Industrial Revolution Suez Canal Developments in Asia World War I The Great Depression.
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Transcript of Industrial Revolution Suez Canal Developments in Asia World War I The Great Depression.
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution
Suez CanalSuez Canal
Developments in AsiaDevelopments in Asia
World War IWorld War I
The Great DepressionThe Great Depression
The Industrial Revolution may be defined as the application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing.
In the eighteenth century all of western Europe began to industrialize rapidly, but in England the process was most highly accelerated.
The Industrial Revolution started in England, because that nation had the technological means, government encouragement, and a large and varied trade network.
The first factories appeared in 1740, concentrating on textile production.
Sources : http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/industrialrev.html
http://www.bergen.org/technology/indust1.html
The term INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION originally referred to the developments that transformed Great Britain, between 1750 and 1830, from a largely rural population making a living almost entirely from agriculture to a town-centered society engaged increasingly in factory manufacture.
Other European nations underwent the same process soon thereafter
This was followed by others during the 19th century
And still others (such as Russia and Japan) in the the first half of the 20th century
In some countries this transformation is only now taking place or still lies in the future.
EFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPOREEFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPORE
Increase in TradeIncrease in Trade SteamshipsSteamships more European ships sailed to the Eastmore European ships sailed to the East Increase in the number of ships visiting Increase in the number of ships visiting
SingaporeSingapore Singapore became a port of call in the Singapore became a port of call in the
regionregion
EFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPOREEFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPORE
Improvement in Improvement in CommunicationsCommunications Letters - 4 to 5 months to reach Singapore Letters - 4 to 5 months to reach Singapore
from Europefrom Europe Steamships - 5 weeks in the 1860sSteamships - 5 weeks in the 1860s Singapore brought into closer contact with Singapore brought into closer contact with
Britain and the rest of the worldBritain and the rest of the world
OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANALOPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL
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Artificial waterway from Port Said to Suez, linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas; 160 km long.
Separates Africa from Asia and provides the shortest eastwards sea route from Europe
Opened in 1869, nationalized in 1956, blocked by Egypt during the Arab-Israeli War in 1967, and not reopened until 1975.
OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANALOPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL
Increase in Trade Savings in distance and time Reduce shipping cost Singapore traders found it faster and cheaper
to get goods from Europe Increased trade for Singapore as a result of
increased speed and volume of ships
EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANALOPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL
EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE THE OLD HARBOURTHE OLD HARBOUR
For many years, ships called at the Old Harbour off the mouth of the Singapore River
Lighters unloaded the goods from the ships and transported them to shore (Boat Quay)
At the quays, the coolies would carry the goods from the lighters to the go-downs and storage houses
At the same time, they would load new goods onto the lighters for them to carry back to the ships in the harbour
However, the Old Harbour faced several problems as it was not equipped to handle the increased traffic in the area as a result of increased business activities
EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE PROBLEMS AT THE OLD HARBOURPROBLEMS AT THE OLD HARBOUR
Overcrowding – there were too many lighters but insufficient space along the banks of the river
Insufficient space for storage of goods, coal etc Insufficient space to build docks for ship repairs In short, insufficient port facilities to cope with
the growth and increase in trade activities
EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE THE NEW HARBOURTHE NEW HARBOUR
In 1852, a New Harbour was built at the strait between the southern coast of Singapore and the 2 islands, Pulau Brani and Pulau Blakang Mati (Sentosa)
Deep and sheltered harbour Could accommodate steamships and large sailing ships Sheltered from strong winds and large waves by the two
island Free of severe silting The New Harbour was renamed Keppel Harbour in 1900
EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE THE NEW HARBOURTHE NEW HARBOUR
Development of Keppel Harbour took the shape of New wharves – provision of deeper berthing Better coaling facilities – coal sheds/depots Improved storage facilities – new storehouses were built Improved ship-repairing facilities – new docks The new port facilities made it easier and faster for ships
to load and unload goods, refuel, re-supply and to make repairs
DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIADEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA
Opening up of China Entrepot trade with China and surrounding
areas Traders’ unfounded fears of opening up
Chinese ports Instead, it increased Singapore’s trade
DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIADEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA
Development of Malaya Spread of British control brought about peace and
order in Malaya Invention of motor-car and tin-canning industry Great demand for rubber and tin
Manufacture tin plates and tin cans Tyres, soles of shoes
Singapore became the chief port for trade in tin and rubber
DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIADEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA
Countries are interdependent Singapore is affected by external events
WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I Arms race in Europe Britain, because of IR, one of the
strongest powers by 20th C Other countries tried to match Britain’s
military strength Countries in Europe became very
suspicious of each other Formed themselves into two opposing
groups
WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I Central Powers : Germany, Italy, Austria-
Hungary The Allies : Britain, France and Russia Situation in Europe very tense WWI sparked off by an assassination
WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I
Effects on Singapore Rush for food Trade threatened by the Emden Indian (Sepoy) Mutiny
ASSASSINATIOASSASSINATION AT SARAJEVON AT SARAJEVO
2 bullets and a wrong turn
started the most destructive and terrible war that
Man has ever known until then
ASSASSINATIOASSASSINATION AT SARAJEVON AT SARAJEVO
2 bullets and a wrong turn
started the most destructive and terrible war that
Man has ever known until then
June 28 1914
Archduke Francis Ferdinand & his wife Sophie
Teenage assassin : Gavrilo Princip
WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I STATISTICS
Nation
Total Number of servicemen engaged in the war.
Number of deaths.
Number of soldiers wounded.
Number of men taken prisoner or reported missing.
Austria 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000
Britain 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652
France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000
Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800
Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000
Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000
Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000
United States 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500
TOTAL 60,934,467 8,040,871 20,723,570 7,435,952
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WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR I EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE
Locals were complacent prior to the outbreak of WWI
Surrounded by neutral or friendly countries Went about their local business Slight panic when war broke out in Europe Things returned to normal after a few weeks ………until the Emden incident
WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR I THE EMDEN
•Arrived in the East in Sep 1914
•Sank many Allied ships in the Indian Ocean
• Locals feared that Singapore and the surrounding shipping and trade routes would be her next target
• Struck home the reality of war in Europe
•Destroyed by an Australian warship in Nov 1914
WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR I EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE
British ordered the Indian (sepoy) regiment stationed in Singapore to depart for HK where they night be needed
Rumour that the sepoys will be sent to fight against Turkey where the Sultan of Turkey had declared a “jihad”
Mutiny started on 15 February 1915 - eve of their departure
Which other relevant event occurred on 15 Feb ?
WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR I EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE
Seized Alexandra Barracks, released German prisoners
Formed small groups to roam the town, killing any Europeans they met
Mutiny lasted 10 days Caused anxiety in Singapore but gathered no
support
THE GREAT DEPRESSIONTHE GREAT DEPRESSION The Great Depression took place from 1930 to 1939,
starting with the US and spreading to the rest of the world
During this time the prices of stock in the US fell 40%. 9,000 banks went out of business and 9 million savings accounts were wiped out.
86,000 businesses failed, and wages were decreased by an average of 60%. The unemployment rate went from 9% all the way to 25%, about 15 million jobless people.
Christmas dinner in the home of Earl Pauley near Smithland, Iowa. (Circa 1935)http://history1900s.about.com/library/photos/blygd50.htm
Depression : Unemployed: Typical picture capturing the number of people who were unemployed and looking for a job. (Circa 1935)http://history1900s.about.com/library/photos/blygd7.htm
EFFECTS OF GD ON SINGAPOREEFFECTS OF GD ON SINGAPORE
Trade and BusinessTrade and Business America and Europe were the biggest buyers
of tin and rubber Businesses trading in these commodities
were badly affected; many closed down
EFFECTS OF GD ON SINGAPOREEFFECTS OF GD ON SINGAPORE
Unemployment and HardshipUnemployment and Hardship many people suffered Government had to retrench workers and
many suffered pay cuts By 1931, one third of the population was out
of job