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Transcript of Industrial Revolution. Using machinery instead of man/animal power Began in Great Britain in the...
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Using machinery instead of man/animal power
Began in Great Britain in the 1780’s
What caused the Industrial Revolution to begin in Great Britain?
Improved farming methods led to increased food supply (food cost less leaving families more $ for manufactured goods)
Growing population (workforce) Ready supply of capital ($ to invest) for industrial
machines/factories Entrepreneurs: wealthy people looking for ways to invest
and make profits Abundant natural resources Supply of markets
Last 2 a result of Britain being a colonial empire
1st Industry Effected by the Industrial Revolution
Textile industry Textiles had been produced using cottage
industry 2 step process of spinning and weaving done by people
in their homes
New inventions made this change because it was no longer efficient Flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water powered loom
Factory system began to be used
Factory System
More efficient to bring workers to the new machines in the factories
Cotton production: by 1840 it was Britain’s most valuable product Sold all over the world
James Watt
Improved the steam engineUsed coal: no longer had to be located
near waterDrove the Industrial RevolutionCoal industry had to expand because the
steam engine relied on coal to power it
Iron Production
Henry Cort Puddling Produced better quality iron faster
Britain’s coal production boomed Cort’s process quadrupled production
Railroads
Why were the important during the Industrial Revolution? Efficient way to move resources and
manufactured goods
The Rocket 1st public railroad line (1830) Liverpool to Manchester, England 40 ton train, moved 16 mph
Ongoing cycle of economic growth during the Industrial Revolution
Less expensive transportation drove down the price of goods and made for larger markets to sell goods in
More sales meant more demand for products, which meant there was a need for more factories and machines
This meant more goods would be supplied and there were more job openings
What caused the need for a new kind of labor system?
FactoriesNeed to keep machines going constantly,
so workers needed to work in shifts (same hours each day doing repetitive work)
Great Britain and the Industrial Revolution
World’s greatest industrial nationProduced half of the world’s cotton goods
and coal
How did the Industrial Revolution spread?
Spread at different speedsFirst countries to industrialize: Belgium,
France, and Germany because their governments built the infrastructure to support it like canals and railroads
Industrial Revolution in the USA
1800: 6 of every 7 people were farmers By 1860: 1 or every 2 were farmers Robert Fulton: 1st paddle-wheel steamboat: The
Clermont Could travel against the current
Railroads: most important transportation development during the Industrial Rev. Turned the USA into a massive market
Labor and Factory Work: huge demand Many had been farmers, many women (80% of
workforce in textile mills), many children too
Social Impact of Industrialization
Growth of cities Industrial capitalism: economic system based on
industrial production 2 new social classes
Industrial middle class: produced by industrial capitalism (people who built factories, bought machines, figured out where markets were; had initiative, vision, ambition, and money making skills)
Industrial working class: those who worked in the factories
Population growth: mainly because of the decline of disease, increased
food supply (could feed people better) Famine largely disappeared in western Europe
Living conditions in cities: miserable Prompted urban social reformers to call for cleaning up
the cities
Working conditions for industrial workers were horrible 12-16 hr days, 6 days/week No job security No minimum wage Hot temperatures in cotton mills: harmful
Women at work
2/3 of cotton industry’s workforce Women
Textile industrial jobs Unskilled Paid ½ or less than men Excessive work hrs for women outlawed in 1844
Laws restricting work hrs for women and children made married men responsible for supporting the family and women were to take care of the home, take low paying jobs to help the family survive
Children at Work
Factory Act of 1833 Set 9 as minimum working age From 9-13 could only work an 8 hr day From 13-18 could work a 12 hr day
Pitiful Conditions Led to Socialism
Socialism: society, usually the government, owns and controls the means of production (natural resources, factories, and the like)
Different than capitalism because in capitalism, private individuals own and control the means of production
Early Vs. Later Socialism
Early Idea of intellectuals
who believed in equality for all and wanted to replace competition with cooperation
Later (like Karl Marx) Thought these ideas
weren’t as practical and called those who believed them utopian socialists
Robert Owen
Utopian socialistBelieved people would show natural
goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment Transformed a factory town in Scotland into a
flourishing community Also attempted one in New Harmony, Indiana
which failed in the 1820’s
Second Industrial Revolution
Late 1800’s Stunning material growth First Ind. Rev.: textiles, railroads, iron, coal,
steam engine powered it Second Ind. Rev.: steel, chemicals, electricity
and petroleum powered it What replaced iron?
Steel Used to build machines, engines, railroads, and
ships
New form of energy
Electricity Convertible into heat, light, or motion
Thomas Edison Inventor of the light bulb
Alexander Graham Bell Invented the telephone in 1876
Guglielmo Marconi Sent first radio waves across the Atlantic in
1901
How did electricity change life?
In cities: By 1880’s street cars and subways
Don’t have to live within walking distance to work Cities grew larger
In factories: Conveyor belts, cranes, machines Factories could stay open 24 hours a day
New forms of Transportation
Ocean linersAirplane – Wright brothers in 1903Automobile What allowed these to be developed?
Internal-combustion engine fired by oil and gasoline
Sales of manufactured goods increased
Caused industrial production to growWages increased after 1870Prices lowered because of reduced
transportation costs so people could buy more
Department stores opened to offer consumers many goods from one location
Industrialized nations v. Non-industrialized nations- rise in world economy
Industrialized (core) Great Britain, France,
the Netherlands, Germany, western part of Austro-Hungarian Empire, northern Italy
High standards of living Decent transportations
systems
Non-industrialized (mainly agricultural) To the south and east:
southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan kingdoms, and Russia
Provided food and raw materials for the industrialized countries
Organizing the Working Classes
Socialist political parties and unions were created Goal: try to improve working and living
conditions
1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published The Communist Manifesto Proposed a new social system
Marxist Views
History is a struggle between the oppressing owners of the means of production (land, raw materials, money, factories) and the oppressed workers
Marx was upset with the conditions the industrial working class lived and worked in and said they were oppressed
The oppressors (wealthy) controlled politics and the government and government was just an instrument for the ruling class
Society is becoming more divided between the bourgeoisie (middle class oppressors) and the proletariat (working class oppressed)
Conflict would result in a revolution where the proletariat would violently overthrow the bourgeoisie
They would form a dictatorship until a society without classes or conflict was in place
Then the state (gov) would wither away
Some political parties formed based on Marx’s ideas
German Social Democratic Party (1875) Advocated revolution and organized itself into a mass
political party that competed in elections for parliament, once elected worked to pass laws to improve working conditions
Became the largest party in Germany by 1912 Second International: 1889: leaders of various
socialist parties joined together in association of national socialist groups that would fight against capitalism worldwide First International failed in 1872
Marxist Parties Divided over Goals
Pure Marxists Thought capitalism
should be overthrown in a violent revolution
Revisionists Rejected revolutionary
approach and argued workers must try to organize in mass political parties and work with others to gain reforms
Trade Unions Also Worked for Change
Evolutionary NOT Revolutionary Change Collective bargaining: negotiation between union
workers and employers Trade union workers used the strike to achieve
their reforms in negotiation failed By 1900 2 million workers in Britain were in
British trade unions By 1914 almost 4 million Made great progress in improving living and
working conditions for workers throughout Europe
New Urban Environment
By the end of the 19th century, mass society emerged and concerns of the majority lower-classes were important At the same time cities were growing much larger
Why did cities grow at this time? Rural migration to cities because of lack of jobs in the
country and improvements in living conditions in the cities
Governments created boards of health to improve the quality of housing
Needed clean water, and proper sewage systems
Social Structure of Mass Society
Great poverty remained in the West even though most people after 1871 enjoyed a rising standard of living Several middle class groups existed between
the few that were rich and the many who were poor
The Wealthy
5% of European societyControlled 40% of the wealthAristocratic and upper middle class
members were government and military leaders
Sometimes the two groups were united by marriage
The Middle Class
Lawyers, doctors, members of the civil service, engineers, and scientists
Made up the solid middle class The lower middle class
Shopkeepers, secretaries, clerks
Middle class values: Hard work which was open to everyone and guaranteed
to pay off given enough labor, also churchgoers concerned with the moral way of doing things
The Working Class
80% of the population Skilled artisans, semi-skilled laborers, unskilled
laborers, including day laborers and domestic servants
Their lives improved after 1871 because of reforms in cities, higher wages, and lower prices Could afford some leisure activities, strikes were leading
to 10 hr workday and Sat. afternoons off
Women’s Experiences
1800: family roles defined women: legally inferior to and economically dependent on a man
Second Ind. Rev. opened the door for new jobs for women Low paid white-collar work: clerks, typists, secretaries,
file clerks, and salesclerks, government work- secretaries, telephone operators, education, health, social services
Mostly women of the working class who wanted a better life
Throughout the 1800s the only honorable job for a woman was to get married
The most significant development in the modern family that was brought about during this time was that the number of children a woman had was declining
What caused the decline? Improved economic conditions, increased use
of birth control
Middle class families started the idea of family togetherness Victorians created the family Christmas By the 1850’s the 4th of July celebration was
changed from wild parties to family picnics in the USA
Many middle class women had more time for leisure and domestic duties
Working class women had to work to support their families
Childhood was over by the age of 9 or 10 for working class children
Some working class women were able to stay home because of higher paying jobs in heavy industry and improvements in standard of living (men were more able to support their families)
At the same time, working class families wanted to buy the new consumer products like sewing machines and cast-iron stoves
Modern Feminism Movement Began
Movement for women’s rights began in the Enlightenment
Movement in the 1800s began with the fight for women to divorce and own property
Women also wanted access to universities, entry into occupations dominated by men
Important women: German Amalie Sieveking: nursing pioneer who
founded Female Association for the Care of the Poor and Sick in Hamburg
Florence Nightingale and Clara Barton: nurses during wars that made nursing a profession for trained, middle-class women
1840s and 50s women demanded = political rights, including the right to vote Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters
founded the Women’s Social and Political Union
Suffragists (people who wanted the vote extended to all adults) believed in the right of women to full citizenship
Women in industrialized nations (the West) weren’t given the right to vote until after World War I
Universal Education
Didn’t happen until the late 19th and early 20th centuries Before then, who was educated?
The wealthy and elite classes
Western governments set up state-sponsored primary schools Boys and girls aged 6-12 were required to
attend State trained teachers (first female colleges
were teacher-training institutes)
What caused the commitment to public education? Industrialization: new firms of the 2nd Ind. Rev. needed
trained, skilled laborers Schools could teach them the skills required And if the government was giving more people the right
to vote, they wanted the voters to be more educated and be better voters
Compulsory education required more teachers Why were most of them women?
Seen as part of the nurturing role of women Paid lower salaries so the state could afford more
schools
More education meant more literacy (ability to read/write) In countries with universal schooling by 1900
most adults could read In those without, almost 80% of adults could not
read/write
More literacy meant newspapers were more popular Were often sensationalistic, telling gossip and
gruesome stories of crimes
New Forms of Leisure
Second Ind. Rev. allowed more people to pursue more leisure activities Entertained people and distracted them from
the realities of their work lives
People got time under the industrial system like evening hours and weekend to have fun after work Amusement parks, team sports, dancing were
popular
Mass leisure was different than earlier popular culture because the new forms of leisure were created for more passive audiences than earlier festivals and fairs Became big business for profits
What are the modern signs that professional sports are mainly about big business and making profits?