Industrial Symbiosis Lecture[1]
description
Transcript of Industrial Symbiosis Lecture[1]
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Linear Nature of Industrial Systems
Output
(Waste)Industrial System
Input
(Materials, Energy)
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Grann, 1997
• The concept of Sustainable Development has brought about many and differing opinions as to what it means and how the concept should be translated into specific actions.
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Cyclical System in an Industrial Ecosystem
Biogas Digestor
Chicken Farm
Gas Tank
Fertiliser
Fodder
Households
Tea Processing
Rice Paddies
Fish Farm
Pig Farm
Market
Industrial Food Web in Fushan Farm in China (Source: Graedel & Harper, 2004)
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Biomimicry, Industrial Ecology & Industrial Symbiosis
BIOMIMICRY
IndustrialEcology
IndustrialSymbiosis
RenewableEnergy
ProductDesign
Closed Loop
Business Model
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Biomimicry
A science that studies nature’s models and then imitates or takes inspiration from these designs and processes to solve human problems, e.g. a solar cell inspired by a leaf
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Ecolgy
Is the study of the flows of materials and energy in industrial and consumer activities, of the effects of these flows on the environment, and of the influences of economic, political, regulatory, and social factors of the flow, use and transformation of resources
Robert White, Former President of the National Academy of
Engineering
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis
Is concept that engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving the physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and/or by-products
(Chertow, 2000)
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Eco - Industrial Park (EIP)
Is a community of manufacturing and service businesses seeking enhanced environmental and economic performance through collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues including energy, water, and materials.
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Eco - Industrial Park (EIP) cont’d
By working together, the community of businesses seeks a collective benefit that is greater than the sum of the individual benefits each company would realise if it optimised its individual performance only.
(Lowe, 1997)
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
A ‘Mud Map’ of Eco-Corporation Options(van Berkel, 2006)
Industrial Symbiosis
By – Product Exchanges
Utility Sharing
Joint Management of Park Facilities
Regional Resource Synergies
Eco - Industrial Parks
Effectiveness of current policy instruments
for spatial planning and environmental management
Reliance on self-organisation
Busine
ss Oppo
rtunitie
s and
risks
Potential T
riple Bottom
Line
Be
nefits
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis – A HistoryAuthor / Profession /
NationalityTitle Year / Edition / Number
of pagesPublisher
Simmonds, Peter Lund / Specialised journalist / Danish-born British citizen
Waste Products and Undeveloped Substances: A Synopsis of Progress Made in Their Economic Utilisation During the Last Quarter of a century at Home and Abroad
1876 / 3RD edition / 491 pages
Hardwicke and Bogue (London)
Koller, Theodor / Chemist / German
The Utilisation of Waste Products: A Treatise on the Rational Utilisation, Recovery and Treatment of Waste Products of all Kinds
1918 / 3RD revised edition / 338 pages (1ST German edition 1880; 3RD German edition 1921)
D. Van Nostrand Company (New York)
Kershaw, John Baker Cannington / chemical engineer / British
The Recovery and Use of Industrial and Other Waste
1928 / 1ST edition / 212 pages
Ernest Benn Limited (London)
Lipsett, Charles S. / specialised journalist / USA
Industrial Wastes and Salvage: Conservation and Utilisation
1963 / 2ND revised edition / 407 pages (1ST edition 1951)
Atlas Publishing Co. (New York)
Main English language surveys on industrial waste recovery, 1876 – 1976 (Source: Desrochers, 2005)
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis – A History• 1971 – Forrester, J. “Principles of Systems, 1968 and World
Dynamics”• 1972 – Meadows, D. and Meadows, D. “Limits to Growth”• 1972 – Small Japanese group called “Industrial Ecology
Working Group” publish 300 page document on Industrial Ecology
• 1973 – Same group publish another report with case studies• 1977 – The term “Industrial Ecosystem” was first used in a
paper presented by Preston Cloud at the Annual Meeting of the German Geological Association
• 1983 – Group of Belgians publish “L’Ecosysteme Belgique: Essai d’Ecologie Industrielle”
• 1989 – Frosch, R. and Gallopoulous, N., write “Strategies for Manufacturing”
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Types & Classifications of Industrial Ecosystems
“Because of the resulting growing ambiguity in the significance of Eco-Industrial Park initiatives, a typology is desirable for entangling the confusion that is introduced.”
- Lambert & Boons, 2002
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Types & Classifications of Industrial Ecosystems
• Allenby, 1992: Types I – III
• Chertow, 2000: Types 1 - 5
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Allenby, 1992
unlimitedresources
unlimitedwaste
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
limitedwaste
energy andlimitedresources
energy
Type I
Type II
Type III
unlimitedresources
unlimitedwaste
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
limitedwaste
energy andlimitedresources
energy
unlimitedresources
unlimitedwaste
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
unlimitedresources
unlimitedwaste
ecosystemcomponent
unlimitedresources
unlimitedwaste
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
ecosystemcomponent
limitedwaste
energy andlimitedresources
energy
limitedwaste
energy andlimitedresources
energy
Type I
Type II
Type III
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Allenby, 1992 – Type I
• Is linear• A large constant supply of raw materials is
required• This system is unsustainable
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Allenby, 1992 – Type II
• Is partially cyclic• Reduced materials and energy required• Reduced waste produced• Characterises most present day industrial systems
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Allenby, 1992 – Type III
• Is highly integrated and closed• All by-products constantly used and recycled• Represents a sustainable state• Is the ideal goal of Industrial Ecology
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000
• Type 1 - Through waste exchanges• Type 2 - Within a facility, firm or
organisation• Type 3 - Among firms co-located in a
defined Eco Industrial Park • Type 4 - Among local firms that aren’t co-
located• Type 5 - Across firms organised virtually
across a broader region
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 – Type 1
• Waste only is exchanged• A middleman / broker involved• E.g. of Brokers: Age Concern, NISP,
municipalities, e.t.c
Business Broker Manufacturer
Waste Flow
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 – Type 2
• Synergies are between separate arms of one company
• E.g. Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI)
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 – Type 3
• Exchanges are between firms in a defined Industrial Ecosystem
• Firms are more involved usually sharing utilities as well as general management of the Industrial Ecosystem
• E.g. Montfort Boys Town Integrated Biosystem in Fiji
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 – Type 4
• Firms are local but not co-located• Takes advantage of structures already in
place within a particular area• Links existing businesses with opportunities
to link new ones
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 – Type 5
• Firms are not local• Are mostly virtually linked• Economic impact covers a wider region• Potential for by-product exchanges greatly
increased
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Ecosystem Principles for Industrial Ecosystems
locality
roundput
gradual change
roundput
locality
diversity
diversity
gradual change
Industrial Recycling (roundput) system – Environmental win
Ecosystem – Environmental win
Use of renewables by respecting the renewal rate
Outputs that nature tolerates and re-uses
Solar energy
Waste heat (infrared radiation to space
Ideal of the Perfect Industrial Ecosystem (Source: Korhonen, 2000)
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Ecosystem Principles for Industrial Ecosystems
• Roundput• Locality• Diversity• Gradual change
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Roundput
The Carbon – Oxygen Cycle
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Roundput
Ecosystem Industrial System
Roundput•Recycling of matter•Cascading of energy
Roundput•Recycling of matter•Cascading of energy
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Roundput
Promotes increased reliance on -• Renewable resources• Use of waste materials• Use of waste energy• Use of waste fuels
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Diversity
Ecosystem Industrial System
Diversity•Biodiversity•Diversity in species, organisms•Diversity in interdependency and cooperation•Diversity in information
Diversity•Diversity in actors, in interdependency and cooperation•Diversity in industrial input, output
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Diversity
Traditional inputs for power plants:• Oil• Coal
Recycled inputs for power plants:• Peat• Wood waste• Forestry waste
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Locality
Ecosystem Industrial System
Locality•Utilising local resources•Respecting the local natural limiting factors•Local interdependency, co-operation
Locality•Utilising local resources, wastes•Respecting the local natural limiting factors•Cooperation between local actors
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Locality
Benefits• Reduced transportation • Boost for local economy• Enhanced cooperation with local companies
(Public vs Private; Large corporations vs SMEs)
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Gradual Change
Ecosystem Industrial System
Gradual Change•Evolution using solar energy•Evolution through reproduction•Cyclical time; Seasonal time•Slow time rates in the development of system diversity
Gradual Change •Using waste material and energy, renewable resources•Gradual development of system diversity
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis - Drivers and Barriers
Drivers:• Regulations on waste disposal• Regional economic development• Lack of natural resources• Space limitations• Increase in profit margins
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis - Drivers and Barriers
Kemira Acid Plant Statoil
Refinery
Asnæs Power Station (coal-fired)
Lake
Tissø
Farms Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals
District Heating
Cement; roads
Fish Farming
Gyproc Plasterboard
Plant
Sludge (treated)
Sulphur
Water
Water
Water
Heat
Fly ash
Heat
Gas
Scrubber Sludge
Ste
am
Ga
s
Co
olin
g
Wa
ter
Ste
am
Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis Project (Source: Chertow, 2000)
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis - Drivers and Barriers
Barriers• Legislation
Article 1 (a) of the waste framework directive states that:
“ ‘waste’ shall mean any substance or object in the categories set out in Annex I which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard.”
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis - Drivers and Barriers
Forth Valley, Scotland
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis - Examples
• Kalundborg, Denmark• Styria, Austria• Landskrona, Finland• Forth Valley, Scotland• Tees Valley Petrochemical Complex,
Teesside, UK• Humberside, UK, etc.
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Reading List• Ayres, R.U. (1994) Industrial Metabolism: Theory and Policy. The Greening of
Industrial Ecosystems. Washington DC: National Academy Press. (pp 23 – 27).
• Chertow, M. (2000) Industrial symbiosis: Literature and taxonomy. Annual Review of Energy and Environment 25.
• Desrochers, P. (2005) Learning from history or from nature or both?: recycling networks and their metaphors in early industrialisation. Progress in Industrial Ecology – An International Journal, 2 (1), 19 – 34
• Erkman, S. (1997) Industrial Ecology: an historical view. Journal of Cleaner Production 5 (1-2), pp1 – 10
• Graedel, T.E. and Allenby, B.R. (1994) Industrial Ecology Prentice. Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
• Harper, E. M. and Graedel, T. E. (2004). Industrial ecology: a teenager's progress. Technology In Society, 26, 433 – 445.
• Korhonen, J. (2001) Four ecosystem principles for an industrial ecosystem. Journal of Cleaner Production 9, 253 – 259
Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis
Reading List• Korhonen, J. and Snakin, J. (2005) Analysing the evolution of Industrial
Ecosystems: Concepts and Application. Ecological Economics 52 (2005) 169 – 186
• Lowe, A.E. and Evans, L.K. (1995) Industrial Ecology and Industrial Ecosystems. J. Cleaner Prod., Vol. 3 No 1-2, pp 47 – 53, 1995
• Schwarz, E.J. and Steininger, K.W. (1997) Implementing Nature’s Lesson: The Industrial Recycling Network Enhancing Regional Development. J. Cleaner Prod., Vol. 5 No 1-2, pp 47 – 56, 1997
• Van Berkel, R. (2006) Regional Resource Synergies for Sustainable Development in Heavy Industrial Areas: An Overview of Opportunities and Experiences. Curtin University of Technology http://www.c4cs.curtin.edu.au/resources/publications/2006/arc_synergybaselinereport_may06.pdf