Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900.
-
Upload
margery-harrington -
Category
Documents
-
view
237 -
download
3
Transcript of Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900.
Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900
Labor Force Distribution
1870-1900
Labor Force Distribution
1870-1900
The Changing American
Labor Force
The Changing American
Labor Force
Management vs. Labor
Management vs. Labor
““Tools” of Tools” of ManagementManagement
““Tools” of Tools” of LaborLabor
““scabs”scabs”
P. R. campaignP. R. campaign
PinkertonsPinkertons
lockoutlockout
blacklistingblacklisting
yellow-dog yellow-dog contractscontracts
court injunctionscourt injunctions
open shopopen shop
boycottsboycotts
sympathy sympathy demonstrationsdemonstrations
informational informational picketingpicketing
closed shopsclosed shops
organized organized strikesstrikes
““wildcat” strikeswildcat” strikes
1. National Labor Union
1. National Labor Union • Prior to 1860’s, Prior to 1860’s,
workers organized workers organized by craftby craft
• Civil War produced Civil War produced a national economya national economy
• Organized in 1866, Organized in 1866, goals included goals included higher wages and higher wages and an 8-hour work dayan 8-hour work day
• Government Government workers won the 8-workers won the 8-hour work dayhour work day
• Open to women, Open to women, BlacksBlacks
Labor Unrest: 1870-1900
Labor Unrest: 1870-1900
2. The Molly Maguires
(1860s-1870s)
2. The Molly Maguires
(1860s-1870s)
James McParland infiltrates the secret society James McParland infiltrates the secret society of the “Mollies”; were they union agitators?of the “Mollies”; were they union agitators?
Pinkerton?
The Corporate “Bully-Boys”:
PinkertonAgents
The Corporate “Bully-Boys”:
PinkertonAgents
3. Knights of Labor - 18693. Knights of Labor - 1869
Terence V. PowderlyTerence V. Powderly
An injury to one is the concern of An injury to one is the concern of all!all!
Knights of LaborKnights of Labor
Knights of Labor trade cardKnights of Labor trade card
Goals of the Knights of Labor
Goals of the Knights of Laborù Eight-hour workday.Eight-hour workday.
ù Workers’ cooperatives.Workers’ cooperatives.
ù Worker-owned factories.Worker-owned factories.
ù Abolition of child and prison labor.Abolition of child and prison labor.
ù Increased circulation of greenbacks.Increased circulation of greenbacks.
ù Equal pay for men and women.Equal pay for men and women.
ù Safety codes in the workplace.Safety codes in the workplace.
ù Prohibition of contract foreign labor.Prohibition of contract foreign labor.
ù Abolition of the National Bank.Abolition of the National Bank.
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
•Wages cut to reduce costs•11 states; 2/3 of rails•Joined by half a million other workers•President Hayes sends in the troops to put down the strike•More than 100 killed•Hard lines taken against unions
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
The Tournament of Today:
A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly
The Tournament of Today:
A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly
Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in
1886
Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in
1886
Haymarket Riot (1886)
Haymarket Riot (1886)
McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
Haymarket MartyrsHaymarket Martyrs
•7 policemen killed•Bomb thrower• never found•8 anarchist leaders tried and convicted; 7 sentenced to death; 4 executed, 1 suicide•Public opinion = unions are radical and violent
Governor John Peter Altgeld
Governor John Peter Altgeld
4. The American Federation
of Labor: 1886
4. The American Federation
of Labor: 1886
Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers
How the AF of L Would Help the
Workers
How the AF of L Would Help the
Workersù Catered to the skilled worker.Catered to the skilled worker.
ù Represented workers in matters of national Represented workers in matters of national legislation.legislation.
ù Maintained a national strike fund.Maintained a national strike fund.
ù Evangelized the cause of unionism.Evangelized the cause of unionism.
ù Prevented disputes among the many craft Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.unions.
ù Mediated disputes between management and Mediated disputes between management and labor with collective bargaininglabor with collective bargaining
ù Pushed for Pushed for closed shopsclosed shops..
ù Nations largest union by 1901Nations largest union by 1901
Strike Breaking in the 1890s
Strike Breaking in the 1890sHomestead Steel Strike - 1892
Amalgamated Association Amalgamated Association of of
Iron & Steel WorkersIron & Steel Workers
Homestead Steel Works,Pittsburgh, PA 800/3,800 union members 20% cut in wages lockout, scabs, Pinkertons
Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike
Big Corporate Profits!Big Corporate Profits!
Attempted Assassination!
Attempted Assassination!
Henry Clay FrickHenry Clay Frick
Alexander BerkmanAlexander Berkman
The Pullman Strike of 1894
The Pullman Strike of 1894
A “Compa
nyTown”:
Pullman, IL
A “Compa
nyTown”:
Pullman, IL
Pullman CarsPullman Cars
A Pullman A Pullman porterporter
The SocialistsThe Socialists
Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs
American American Railway UnionRailway Union
The Pullman Strike of 1894
The Pullman Strike of 1894
Government by injunction!Government by injunction!
President Grover Cleveland
President Grover Cleveland
If it takes the entire army and navy to If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card
will be delivered!will be delivered!
5. International Workers of the World
(“Wobblies”)
5. International Workers of the World
(“Wobblies”)
“Big Bill” Haywood of the
IWW
“Big Bill” Haywood of the
IWW
Violence was justified to Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.overthrow capitalism.
I W W & the InternationaleI W W & the
Internationale
The Hand That Will Rule the World One
Big Union
The Hand That Will Rule the World One
Big Union
The “Formul
a”
The “Formul
a”
unions unions + violence + strikes + socialists + violence + strikes + socialists + immigrants immigrants = anarchistsanarchists
6. International Ladies Garment Workers Union - 1900
6. International Ladies Garment Workers Union - 1900
20-40,000 workersWomen – Italian/Jewish
CarlaLemlich
Triangle Shirtwaist
Factory Fire - 1911
Triangle Shirtwaist
Factory Fire - 1911
Sweatshop in NYCFactory – pre fire
Factory - post fire
Dead bodies on the side walk
Relatives review the dead:145 bodies
Scene at the morgue
Out of the Ashes ILGWU membership surged.
NYC created a Bureau of Fire Prevention.
New strict building codes were passed.
Tougher fire inspection of sweatshops.
Growing momentum of support for women’s suffrage.
Criminal jury acquitted owners Blank and Harris.
Civil jury awarded each victim’s family $75.
Insurance company paid Blank/Harris $400 per casualty for their losses
Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”
Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”
Mary Harris Jones.Mary Harris Jones.
Organizer for theOrganizer for theUnited Mine Workers.United Mine Workers.
Founded the SocialFounded the SocialDemocratic Party -Democratic Party -1898 1898
One of the founding One of the founding members of the I. W. members of the I. W. W. in 1905.W. in 1905.
Championed the cause Championed the cause of child laborof child labor
Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912
Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912
Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912
Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912
The “Bread & Roses” Strike
The “Bread & Roses” Strike
DEMANDS:DEMANDS:
ù 15¢/hr. wage increase.15¢/hr. wage increase.
ù Double pay for overtime.Double pay for overtime.
ù No discrimination against strikers.No discrimination against strikers.
ù An end to “speed-up” on the An end to “speed-up” on the assembly line.assembly line.
ù An end to discrimination againstAn end to discrimination againstforeign immigrant workers.foreign immigrant workers.
Child LaborChild Labor
Child LaborChild Labor
Children’s Crusade - 1903
Children’s Crusade - 1903Philadelphia to Oyster Bay, NY to
meet with President Teddy Roosevelt
Brought the matter of child labor to the public’s attention
Child labor laws passed; compulsory attendance laws
“Galley Labor”“Galley Labor”
Labor Union MembershipLabor Union Membership
“Solidarity Forever!”by Ralph Chapin (1915)
“Solidarity Forever!”by Ralph Chapin (1915)
When the union's inspiration When the union's inspiration through the workers‘ blood shall run, through the workers‘ blood shall run,There can be no power greater There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun; anywhere beneath the sun;Yet what force on earth is weaker Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one, than the feeble strength of one,But the union makes us strong! But the union makes us strong!
CHORUS:CHORUS:Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,For the union For the union makes us strong! makes us strong!
“Solidarity Forever!”“Solidarity Forever!”Is there aught we hold in common with the greedy parasite,Who would lash us into serfdom and would crush us with his might?Is there anything left to us but to organize and fight?For the union makes us strong!
CHORUS:CHORUS:Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,For the union For the union makes us strong! makes us strong!
“Solidarity Forever!”“Solidarity Forever!” * * * *
Through our sisters and our brothersThrough our sisters and our brothers we can make our union strong, we can make our union strong,For respect and equal value, For respect and equal value, we have done without too long. we have done without too long.We no longer have to tolerate We no longer have to tolerate injustices and wrongs, injustices and wrongs,Yes, the union makes us strong!Yes, the union makes us strong!
CHORUS:CHORUS:Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,For the union For the union makes us strong! makes us strong!
Workers Benefits Today
Workers Benefits Today
The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor
The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor
Right-to-Work States Today
Right-to-Work States Today