INDUSTRIALIZATION -...
Transcript of INDUSTRIALIZATION -...
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UNIT II:
INDUSTRIALIZATION
NAME________________________________________________ PERIOD______
INDUSTRIALIZATION VOCABULARY
1.) INDUSTRIALIZATION: Replacing hand labor with machines on a large scale basis
2.) INTERSTATE COMMERCE: trade between states; during this time period, the railroads
helped to expand interstate commerce because they could ship the goods between states
3.) MASS PRODUCTION: Making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply
4.) TENEMENT: a high-rise apartment building where people lived in the late 1800’s early
1900’s that were dirty, loud, horrible places to live; only one bathroom per floor and
approximately 50 people would share that same bathroom
5.) URBANIZATION: movement of people from the country to the city
6.) FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM: (also known as Capitalism) Businesses are owned by private
citizens, not the government. The U.S. is a free enterprise system/capitalistic society.
7.) MONOPOLY (TRUST): Company (or group of companies) that controls all or nearly all the
business of an industry, severely cutting competition
8.) STRIKEBREAKER: Someone who works the job of a man who is on strike during a strike
9.) UNION: An organization that workers joined to show their unity and to attempt to get
better conditions
10.) STRIKE: Workers refuse to work until their demands are met
11.) SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT: outlawed trusts and monopolies that limited trade, but
it was difficult to enforce.
INDUSTRIALIZATION: MANY THINGS MADE INDUSTRIALIZATION POSSIBLE IN THE US.
Document 1:
GROSS EARNINGS OF THE RAILROADS
$600,000,000
$550,000,000
$500,000,000
$450,000,000
$400,000,000
$350,000,000
$300,000,000
$250,000,000
$200,000,000
$150,000,000
$100,000,000
1861 1871 1879
Use the graph above to answer the following questions.
1.) How much money was earned in 1861? 1879?
1861 - 130,000,000 1879 – 529,012,999
2.) What is the difference between 1861 & 1879?
Drastically increased
3.) What do you think the reason for this difference is?
Many more railroads were built due to industrialization and movement west.
Industrialization
$130,000,000
$403,329,208
$529,012,999
DOCUMENT 2:
The First Cleveland Administration Interstate Commerce Act
1887
During the 1870s, many Americans (particularly farmers) began to resent the apparent stranglehold the railroads exerted over many parts of the country. However, the postwar presidents and many in Congress resisted intervention into economic matters. Early efforts to bring some form of regulation to the giants were made at the state level, but those measures were later struck down by the Supreme Court.
In 1887, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act which created the Interstate Commerce Commission, the first true federal regulatory agency. It was designed to address the issues of railroad abuse and discrimination and required the following:
Shipping rates had to be "reasonable and just" (fair) Rates had to be published Secret rebates (discounts) were outlawed Price discrimination against small markets was made illegal.
Although the law granted the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to investigate abuses and summon witnesses, it lacked the resources to accomplish its lofty goals. Later presidents would assure that reform would not go too far, by appointing pro-railroad commissioners.
1.) What was the purpose of this Act? ADDRESS THE ISSUES OF RAILROAD ABUSE AND DISCRIMINATION
2.) Inferring from the passage, what can you assume was happening before the passage of this Act that made the Interstate Commerce Act necessary?
SHIPPING RATES WERE NOT "REASONABLE AND JUST" (FAIR) RATES WERE NOT PUBLISHED SECRET REBATES (DISCOUNTS) WERE ALLOWED PRICE DISCRIMINATION AGAINST SMALL MARKETS WAS LEGAL
3.) Was the Interstate Commerce Act successful at the federal level? NO, PRESIDENTS HIRED PRO RAILROAD COMMISIONERS
MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA: EPISODE 1
- Vanderbilt was successful with his shipping business
- “ sold all of his ships and bought and built trains, tracks, bridges
- “ closed the bridge to NYC & bought out competitors
- “ cheated out of $ by Fisk and Gould
- “ owns monopoly on RRs
- “ meets with Rockefeller to start shipping oil
THE MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA: EPISODE 2
- Vanderbilt & Rockefeller make a deal to ship oil on RR
- Rockefeller made a deal with Scott & Carnegie to ship on their RR
- Rockefeller buys 90% of oil refineries – Standard Oil Monopoly – kerosene
- Vanderbilt & Scott team up against Rockefeller
- Rockefeller shuts down his oil plant to hurt RR’s
- Scott lays off workers; workers burn his rail yard.
Episode 3
- Scott tells Carnegie to build bridge across Mississippi River
- Needs lots of steel to make it strong enough and needs money from
investors
- Finds Bessemer; Bessemer Process makes steel faster: 2 weeks->15 minutes
THE STEEL INDUSTRY:
Document 3:
TONS OF STEEL PRODUCED IN THE U.S.
1,000,000
900,000
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
1870 1880
Use the graph above to answer the following questions.
1.) In 1870, how much steel was produced?
50,000 TONS OF STEEL
2.) In 1880, how much steel was produced?
1,000,000 TONS OF STEEL
3.) What was the reason for the difference (p. 579)?
DEMAND FOR STEEL TO BUILD RAILROADS AND FACTORIES
BESSEMER PROCESS
Use the first paragraph under “Free Enterprise and Big Business” p. 581, to fill in
the blanks and answer the questions below.
As the US economy grew during the Second Industrial Revolution, the federal
government favored FREE
ENTERPRISE. This means that the government
usually does NOT interfere with business. The government was not
passing many laws to tell businesses what to do. This made it easier for some
people to start their own business. They were called
ENTREPRENEUERS.
Many entrepreneurs formed their business as corporations. Why would a person
want to start a corporation?
STOCK HOLDERS ARE NOT PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEBTS OF THE
BUSINESS.ONLY LOSE THE MONEY YOU INVESTED. CAN SELL STOCKS WHEN YOU
WANT.
Since entrepreneurs had a lot of freedom, they became robber barons -
MEN WHO USED THEIR POWER TO GET WEALTHY AND POWERFUL
What made a person a robber baron? (p. 582 paragraphs 3, 4, & 5 in textbook)
BOUGHT OUT COMPETITORS
OWNING ALL STEPS TO TURN RAW MATERIALS INTO FINISHED PRODUCT
GOT RR COMPANIES TO NOT PROVIDE SERVICE TO COMPETITORS
OWNED MONOPOLIES – CUT COMPETITION
Monopolies are bad for consumers because the owner can RAISE the price
and LOWER the quality since there is no COMPETITION
with other businesses. Some of these robber barons were considered to be
philanthropists because they were GENEROUS with their money, donating millions
to charity. How did entrepreneurs affect industrialization?
THEY STARTED UP NEW BUSINESSES/FACTORIES.
Free-Enterprise System
Monopoly
Document 4:
http://www.mrrena.com/images/rock.jpg
1) Who is the man in this cartoon?
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
2) What industry did he control?
OIL
3) What is made to look like a factory in the background?
THE CAPITOL BUILDING
4) What is the message of this cartoon?
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER WAS SO POWERFUL THAT HE EVEN
CONTROLLED THE GOVERNMENT
5) What act was passed to try to prevent monopolies?
THE SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT
THERE WERE ALSO MANY PROBLEMS CREATED BY INDUSTRIALIZATION
WORKING CONDITIONS: Describe what working conditions were like below (p. 586).
LONG HOURS, LOW WAGES, DANGEROUS MACHINERY,
UNHEALTHY CONDITIONS
Document 5:
http://einhornpress.com/images/coal%20child%20Lewis%20Hine%20photo.jpg
1) What type of work is shown in
this picture?
COAL MINING
2) Describe the worker.
YOUNG, DIRTY, SAD
3) Describe the working
conditions.
DANGEROUS, DIRTY
4) What problem is shown in this
picture?
CHILD LABOR
DOCUMENT 6:
Then there was old Antanas. The winter came, and the place where he worked was a dark,
unheated cellar, where you could see your breath all day, and where your fingers sometimes
tried to freeze. So the old man's cough grew every day worse, until there came a time when it
hardly ever stopped, and he had become a nuisance about the place. Then, too, a still more
dreadful thing happened to him; he worked in a place where his feet were soaked in chemicals,
and it was not long before they had eaten through his new boots. Then sores began to break out
on his feet, and grow worse and worse. Whether it was that his blood was bad, or there had
been a cut, he could not say; but he asked the men about it, and learned that it was a regular
thing – it was the saltpeter. Everyone felt it, sooner or later, and then it was all up with him, at
least for that sort of work. The sores would never heal – in the end his toes would drop off, if
he did not quit. Yet old Antanas would not quit; he saw the suffering of his family, and he
remembered what it had cost him to get a job. So he tied up his feet, and went on limping about
and coughing, until at last he fell to pieces, all at once and in a heap, like the One-Horse Shay.
They carried him to a dry place and laid him on the floor, and that night two of the men helped
him home. The poor old man was put to bed, and though he tried it every morning until the end,
he never could get up again. He would lie there and cough and cough, day and night, wasting away
to a mere skeleton. There came a time when there was so little flesh on him that the bones
began to poke through.
There was no heat upon the killing beds; the men might exactly as well have worked out of doors
all winter. For that matter, there was very little heat anywhere in the building, except in the
cooking rooms and such places – and it was the men who worked in these who ran the most risk
of all, because whenever they had to pass to another room they had to go through ice-cold
corridors, and sometimes with nothing on above the waist except a sleeveless undershirt. On
the killing beds you were apt to be covered with blood, and it would freeze solid; if you leaned
against a pillar, you would freeze to that, and if you put your hand upon the blade of your knife,
you would run a chance of leaving your skin on it. The men would tie up their feet in newspapers
and old sacks, and these would be soaked in blood and frozen, and then soaked again, and so on,
until by nighttime a man would be walking on great lumps the size of the feet of an elephant.
Now and then, when the bosses were not looking, you would see them plunging their feet and
ankles into the steaming hot carcass of the steer, or darting across the room to the hot-water
jets. The cruelest thing of all was that nearly all of them – all of those who used knives – were
unable to wear gloves, and their arms would be white with frost and their hands would grow
numb, and then of course there would be accidents. Also the air would be full of steam, from
the hot water and the hot blood, so that you could not see five feet before you; and then, with
men rushing about at the speed they kept up on the killing beds, and all with butcher knives, like
razors, in their hands – well, it was to be counted as a wonder that there were not more men
slaughtered than cattle.
Excerpt from The Jungle, by Upton Sinclair
QUESTIONS:
1. What was it like working in the factory?
DARK
COLD
CHEMICALS EATING THROUGH BOOTS
2. What was wrong with Antanas as a result of the working conditions and what eventually
happened to him?
BAD COUGH
SORE FEET
HE EVENTUALLY COLLAPSED AND DIED
3. List some of the dangers of working on the killing beds.
VERY COLD
BLOODY
SKIN STICKS TO KNIVES
WORKING FAST WITH KNIVES
POOR VISIBILITY (hard to see)
Due to the bad working conditions, workers formed UNIONS.
Sometimes the unions decided to go on STRIKEto get better conditions.
What caused the strike? Was the strike successful?
Haymarket Riot
DEMAND FOR 8 HOUR WORK DAY.
WHILE ON STRIKE 2 STRIKERS
WERE KILLED. THEN WORKERS
WERE PROTESTING THE KILLINGS
AND SEVERAL MORE WERE KILLED
AND INJURED.
NO. UNION MEMBERSHIP
DECLINED.
Homestead Strike
Bad conditions, low pay,
long hours
NO. State Militia breaks up
the strike.
Pullman Strike PULLMAN LAID OFF
WORKERS AND CUT THE
WAGES OF THOSE THAT
REMAINED
NO. THE COURT USED THE
SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT
AGAINST WORKERS AND
STOPPED THE STRIKE.
THE MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA EPISODE 4
1.Frick opens South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club; Carnegie joins
2.Flood kills 2209 people;Carnegie feels guilty; builds thousands of libraries
and Carnegie Hall.
3. Carnegie opens Homestead Mill – makes Frick the manager; cuts wages,
hours go up
4.Carnegie goes to Scotland; Frick is in charge; workers form union
5.Homestead workers strike – 12 hours, low pay, dangerous conditions
6. Pinkerton army kills 9 workers and state militia breaks up the strike.
THE MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA: EPISODE 5 & 6
1. Edison & Morgan work together – D/C electricity
2. Rockefeller upset; it will hurt his kerosene business
3. Tesla – A/C electricity with Westinghouse
4. Edison – electric chair to show danger of A/C – backfires
5. Julius Morgan tells J.P. Morgan to take $ out of Edison’s companies
6. Morgan makes Westinghouse lose investors; Tesla gives up his patent to save
Westinghouse’s business and so A/C can advance
7.Westinghouse & Tesla win bid to light up Chicago World’s Fair
8. Westinghouse & Tesla win Niagara Contract but Morgan blackmails Westinghouse out of
the bid
9.Morgan buys stock until he controls Edison Electric- General Electric
10.Morgan saves US Treasury with a loan of $3 billion
11. Morganization – profits by: cutting jobs, hours, pay
There were many inventions and inventors during industrialization (1860-1910).
Your job is to use p. 579-581 to choose four inventors during this time period and
one of their most important inventions. Then, fill out the chart below.
INVENTOR’S
NAME
YEAR OF
INVENTION
INVENTION HOW DID THE
INVENTION AFFECT
INDUSTRIALIZATION?
BESSEMER 1870 BESSEMER
PROCESS
ALLOWED THE
PRODUCTION OF STEEL
TO BE MUCH FASTER TO
MAKE FACTORIES,
BRIDGES, & RAILROADS
EDISON 1880 D/C electricity CAN LIGHT FACTORIES
TESLA
1890 A/C electricity LIGHT FACTORIES
POWER MACHINES
FORD
_______________
ROCKEFELLER
1900
__________
1895
ASSEMBLY
LINE
____________
GASOLINE
MASS PRODUCTION –
MAKE GOODS FASTER
AND CHEAPER
___________________
TO POWER MACHINES
FUEL CARS
THE MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA: EPISODE 7
1. W.J. Bryan is for the working class; wants to take down monopolies.
2. McKinley supported the titans. McKinley wins election.
3. Rockefeller buys iron ore mine & sells to Carnegie’s competitors. Carnegie
buys Rockefeller’s co.
4. Morgan buys Carnegie Steel US Steel. Carnegie richest man in the
world.
5. McKinley wins re-election w/ T. Roosevelt as VP.
6. T. Roosevelt breaks up Morgan’s RR monopoly. T.R. wins re-election and goes
after Rockefeller.
THE MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA: EPISODE 8
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
DOCUMENT 7:
Riis, Jacob. How the Other Half Lives. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1890.
DOCUMENT 8:
2.)
1) What were the living conditions
like in the tenements?
DARK, DIRTY, RUN-DOWN
1.) How did industrialization affect
urbanization?
PEOPLE MOVED TO THE CITIES
FOR FACTORY JOBS
Answer: Choice 2
INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
THE ASSEMBLY LINE:
MORE GOODS PRODUCED (HIGHER QUANTITY);
PRICE OF GOODS WENT DOWN BECAUSE SUPPLY WENT UP
WHAT WAS THE QUALITY OF GOODS PRODUCED BY THE ASSEMBLY LINE?
NOT AS GOOD AS HAND MADE
How did the assembly line affect industrialization?
NEED MORE FACTORIES TO MAKE THE NEW PRODUCTS, AND MORE
JOBS (WORKERS) TO MAKE THE PRODUCTS, NEED MORE STORES TO
SELL ALL THE NEW PRODUCTS
MAKES MASS
PRODUCTION
POSSIBLE
CREATED BY HENRY FORD FOR HIS
AUTOMOBILE FACTORY, IT BECAME
WIDELY USED BY MANY DIFFERENT
INDUSTRIES!!!
Document 9:
The environmental problem was not serious or widespread until the eighteenth
century and early part of the nineteenth century. This period in history is called the
Industrial Revolution, which began in England and spread to other European countries
and the United States. The main feature of the Industrial Revolution was the
development of factories and overcrowding with factory workers in cities. At that time
coal was the prime energy fuel to power most of the factories and to heat most of the
homes in the cities. Because of the burning of coal, the air over such industrial cities as
London became filled with huge amounts of smoke and soot containing sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen dioxide.
An additional problem was poor sanitation facilities, which allowed raw sewage to
get into water supplies in some cities. The polluted water caused typhoid fever and
other diseases. In the early 1900’s, air pollution in industrial cities in the United States
became a particularly serious problem.
1) When did environmental problems become serious?
1700’S AND 1800’S
2) What caused these problems?
BURNING COAL
3) How did this affect cities?
POLLUTION
4) What different types of pollution were there and what problems did these different
types of pollution cause?
AIR AND WATER POLLUTION; DISEASES
5) What was to blame for this pollution?
FACTORIES