pollution Control Systems

Resources Conservation

Waste Management

Municipal Waste Management

Hazardous Waste Management

Bio-Medical Waste Management

Land Use / Bio-diversity

Reclamation of Abandoned Ash Green Belts, Afforestation & Energy Plantations


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Introduction

A power station(also referred to as a generating station,power plant, or powerhouse) is an industrial

facility for thegenerationofelectric power.

Almost allcoal,nuclear,geothermal,solar thermal electric,andwaste incineration plants,as well as

many natural gas power plants are thermal.Natural gasis frequentlycombustedingas turbinesas well

asboilers.The waste heat from a gas turbine can be used to raise steam, in acombined cycleplant that

improves overall efficiency. Power plants burning coal,oil,ornatural gasare often referred to

collectively asfossil-fuel power plants.Somebiomass-fueled thermal power plants have appeared also.

Non-nuclear thermal power plants, particularly fossil-fueled plants, which do not usecogeneration,are

sometimes referred to as conventional power plants.

A thermal power stationis apower plantin which theprime moverissteamdriven. Water is heated,

turns into steam and spins asteam turbinewhich either drives anelectrical generatoror does some other

work, likeship propulsion.After it passes through the turbine, the steam iscondensedin

acondenserand recycled to where it was heated; this is known as aRankine cycle.The greatest variation

in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the

termenergy centerbecause such facilities convert forms ofheatenergyinto electrical energy.

In thermal power stations, mechanical power is produced by aheat enginethat transformsthermal

energy,often fromcombustionof afuel,into rotational energy. Most thermal power stations produce

steam, and these are sometimes called steam power stations. Not all thermal energy can be

transformed into mechanical power, according to thesecond law of thermodynamics.Therefore, there

is always heat lost to the environment. If this loss is employed as useful heat, for industrial processes

ordistrict heating,the power plant is referred to as acogenerationpower plant or CHP (combined heat-

and-power) plant. In countries where district heating is common, there are dedicated heat plants

calledheat-only boiler stations.An important class of power stations in the Middle East uses by-product

heat for thedesalinationof water.

1.2 Classification of Thermal Power PlantsThermal power plants are classified by the type of fuel and the type of prime mover

installed.

1.2.1 By Fuel

Nuclear power plants use anuclear reactor's heat to operate asteam turbinegenerator.

Fossil fuelled power plantsmay also use a steam turbine generator or in the case

ofnatural gasfired plants may use acombustion turbine.

Geothermal powerplants use steam extracted from hot underground rocks.
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Renewable energyplants may be fuelled bywaste from sugar cane,municipal solid

waste,landfillmethane,or other forms ofbiomass.

In integratedsteel mills,blast furnaceexhaust gas is a low-cost, although low-energy-

density, fuel.

Waste heat from industrial processesis occasionally concentrated enough to use for

power generation, usually in a steam boiler and turbine. Solar thermalelectric plants use sunlight to boil water, which turns the generator.

1.2.2 By Prime Mover

Steam turbineplants use the dynamic pressure generated by expanding steam to turn

the blades of a turbine. Almost all large non-hydro plants use this system.

Gas turbineplants use the dynamic pressure from flowing gases to directly operate the

turbine. Natural-gas fuelled turbine plants can start rapidly and so are used to supply

"peak" energy during periods of high demand, though at higher cost than base-loaded

plants. These may be comparatively small units, and sometimes completely unmanned,being remotely operated. This type was pioneered by the UK, Prince town being the

world's first, commissioned in 1959.

Combined cycleplants have both a gas turbine fired by natural gas, and a steam boiler

and steam turbine which use the exhaust gas from the gas turbine to produce

electricity. This greatly increases the overall efficiency of the plant, and many new base

load power plants are combined cycle plants fired by natural gas.

Internal combustionReciprocating enginesare used to provide power for isolated

communities and are frequently used for small cogeneration plants. Hospitals, office

buildings, industrial plants, and other critical facilities also use them to provide backup

power in case of a power outage. These are usually fuelled by diesel oil, heavy oil,

natural gas and landfill gas.

Micro turbines,Stirling engineand internal combustion reciprocating engines are low

cost solutions for using opportunity fuels, such as landfill gas, digester gas from water

treatment plants and waste gas from oil production.

1.3 Efficiency

temperatures of the steam at turbine input and output, efficiency improvements require use ofhigher temperature, and therefore higher pressure, steam. Historically, other working fluids suchasmercuryhave been experimentally used in amercury vapour turbinepower plant, since thesecan attain higher temperatures than water at lower working pressures. However, the obvious

hazards of toxicity, and poor heat transfer properties, have ruled out mercury as a working fluid.
http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fenergy&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHXo-_7lABsMzKhoZS6-1OgLeTmbghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fenergy&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHXo-_7lABsMzKhoZS6-1OgLeTmbghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbagasse&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEwL_LmVPXb6ox707nuSbZUcyWZ1ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbagasse&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEwL_LmVPXb6ox707nuSbZUcyWZ1ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbagasse&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEwL_LmVPXb6ox707nuSbZUcyWZ1ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fplant&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGYTYGsrgmfvPHDv5GFW24CRi4G7whttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fplant&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGYTYGsrgmfvPHDv5GFW24CRi4G7whttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fplant&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGYTYGsrgmfvPHDv5GFW24CRi4G7whttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fplant&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGYTYGsrgmfvPHDv5GFW24CRi4G7whttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmethane&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHag4QL8TxTcIM5EcXWHi53fpGGUghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmethane&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHag4QL8TxTcIM5EcXWHi53fpGGUghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmethane&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHag4QL8TxTcIM5EcXWHi53fpGGUghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbiomass&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFTuWJECc4Ppa1GXcK86jgyQeWIxAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbiomass&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFTuWJECc4Ppa1GXcK86jgyQeWIxAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbiomass&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFTuWJECc4Ppa1GXcK86jgyQeWIxAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmill&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHgsWpZLhrgUNKYpSIXXxKCcDpArAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmill&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHgsWpZLhrgUNKYpSIXXxKCcDpArAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmill&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHgsWpZLhrgUNKYpSIXXxKCcDpArAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffurnace&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG58Dlymqg2bXh4uUSSOzzvpXVk_Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffurnace&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG58Dlymqg2bXh4uUSSOzzvpXVk_Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffurnace&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG58Dlymqg2bXh4uUSSOzzvpXVk_Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcogeneration&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFumyeXjS-oOE2WcYZPFGtSFqXIVQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcogeneration&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFumyeXjS-oOE2WcYZPFGtSFqXIVQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpower&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE5cbI557xXosIpgh_IVmsVU1zj6ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpower&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE5cbI557xXosIpgh_IVmsVU1zj6ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcycle&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGNfxD4ZQGCkeAeRQkGhBIbSTsLDQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcycle&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGNfxD4ZQGCkeAeRQkGhBIbSTsLDQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fengine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF13YN9O_XHctCkT_etnarzi2Y6wwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fengine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF13YN9O_XHctCkT_etnarzi2Y6wwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGas_turbine%23turbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHSWLgZrvIODXlbDiozU0pLfXwEhghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGas_turbine%23turbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHSWLgZrvIODXlbDiozU0pLfXwEhghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fengine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF13YN9O_XHctCkT_etnarzi2Y6wwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fengine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF13YN9O_XHctCkT_etnarzi2Y6wwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fengine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF13YN9O_XHctCkT_etnarzi2Y6wwhttps://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1UV3yTtx6Kco_goEkk4DpCZz2h011f1Vq_C78kgo6dSA&embedded=truehttps://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1UV3yTtx6Kco_goEkk4DpCZz2h011f1Vq_C78kgo6dSA&embedded=truehttps://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1UV3yTtx6Kco_goEkk4DpCZz2h011f1Vq_C78kgo6dSA&embedded=truehttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttps://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1UV3yTtx6Kco_goEkk4DpCZz2h011f1Vq_C78kgo6dSA&embedded=truehttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fengine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF13YN9O_XHctCkT_etnarzi2Y6wwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGas_turbine%23turbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHSWLgZrvIODXlbDiozU0pLfXwEhghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fengine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF13YN9O_XHctCkT_etnarzi2Y6wwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcycle&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGNfxD4ZQGCkeAeRQkGhBIbSTsLDQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpower&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE5cbI557xXosIpgh_IVmsVU1zj6ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcogeneration&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFumyeXjS-oOE2WcYZPFGtSFqXIVQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffurnace&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG58Dlymqg2bXh4uUSSOzzvpXVk_Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmill&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHgsWpZLhrgUNKYpSIXXxKCcDpArAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbiomass&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFTuWJECc4Ppa1GXcK86jgyQeWIxAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmethane&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHag4QL8TxTcIM5EcXWHi53fpGGUghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fplant&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGYTYGsrgmfvPHDv5GFW24CRi4G7whttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fplant&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGYTYGsrgmfvPHDv5GFW24CRi4G7whttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbagasse&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEwL_LmVPXb6ox707nuSbZUcyWZ1ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fenergy&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHXo-_7lABsMzKhoZS6-1OgLeTmbg


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THERMAL POWER PLANT

We are well aware that electricity is a form of energy. There are number of methods bywhich electricity can be produced, but most common method of production of electrical energyis to rotate a conductor in a magnetic field continuously cutting of magnetic lines will causeE.M.F. to be generated at the ends of conductor. If these terminals are connected through loadthen electricity will start flowing through that conductor.

Now let us see what we are doing in Thermal Power Station for the purpose of productionof Electricity. Actually speaking we are doing conversion of energies from form to another form,and our ultimate aim is to get Electrical energy.

For this purpose the rotation movement is required to rotate the magnetic field so that itmay cut the stationery conductors of the machine. To be more precise this rotational ormechanical energy is derived from a machine to which we call Turbine which is actually capable

enough to convert heat energy to rotational energy.For obtaining heat energy we have to make use of the chemical energy, to which we call

fossil fuel i.e. coal, oil, gas etc. This is achieved in a plant to which we call furnace or sometimesBoiler.

For transportation of heat energy from furnace to turbine inlet, we require a medium andwe have chosen water as media. This water is converted into steam in furnace. Quality of steamis always monitored properly process of Electrical generation.

So we see that the rotational movement required to rotate the magnetic field of theelectric generator is produced by the steam turbine. The power to the steam turbine is given bysteam generator in the form of high pressure and high temperature steam.

The steam after doing work on the turbine shaft is condensed and condensate is pumped

back into Boiler as high pressure and low temperature water, by means of Boiler feed pump. Soif we represent whole process in a block diagram this will look like as given below.


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2.1 How Electricity is generatedThe complete and complex process of electricity generation in TPS can be divided into

four major cycles for the sake of simplicity. The main systems are discussed in these cycles in

a step by step manner and some useful drawings are also enclosed. The four cycles are1. Coal Cycle

2. Oil Cycle

3. Air and Flue Gas Cycle

4. Steam Water Cycle

2.1.1 Coal Cycle

The simplest of the above four cycles is the coal cycle. In this cycle as explained earliercrushed coal of about 20mm is transported by conveyor belts to the coal mill bunkers. Fromhere the coal goes to coal mills through raw coal feeders. In the coal mills the coal is furtherpulverized (crushed) to powder form. The temperature of the coal mills are maintained at 180-200 degree centigrade by a suitable mixture of hot & cold air.

The air comesfrom Primary Air fans (P.A FANS) which are 2 in Nos. - A&B. Theoutlet duct after combining gets divided into two. One duct goes to the Air Heaters (A.H-A&B) where primary air is heated by the hot flue gases in a Heat Exchanger. This ductprovides hot air & the other one provides cold primary air. A suitable mixture of this hot &cold air is fed to the coal mills to maintain their temperature. This is done to remove moistureof coal. More over this primary air is also used for transportation of powdered coal from coalmills to the four corners of the boiler by a set of four pipes. There are six coal mills A, B, C,D, E&F and their outlets in the Boiler are at different elevations. The high

Temperature of the primary air does not allow the air coal mixture to choke the ductfrom mill to boilers. A portion of the primary air is further pumped to high pressure and isknown as seal air. It is used to protect certain parts of mills like bearings etc. where poweredcoal may pose certain problems in the functioning of the mill. When the air coal mixture entersthe boiler it catches fire in the firing zone and some ash along with clinkers settles down. Thisis removed periodically by mixing it with water to make slurry.


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2.1.2 Oil CycleIn the oil cycle the oil is pumped and enters the boiler from four corners at three

elevations. Oil guns are used which sprays the oil in atomized form along with steam so that it

catches fire instantly. At each elevation and each corner there are separate igniters which ignitethe fuel oil. There are flame sensors which sense the flame and send the information to thecontrol roam.

2.1.3 Air & Flue Gas CycleFor the proper combustion to take place in the boiler right amount of Oxygen or air

is needed in the boiler. The air is provided to the furnace in two ways - Primary Air &Secondary Air. Primary air is provided by P.A. fans and enters the boiler along with powderedcoal from the mills. While the secondary air is pumped through Forced Draft fans better knownas F.D Fans which are also two in numbers A&B. The outlet of F.D fans combine and areagain divided into two which goes to Steam coiled Air pre heaters (S.C.A.P.H) A&B where itstemperature is raised by utilizing the heat of waste steam. Then it goes to Air Pre heater-A&Bwhere secondary air is heated further utilizing the heat of flue gases. The temperature of air israised to improve the efficiency of the unit & for proper combustion in the furnace. Then thisair is fed to the furnace.

From the combustion chamber the fuel gases travel to the upper portion of the boiler andgive a portion of heat to the Platen Super Heater. Further up it comes in contact with theReheater and heats the steam which is inside the tubes of reheater. Then it travels horizontallyand comes in contact with Final Super Heater. After imparting the heat to the steam in superheater flue gases go downward to the Economizer to heat the cold water pumped by the BoilerFeed Pumps (B.F.P.) these all are enclosed in the furnace. After leaving the furnace the fuelgases go to the Air Heaters where more heat of the flue gases is extracted to heat primary andsecondary air. Then it goes to the Electrostatic Precipitators (E.S.P.) Stage A&B where thesuspended ash from the flue gases is removed by passing the fuel gas between charged plates.Then comes the induced draft fan (I.D Fan) which sucks air from E.S.P. and releases it to theatmosphere through chimney. The pressure inside the boiler is kept suitably below theatmospheric pressure with the help of 1.0. Fans so that the flame does not spread out of theopenings of boiler and cause explosion. Further very low pressure in the boiler is also notdesirable because it will lead to the quenching of flame.

2.1.4 SteamWater CycleThe most complex of all the cycles is the steam & water cycle. Steam is the working

substance in the turbines in all the thermal and nuclear power plants. As there is very hightemperature and pressure inside the boiler, initially water has to be pumped to a very highpressure. Water has also to be heated to a suitably high temperature before putting it insidethe boiler so that cold water does not cause any problem. Initially cold water is slightlyheated in low pressure heaters. Then it is pumped to a very high pressure of about 200Kg/Cm2 by boiler feed pumps A & B. After this it is further heated in high pressure heatersby taking the heat from the high pressure steam coming from various auxiliaries and / or


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turbines. Then this water goes to the economizer where its temperature is further raised bythe flue gases.

This hot water then goes to the boiler drum. In the boiler drum there is very hightemperature and pressure. It contains a saturated mixture of boiling water and steam which are inequilibrium. The water level in the boiler is maintained between certain limit. From here

relatively cold water goes down to the water header situated at the bottom, due to difference indensity. Then this cold water rises gradually in the tubes of the boiler on being heated. The tubesare in the form of water walls. These tubes combine at the top in the hot water header. From herethe hot water and steam mixture comes back to the boiler drum completing the small loop.

From the boiler drum hot steam goes to platen super heater situated in the upper portion ofthe boiler. Here the temperature of the steam is increased. Then it goes to final super heater.Here its temperature is further increased.

The turbine is a three cylinder machine with high pressure (H.P), intermediate pressure(I.P) & low pressure (L.P) casings taking efficiency into account the .The turbine speed iscontrolled by hydro dynamic governing system. The three turbines are on the same shaft which iscoupled with generator. The generator is equipped with D.C excitation system. The steam from

the final super heater comes by main steam line to the H.P turbine. After doing work in the H.Pturbine its temperature is reduced. It is sent back to the boiler by cold reheat line to the reheater.Here its temperature is increased and is sent to the I.P turbine through hot reheat line. Afterdoing work in the I.P turbine steam directly enters L.P turbine.

The pressure of L.P turbine is maintained very low in order to reduce the condensationpoint of steam. The outlet of L.P turbine is connected with condenser. In the condenser,arrangement is made to cool the steam to water. This is done by using cold water which is madeto flow in tubes. This secondary water which is not very pure gains heat from steam & becomeshot. This secondary water is sent to the cooling towers to cool it down so that it may be reusedfor cooling. The water thus formed in the condenser is sucked by condensate water pumps (C.W.PUMPS) and is sent to deaerator. A suitable water level is maintained in the hot well of

condenser.Water or steam leakages from the system are compensated by the make up water, linefrom storage tanks which are connected to the condenser. The pressure in side condenser isautomatically maintained less then atmospheric pressure and large volume of steam condensehere to form small volume of water. In the deaerator the water is sprayed to small droplets & theair dissolved in it is removed so that it may not cause trouble at high temperatures in the Boiler.Moreover, the water level which is maintained constant in the deaerator also acts as a constantwater head for the boiler feed pumps. Water from deaerator goes to the Boiler feed pumps afterthe heated by L.P. Heaters. Thus the water cycle in the boiler is completed and water is ready foranother new cycle. This is a continuous and repetitive process.


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2.2 Elements of Thermal Power Station

D.M. Plant

For the generation of steam De-mineralize water prepared removing minerals & impuritiesto remove the minerals several chemicals are used.

Deaerator

Deaerator is placed at the height of 26 m to provide the appropriatesuction pressure forboiler feed pump. The main function of deaerator is:-

1. To remove the air bubbles from the water entered into boiler feed pump.

2. To provide the suction head to the boiler feed pump.

Boiler feed pump

Boiler feed pump pumps the water coming from deaerator to the H.P. heater. Boiler feed pumpconsists of a motor coupled with the pump through hydraulic coupling. On passing through the boiler feedpump the pressure of the water becomes about ten times of the suction pressure

Economizer

It consists of a large number of closely spaced parallel tubes of thin walls and smaller diameter.The feed water is passed through the economizer before supplying it to boiler. The heat of flue gaseswhich would be lost is used to raise the temperature of the feed water due to which the efficiency of theboiler increases.

Air Pre-Heater

In the second path of flue gases, just below the economizer Air pre-heater is placed. It raise thetemperature of the atmospheric air, coming from the PA and FD fans , for the dryness of thecoal , which confirms the proper combustion of coal used. To raise the temperature of the air

heat of flue gases is used , hence the efficiency of the plant is increased.


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Typical diagram of a coal-fired thermal power station

Elements of a coal fired thermal power plant

1.Cooling tower 10. SteamControl valve 19.Superheater

2.Cooling water pump11. High pressuresteamturbine

20. Forced draught (draft)fan

3.transmission line(3-phase) 12.Deaerator 21. Reheater

4. Step-uptransformer(3-phase)

13.Feedwater heater 22.Combustionair intake

5.Electrical generator(3-phase)

14.Coalconveyor 23.Economiser

6. Low pressuresteam turbine15.Coalhopper 24.Air preheater

7.Condensate pump 16.Coal pulverizer 25.Precipitator

8.Surface condenser 17.Boiler steam drum26. Induced draught(draft)fan

9. Intermediatepressuresteam turbine

18.Bottom ashhopper 27.Flue gas stack
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PROCESS: COAL TO ELECTRICITY

We will see how the whole process of generation of electricity from the initial stage i.e.

when coal burns. For burning the coal we require three Ts as shown in diagram

below.

Unless until these three Ts are well in proportion fire or combustion of source ofchemical energy cannot take place. For providing a suitable atmosphere for combustion we takehelp of well designed furnace for given fuel in which after combustion of fuel heat is released.And this heat energy is transported through a medium i.e. steam.

The essential components of the plant are:


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1. Boiler

2. Steam turbine couples with electric generator

3. The condenser

4. The pump to send back condensed water to boiler

Now let us have close look of the working of each equipments of thermal power plant.

1. Feed water enters the boiler at the high pressure and low temperature and it is converted into high

pressure and high temperature. Steam in the boiler. The heat required to convert feed water to

steam is obtained from the heat released from the combustion of fuels burned in the furnace.

2. High pressure and high temperature steam from the boiler passes through the turbine blades and

expands from boiler pressure, to the condenser pressure. The work performed in this process is

transmitted through the shaft to the shaft of the electric generator, where the mechanical energy is

converted to electrical energy.

3. The low pressure and low temperature exhaust steam from turbine is condensed into water in a

condenser. The heat removal for condensation is done by cooling water through circulating water

pumps.

4. The condensate from the condenser is pumped, by the boiler feed pump (B.F.P) as high pressure

and low temperature water which is feed to boiler.

And this cycle goes on.The following medium for thermal power plant cycle is steam and before we go into the

details of the steam power cycle, we should know about steam.The use of steam can be traced back as far 56 AD when it provided the mysterious-

motive-power of Greek temple after the sacred fires had been lit. It may have been used evenearlier for the same purpose by Egyptians but it was not until 1712 that any development of anindustrial nature took place.

In those pioneer days of boiler development the life of an operator was not without

dangers because explosions were frequent.This led to the development of steam generators and also the establishment of the

excellent codes of safety which we know today.We used coals as fuel for the generation of heat energy. As the water in the Boiler

evaporated due to the intense heat, it becomes high-pressurized steams.And the steams are passing through a conduit (there is a turbine at the other end of the

tunnel), it forces its way through the Turbine, thus rotating the Turbine. (As the steams are high-pressurized, the Turbine will rotate very fast.)

The Turbine is connected to a Generator via a coupler. As the Turbine is rotating (fromthe force of the steams), electrical energy is being produced.

After the steams have passed through the turbine, it enters a Condenser. The Condenser

has got a cooling agent (namely seawater) and the steam will go through the cooling agent via apipe. The steam thus changes back to its liquid form and returns to the Boiler.

And the whole process repeats.


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Diagram of the Basic Operation of a Thermal Power Station


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BOILER THEORY


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Boiler systems are classified in a variety of ways. They can be classified

according to the end use, such as foe heating, power generation or process

requirements. Or they can be classified according to pressure, materials of

construction, size tube contents (for example, waterside or fireside), firing, heat

source or circulation. Boilers are also distinguished by their method of

fabrication. Accordingly, a boiler can be pack aged or field erected.Sometimes boilers are classified by their heat source. For example, they are

often referred to as oil-fired, gas-fired, coal-fired, or solid fuelfired boilers.

Types of boilers:

Fire tube boilers :Fire tube boilers consist of a series of straight tubes that are housed inside

a water-filled outer shell. The tubes are arranged so that hot combustion gases

flow through the tubes. As the hot gases flow through the tubes, they heat the

water surrounding the tubes. The water is confined by the outer shell of boiler. To

avoid the need for a thick outer shell fire tube boilers are used for lower pressureapplications. Generally, the heat input capacities for fire tube boilers are limited

to 50 mbtu per hour or less, but in recent years the size of firetube boilers has

increased.

Most modern fire tube boilers have cylindrical outer shells with a small

round combustion chamber located inside the bottom of the shell. Depending

on the construction details, these boilers have tubes configured in either one,

two, three, or four pass arrangements. Because the design of fire tube boilers is

simple, they are easy to construct in a shop and can be shipped fully assembled

as a package unit.These boilers contain long steel tubes through which the hot gases from

the furnace pass and around which the hot gases from the furnace pass and

around which the water circulates. Fire tube boilers typically have a lower initial

cost, are more fuel efficient and are easier to operate, but they are limited

generally to capacities of 25 tonnes per hour and pressures of 17.5 kg per cm2.


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Water tube boilers:Water tube boilers are designed to circulate hot combustion gases

around the outside of a large number of water filled tubes. The tubes extend

between an upper header, called a steam drum, and one or more lower

headers or drums. In the older designs, the tubes were either straight or bent into

simple shapes. Newer boilers have tubes with complex and diverse bends.

Because the pressure is confined inside the tubes, water tube boilers can be

fabricated in larger sizes and used for higher-pressure applications.Small water

tube boilers, which have one and sometimes two burners, are generally

fabricated and supplied as packaged units. Because of their size and weight,

large water tube boilers are often fabricated in pieces and assembled in the

field.

In water tube or water in tube boilers, the conditions are reversed

with the water passing through the tubes and the hot gases passing outside the

tubes. These boilers can be of a single- or multiple-drum type. They can be built

to any steam capacity and pressures, and have higher efficiencies than fire tube

boilers.Almost any solid, liquid or gaseous fuel can be burnt in a water tube

boiler. The common fuels are coal, oil, natural gas, biomass and solid fuels such

as municipal solid waste (MSW), tire-derived fuel (TDF) and RDF. Designs of water

tube boilers that burn these fuels can be significantly different.

Coal-fired water tube boilers are classified into three major categories:

stoker fired units, PC fired units and FBC boilers.

Package water tube boilers come in three basic designs: A, D and O type.

The names are derived from the general shapes of the tube and drum

arrangements. All have steam drums for the separation of the steam from the

water, and one or more mud drums for the removal of sludge. Fuel oil-fired and

natural gas-fired water tube package boilers are subdivided into three classes

based on the geometry of the tubes.

The A design has two small lower drums and a larger upper drum for

steam-water separation. In the D design, which is the most common, the unit

has two drums and a large-volume combustion chamber. The orientation of the

tubes in a D boiler creates either a left or right-handed configuration. For the

O design, the boiler tube configuration exposes the least amount of tubesurface to radiant heat. Rental units are often O boilers because their

symmetry is a benefit in transportation


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D Type boilersThis design has the most flexible design. They have a single steam drum

and a single mud drum, vertically aligned. The boiler tubes extend to one side of

each drum. D type boilers generally have more tube surface exposed to the

radiant heat than do other designs. Package boilers as opposed to field-erected units generally have significantly shorter fireboxes and frequently have

very high heat transfer rates (250,000 btu per hour per sq foot). For this reason it is

important to ensure high-quality boiler feedwater and to chemically treat the

systems properly. Maintenance of burners and diffuser plates to minimize the

potential for flame impingement is critical.

A type boilers:This design is more susceptible to tube starvation if bottom blows are notperformed properly because A type boilers have two mud drums

symmetrically below the steam drum. Drums are each smaller than the single

mud drums of the D or O type boilers. Bottom blows should not be

undertaken at more than 80 per cent of the rated steam load in these boilers.

Bottom blow refers to the required regular blow down from the boiler mud drums

to remove sludge and suspended solids.


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TURBINE THEORY
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Od1AI9swkoo/TvQOkC34-BI/AAAAAAAAAVg/UH_MTQcC-_A/s1600/SteamTurbine.jpg


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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION AND DESIGN:-An ideal steam turbine is considered to be anisentropic process, or constant

entropy process, in which the entropy of the steam entering the turbine is equal to theentropy of the steam leaving the turbine. No steam turbine is truly isentropic, however,

with typical isentropic efficiencies ranging from 20

90% based on the application of theturbine. The interior of a turbine comprises several sets of blades, or bucketsas they aremore commonly referred to. One set of stationary blades is connected to the casing andone set of rotating blades is connected to the shaft. The sets intermesh with certainminimum clearances, with the size and configuration of sets varying to efficiently exploitthe expansion of steam at each stage.

Impulse turbines:An impulse turbinehas fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high speed

jets. These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which the rotor blades, shaped likebuckets, convert into shaft rotation as the steam jet changes direction. A pressure dropoccurs across only the stationary blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the

stage. As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from inlet pressure to theexit pressure (atmospheric pressure, or more usually, the condenser vacuum). Due tothis higher ratio of expansion of steam in the nozzle the steam leaves the nozzle with avery high velocity. The steam leaving the moving blades has a large portion of themaximum velocity of the steam when leaving the nozzle. The loss of energy due to thishigher exit velocity is commonly called the carry over velocityor leaving loss.

Reaction turbines:In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to

form convergent nozzles. This type of turbine makes use of the reactionforce produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by therotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. Itleaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. Thesteam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speedof the blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor,

with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating through therotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with adecrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed

in the driving of the rotor.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isentropic_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isentropic_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isentropic_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isentropic_process


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Operation and maintenance:When warming up a steam turbine for use, the main steam stop valves (after the

boiler) have a byp

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