Industrial Revolution

Do Now:1. List 5 inventions from the past 200 years that

you feel are the most significant in the development of the world as we experience it today! Explain you reasoning.

2. How does necessity help to create new inventions? Explain.

How do you think John Meyer feels about industrialization/modernization?

Preconditions?What do we need prior to being able to move forward technologically as individuals, or as a society?

Text AnalysisCh. 20.1 pgs 609 to 612: labeled “New Economic Patterns”

Pick out 8 important facts from the reading

Keep these questions in mind as you read!How did improvements in agriculture effect

European development in the 1700s.

What are preconditions [what has to occur before] to industrialization?

Is industrialization an evolution or revolution?

Do Now: How might a typical day for a farmer and factory

worker during the Industrial revolution differ?

Fact #1: Rising Population1700s = 120 million / 1780s=190 million people

Death Rate Decreases

Made at home, cottage industry ( the putting out system), factory system

expansion of trade networks / globalization

Fact #2: Agricultural Improvementsnew staple crops maize and potatoes

More farm land

Fact #3: Importance of TextilesCottage Industry

Guilds

Fact #4: Demand for CottonNew methods of manufacturing / new

inventions developed

Water Frame Machines

Fact #5: A Global Economy Gold and Silver traded for goods

Tea, spices, silk and cotton goods

Fact #6: Plantations Tobacco, cotton, coffee and sugar = high

European demand

Fact #7: Slave Trade Triangular trade

Allowed for growth of plantations

Fact #8: Emergence of England England and France built colonial empires

France lost empire ca. 1763

Do NowGet a copy of “Britain’s Industrial Advantages and the

Factory System” by Edward Baines from the front of the room.

As you read, identify (as discussed by Baines)What advantages does Britain possess that allow it to

industrialize?What were the factory system’s advantages over the

domestic system of production?

Industrial Revolution Cause

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Do NowGet a “Factory Discipline: Factory Rules” reading from

the front of the room.

Answer: Describe factory life during the Industrial Revolution.Judging by the Berlin factory rules, what were the differences

between preindustrial and industrial work routines?How might these rules have affected the lives of families.

Development of the Domestic System of ProductionDomestic system developed in England

Late 1600s-late 1800s

Domestic system of production – “putting out” system Businesspeople delivered raw materials to workers’ homes Workers manufactured goods from these raw materials in their homes

(typically articles of clothing) Businesspeople picked up finished goods and paid workers wages based

on number of items

Domestic system could not keep up with demand

Factory SystemDeveloped to replace the domestic system of production

Faster method of production

Workers concentrated in a set location

Production anticipated demand For example: Under the domestic system, a woman might select

fabric and have a businessperson give it to a home-based worker to make into a dress. Under the factory system, the factory owner bought large lots of popular fabrics and had workers create multiple dresses in common sizes, anticipating that women would buy them.

Industrial Capitalism and the Working ClassPre-Industrial Revolution rural families did not rely solely on

wages for sustenance Owned their own farms or gardens where they raised most of their

own food Made their own clothing Unemployment was rare

Industrialization destroyed workers’ independence Workers in cities did not have the means to grow their own food or

make their own clothing Workers relied entirely upon their employers for wages with which

they bought everything they needed

Changing Employee-Employer RelationshipsDomestic system

Workers and employers knew each other personallyWorkers could aspire to become employers

Factory systemWorkers no longer owned the means of production (machinery)Employers no longer knew workers personally

Factories often run by managers paid by the corporation

Relationships between employers and employees grew strained

Domestic System Factory SystemMethods •Hand tools •Machines

Location •Home •Factory

Ownership / Kinds of Tools

•Small hand tools owned by worker

•Large power-driven machines owned by the capitalist

Production Output •Small level of production•Sold only to local market•Manufactured on a per-order basis

•Large level of production•Sold to a worldwide market•Manufactured in anticipation of demand

Nature of Work Done by Worker

•Worker manufactured entire item.

•Worker typically made one part of the larger whole. •Henry Ford’s assembly line (early 20th century) kept workers stationary.

Hours of Work •Worker worked as much as he/she would & could, according to demand.

•Worker worked set daily hours.

Worker Dependence on Employer

•Worker had multiple sources of sustenance – other employers, own garden or farm, and outside farm labor.

•Worker relied entirely on capitalist for his/her income – urban living made personal farming and gardening impractical.

Problems of the Factory SystemFactories were crowded, dark, and dirty

Workers toiled from dawn to dusk

Young children worked with dangerous machinery

Employment of women and children put men out of work Women and children were paid less for the same work

Technological unemployment – workers lost their jobs as their labor was replaced by machines

Rights of Female and Child Workers

Women and children could legally be paid less than men for the same work Factory owners were more willing to hire them Male workers grew resentful

English child laborers England had a history (going back to the 17th century) of training pauper children

(even those younger than five years old) in a trade Poor children followed their mothers into factories

Early male-dominated unions fought to banish women and children from the workplace Eventually this strategy was abandoned Women eventually won right to equal pay for equal work

Improvements: Rise of Labor UnionsBefore labor unions, workers bargained individually – “individual

bargaining” Before factories, a worker could bargain for better wages and working

conditions by arguing his or her particular skills But in factories, work is routine and one worker can easily replace

another

With labor unions, workers bargained together as a group, or collective – “collective bargaining” Organized groups of workers elected leaders to bargain on their behalf Used tools (such as strikes) to gain rights

Short Reading ExercisePgs 660-661 in your textbook: “Young

People in the Industrial Revolution: Child Labor”

Answer questions 1 and 2 that follow

Poor Living ConditionsFactories driven solely by profit

Businesses largely immune to problems of workers

Factory (also company or mill) towns Towns built by employers around factories to house workers Workers charged higher prices than normal for rent, groceries, etc.

Workers often became indebted to their employers Created a type of forced servitude as workers had to stay on at their jobs to pay their debts

Considered paternalistic by workers Some employers had workers’ interests at heart But workers wanted to control their own lives

Slum Living ConditionsFactory towns – often built and owned by factories

Full of crowded tenementsFew amenities

Tenements – buildings with rented multiple dwellingsApartment buildings with a more negative connotationOvercrowded and unsanitary

Workers were unsatisfied both inside and outside the factories

The First and Second Industrial Revolutions The first, or old, Industrial Revolution took place between about 1750 and

1870 Took place in England, the United States, Belgium, and France Saw fundamental changes in agriculture, the development of factories, and rural-

to-urban migration

The second Industrial Revolution took place between about 1870 and 1960 Saw the spread of the Industrial Revolution to places such as Germany, Japan, and

Russia Electricity became the primary source of power for factories, farms, and homes Mass production, particularly of consumer goods Use of electrical power saw electronics enter the marketplace (electric lights,

radios, fans, television sets)

The Spread of the Industrial Revolution Mid-1800s – Great Britain, the world leader in the Industrial

Revolution, attempted to ban the export of its methods and technologies, but this soon failed

1812 – United States industrialized after the War of 1812

After 1825 – France joined the Industrial Revolution following the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars

Circa 1870 – Germany industrialized at a rapid pace, while Belgium, Holland, Italy, Sweden, and Switzerland were slower to industrialize

By 1890 – Russia and Japan began to industrialize

Do Now Based off your understanding of the Industrial

Revolution thus far, identify the Political, Social, and Economic effects of Industrialization on England.

Results of the Industrial Revolution

•Expansion of world trade

•Factory system•Mass production of goods

•Industrial capitalism

•Increased standard of living

•Unemployment

Economic Changes

•Decline of landed aristocracy

•Growth and expansion of democracy

•Increased government involvement in society

•Increased power of industrialized nations

•Nationalism and imperialism stimulated

•Rise to power of businesspeople

Political Changes

•Development and growth of cities

•Improved status and earning power of women

•Increase in leisure time

•Population increases

•Problems – economic insecurity, increased deadliness of war, urban slums, etc.

•Science and research stimulated

Social Changes

Social Structure Industrial Middle Class

Industrial Working Class

The Emerging Social Structure of the Industrial Era

The Elite 5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of wealth Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional aristocracy

The Middle Classes Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class Professionals White-collar workers Middle class values in the Victorian period

The Lower classes 80 percent of the European population Agriculture Skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled workers

The Emergence of Urban Society

New Urban EnvironmentGrowth of cities: by 1914, 80 percent of the population in

Britain lived in cities (40 percent in 1800); 45 percent in France (25 percent in 1800); 60 percent in Germany (25 percent in 1800); and 30 percent in eastern Europe (10 percent in 1800)

Improving living conditions

Housing needs

EducationWhy did governments begin to push

education?New types of jobsPolitical goals

Education in an Age of Mass Society In early 19th century reserved for elites or the wealthier middle class

Between 1870 and 1914 most Western governments began to offer at least primary education to both boys and girls between 6 and 12 State teacher training schools Reasons:

Needs of industrialization Need for an educated electorate To instill patriotism

Compulsory elementary education created a demand for teachers, most were women

“Natural role” of women

Experience of WomenNew Job Opportunities

Marriage and Family

Women’s RightsEmmeline Pankhurst

The Experiences of Women Marriage and the Family

Difficulty for single women to earn a living Most women married

Birth control Female control of family size

Middle-class family Men provided income and women focused on household and child care Fostered the idea of togetherness

Victorian ideas Working-class families

Daughters work until married 1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the husband’s wages Material consumption

Movement for Women’s Rights Fight to own property

Access to higher education by middle and upper-middle class women

Access to jobs dominated by men: teaching, nursing

Demand for equal political rights Most vocal was the British movement Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903 Suffragettes

Support of peace movements

The New Woman Bertha von Suttner

Social Thought: SocialismSocialists – viewed the capitalist system as inherently

wrong Belief that capitalism is designed to create poverty and poor working

conditions because of its end goal of earning maximum profits for investors

Socialism – government owns the means of production Belief that if the government (“the people”) owns the means of

production, these factories and industries will function in the public (as opposed to private) interest

Social Thoughts1. Utopianism – Robert Owen & New Lanark

1. First Socialists2. Strove to create a fair and just system 3. Community divided tasks and rewarded equitability

Robert OwenUtopian socialist

Owned a textile factory in New Lanark, Scotland

Decreased working hours

Improved working conditions and employee housing

Shared management and profits with employees

Proved that a socialist-based company could be profitable

Social ThoughtSocialism

1. Utopianism – Robert Owen & New Lanark

2. Communism – Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels1. Bourgeois vs. Proletariat

Marxism – Communism

•Economic changes lead to historical changes.

•Historically, the wealthy classes have held all power.

Economic Interpretation of

History

•History has been a struggle between the rich and the poor.

•In the Industrial Revolution, the struggle is between the Bourgeois capitalists (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (workers).

Class Struggle

•Workers produce all wealth but receive only enough to survive.

•“Surplus value” (profit) of the workers’ labor goes to the capitalists.

Surplus Value

•Industrial wealth leads to the concentration of wealth among fewer and fewer capitalists, while the living and working conditions of the proletariat grow worse.

•The proletariat will eventually rebel and create a socialist state.

Inevitability of Socialism

Social Thought1. Utilitarianism – Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill

1. Suffrage

2. Capitalism – David Riccardo & Thomas Malthus

1. Laissez Faire

2. “Iron Law of Wages”

Social Thought1. Liberalism

2. Social Darwinism and Nationalism1. Charles Darwin & Herbert Spencer

Social ThoughtWith all of the possible hardships that can

be associated with industrialization how did people find comfort in their daily lives?

Methodism evangelical Protestant denominations founded in

18th century England by John Wesley

Methodismworldwide Protestant movement dating from 1729,

when a group of students at the University of Oxford, England, began to assemble for worship, study, and Christian service. Their fellow students named them the Holy Club and “methodists,” a derisive allusion to the methodical manner in which they performed the various practices that their sense of Christian duty and church ritual required.

Art and Leisure1. Realism

1. Charles Dickens & Gustave Flaubert

2. Romanticism

3. Impressionism1. Claude Monet

4. Tourism and Sport1. Thomas Cooke

Social Changes:Increase in Leisure Time

Labor-saving devices invented and produced Vacuum cleaners Washing machines Refrigerators

Entrepreneurs and inventors developed new forms of entertainment Moving pictures Amusement parks

Birth of the weekend Traditionally, Western nations had Sunday (the Christian day of rest) as the only day off

from work Saturday was added to accommodate the religious observances of Jewish factory workers

(whose Sabbath, or Shabbat, runs from Friday at sundown to Saturday at sundown)

Downside? Acute labor problems

Workers guilds decline

Development of proletariat class vs. capitalist class

Socialism and early utopian societies based on utilitarian ideas (utopian socialists): Scotland and U.S. = Robert Owen

Communism

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European Population Growth 1820-1900

Spread and Growth: 1900sSteel replaces iron

1831: Michael Faraday produces electric generator

1870: improved practical generator

1910: Hydroelectric power

Thomas Edison: Light bulb

1876: Alexander Gram Bell: telephone

Guglielmo Marconi: first trans-Atlantic radio wave transmission

Subways

Workers now could effectively/efficiently work 24 hours a day

The AutomobileThe Role of Science and Technology: The Automobile”Pg. 691 in your textbook

The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

New Products and New Patterns Substitution of steel for iron Electricity Internal combustion engine Increased industrial production Germany replaces Britain as industrial leader Europe’s two economic zones

Toward a World Economy Products from all over the world Europe dominates The Spread of Industrialization in Russian and Japan

Women and Work: New Job Opportunities

Organizing the Working ClassKarl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895),

The Communist Manifesto History is that of class struggles Overthrow the bourgeoisie Eventually there would be a classless society

Organizing the Working ClassGerman Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875

In the Reichstag worked to pass legislation to improve the conditions of the worker

4 million votes in 1912 elections in Germany

Revisionists Reject revolutionary approach and believed in reform

Trade Unions Right to strike in Britain gained in 1870s 4 million members by 1914 in Britain

Leisure in an Age of Mass Society

Created by the industrial system

Transportation systems meant:Working class could go to amusement parks,

dance halls, beaches, and team sporting activities