Industrialization – part 1(Ch. 9, Sec. 2)

1. Cities Grow During Industrial Revolution2. Living Conditions in Industrial Cities3. Working Conditions During Industrial

Revolution

How did cities change during the Industrial Revolution?

• Populations in cities all throughout Europe began to grow rapidly (urbanization)

• Rural people poured into the city from the countryside looking for jobs

• Factories developed along rivers & coal-rich areas, providing plenty of work

• London became Europe’s largest city, but Manchester & Liverpool also experienced rapid growth

What were living conditions like in the industrial cities?

• Cities grew too rapidly for city managers to keep up with pace

• Cities lacked development plans, building codes, or sanitary codes

• Most cities lacked adequate sewage disposal & garbage collected in heaps in the streets

• People lived in dark, dirty, overcrowded shelters & sickness was widespread

• Epidemics of deadly diseases (cholera) were common

What were working conditions like during the Industrial Revolution?

• Factories owners kept their machines running as many hours as possible

• Most workers put in 12-14 hour days, 6 days a week, in dangerous conditions

• Factories were dark (inadequate lighting), poorly ventilated, & filled with dangers

• There was no compensation for injured workers or even those who died on the job

• Women & children were exploited (lower pay, easier to manage)

Industrialization – part 2 (Ch. 9, Sec. 2)

1. New Middle Class Emerges2. Positive Effects of Industrial Revolution3. Negative Effects of Industrial Revolution

How did the Industrial Revolution change the social class system?

• The Industrial Revolution generated enormous amounts of wealth for factory owners

• A new middle class (including businessmen, bankers, & merchants) changed the social structure

• An upper middle class (professionals) & lower middle class (skilled workers) emerged, both enjoyed comfortable living

• However, the working class (manual labor) saw little improvement in their lives

What were the positive effects of the Industrial Revolution?

• On the positive side, it brought technical advances, created jobs, & increased production

• Machines created a better product at a much cheaper price than workers

• Many people wore better clothing, ate better, & could afford to heat their homes, but changes for working class were slow

• Workers had to form labor unions to battle employers for better pay & working conditions

Women working in factory

What were the negative effects of the Industrial Revolution?

• On the negative side, cities grew very rapidly (urbanization) & city managers were often overwhelmed

• Overcrowded conditions led to sickness & disease in the tenements (slums)

• Working class people saw little improvement in their lives & began to lose jobs to machines

• Workers were exposed to dangerous working conditions with no compensation for injuries or death