Industrial Revolution Class
-
Upload
marius-torrents -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
0
Transcript of Industrial Revolution Class
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
1/44
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
2/44
Definition
The Industrial Revolution consisted inchanges in economy , society and culture,perhaps the most important changes inHuman History.
These changes first took place in Englandafter 1750 and then spread to Europe.
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
3/44
AgriculturalRevolution
Demographic
revolution.
Changes of
mentality
FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
4/44
It consisted in :
Improvement of agricultural methods: Crop rotationinstead of a fallow year. This method was called Norfolk
four-course system. Invention of new machines which helped improve labor
like the horse-pulled hoe or the Seed Drill.
New plants for feeding the cattle.
Enclosures- the bigger landowners enclosetheir landinstead of the open field system in order to improve theyield.
Agricultural Revolution
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
5/44
Norfolk four-coursesystem
Method of agricultural organizationestablished in Norfolk county,England, and in several countriesbefore the end of 17thcentury; itwas characterized by an emphasison fodder crops by absence of afarllow year.
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
6/44
Consequences of the AgriculturalRevolution
Landowners earn more money and they invest in
industry and in the stock market The stock of labor moves workers from lands to industry
Increased food production
Better fed populationPeople are healthierand more resistant to
diseases
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
7/44
Demographic Revolution
It consisted in :
- decrease of death
rates- high birth rates
dThanks to:
- Disappearance ofepidemics
- Invention of vaccines
- Improved Hygiene
Consequences:
Increase of hand-
workers Increase of
consumers.
Increase ofdemand forproducts and food
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
8/44
Demographic Revolution
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
9/44
New mentality, new ideas
Economic Liberalism- started in ScottishUniversities with Adam Smith. According to
Economic Liberalism workwasconsidered a positive value. Protestantismencouraged hard work.
Universities start scientific studies, veryimportant for the new inventions inagriculture and Industry.
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
10/44
Economic Liberalism
Its an economic philosophy that promotesThe Laissez faire, laissez passer
EconomicFreedom
Social andPolitical
freedom toguaranteeFree market
Supply andDemand
Economicmodel of price
determinationin a market
No governmentintervention
In economy,government
interventionjustin justice andsecurity
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
11/44
Phases in Industrial Revolution
First Industrial Revolution: From 1750onwards.
Second Industrial Revolution: From 1870onwards.
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
12/44
First Industrial RevolutionGreat Britain- 2nd half 18th CenturyWest Europe- first half 19th Century
Before Industrial Revolution
Workshops
Craftsmen that makehandiwork
No fixed working hours
Human or animal workforce
The craftsman makes thewhole product, from beginning
to end Sources of energy: wind,
water, men, animals
After Industrial Revolution.
Factories
Workers who use machines tomake a product
Long, fixed working hours
Machines
Assembly-line work
New source of energy: coal
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
13/44
Great Britain, craddle of IndustrialRevolution
Great Britain had better conditions than other countries:
Growing population.
Agricultural advances
A big market and capital for investment thanks to the ColonialEmpire. Possibility to obtain cheap cotton.
Universities which promoted scientific studies
Abundant raw materials like coal, copper, and iron
Invention of the Steam Engine
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
14/44
The most important industries were:
Textile Industry
Iron and Steel industry
The leading industries in the FirstIndustrial Revolution
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
15/44
Steam Engine, by James Watt, 1763The most important invention of the Industrial Revolution because itcaused many other developments to happen. The steam enginewas used for extraction of coal, cotton mills, steam ships, trains,steam tractors
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
16/44
Textile Industry
It was located in Lancashire.Cotton was brought fromIndia and Egypt and then it was converted into clothes
in the mills (factories) The first invention was The Flying Shuttle,1733, (on the
right) by John Kay, but many other inventions, like theSpinnig Jenny, accelerated cotton production
Spinning Jenny
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
17/44
The Steel Industry
It uses coal as an energy source
It produces iron and steel , used to producemachines, trains, ships, railways
The Steel industry used the Steam Engine.
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
18/44
Transportation Revolution
The Steam Engine was applied to transportationand it sparked a revolution in this area:
The Steamboat was invented in 1807 by Fulton.
In 1847 it was possible to cross the AtlanticOcean in 15 days
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
19/44
Transportation Revolution
Because of the Suez Canal the trip from London toIndia became 40% shorter
On the right , one of the first steamboats
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
20/44
Transportation Revolution: The Train
The Steam Engine was applied to the trainlocomotive, invented by Stephenson in 1814
1830- First railway from Manchester to Liverpool. Consequences: trips were shorter,safer and cheaper
and it was possible to transport more products andpeople could travel greater distances. It meant morelabour for industry and bigger cities.
A lot of products from far places were brought bytrain.
The train stimulated the Steel Industry. The train spread through all Europe in the following
years.
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
21/44
The Train locomotive
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
22/44
Consequences of TransportationRevolution
Bigger Markets
Specialization of world economy: countries which
have Industry and countries which sell rawmaterials Diet became better and as a result, death rates
decreased Migrations Growth in active population.
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
23/44
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
24/44
From 1870 onwards there was a newphase in Industrialization lead by Great
Britain but shared with new industrialpowers as the USA, Japan or Germany.
New power sources and industriesappeared as a result.
The 2ndIndustrial Revolution
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
25/44
Energy sources: electricity
ELECTRICITY
applied to:
All kind of machines
Transports : train,tram
Communications: telephone, telegraph
Urban Lighting.1879 Thomas Edison invented a lightbulb.
After 1900, electric domestic inventions(oven, vacuumcleaner)
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
26/44
New energy sources: electricity
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
27/44
Energy sources : oil or petrol
Internal combustion engine, used for cars
Ships and planes( first flight : Wright
brothers in 1903)
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
28/44
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
29/44
New industries
Steel Industry- Bessemerconverter: the Bessemerprocess was the firstinexpensive industrial
process for mass-productionof steel.
New metals such asaluminium
Chemical Industry- originally
based on synthetic dyes andaspirin, then fertilizers,concrete, plastics,dynamite
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
30/44
New materials
Concrete, glass and elevatorsmade it possible to buildskyscrapers like this one inChicago.
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
31/44
New industrial organization
Mass production. To achieve this goal Henry
Ford invented theassembly line which
eliminated unnecesseryhuman motions in theprocess.
The savings from massproduction methodsallowed the price of modelT (on the photo) to declinefrom $786 in 1910 to $360in 1916.
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
32/44
How to understand what an assembly-line is,watching Modern Timesby Charles Chaplin
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
33/44
New industrial organization
This is the era of High Capitalism. Companies neededmore capital and they could obtain it by:
the growth of banking and share-holding
Cartel
Formalagreementamongcompeting
firms, thatagree to fixprices,marketingandproduction
Trust
Its abusinessentityformed to
monopolizebusiness
Holding
Its acompany orfirm thatowns other
companies.Its onlypurpose isowningshares ofothercompanies
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
34/44
New society: a class-based society
The estate-based societydissapeared after theFrench Revolution
With industrialisation newsocial groups appeared:
Industrial bourgeoisie
Industrial proletariat
Characteristics of aclass-based society:dynamic, open, legalequality, based on wealth
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
35/44
New social groups: the bourgeoisie
With industrialization thepower of bourgeoisieincreased because they werethe main protagonists.Therewere three groups:
- High bourgeoisie- theyowned the Banks and mainIndustries
Middle bourgeoisie- liberalprofessions as lawyers,
doctors, journalists, engineers Low bourgeoisie- small
commerce, employments
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
36/44
New social groups: proletariat orworking class.
The proletariats sell theirworkforce for a wage.
They work under unhealthyconditions , with no vacations,
miserable wages. Long working hours
Child/women labor wasusually used in factories and
mining.
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
37/44
Liberty leading the people- Eugene Delacroix
Delacroix illustrated the 1830 Revolution in Paris, the last time thatbourgeoisie and workers fought together. From 1830 onwards theywill fight against each other.
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
38/44
WORKERSMOVEMENT
Due to the bad conditions in their jobs,workers began to organise themselves in
order to obtain improvements and a morefair system than Capitalism.
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
39/44
The beginnings ofworkersmovement
Luddism- workers destroyed themachines,because they consider them thecause of their problems. The English
government had to implement strict laws,including the death penalty, in order to stop thismovement.
Trade Unions- group of workers from the sameindustry that demanded better conditions.
Chartism- workers that participate in politicalsociety to obtain better conditions from the
parliament.
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
40/44
Marxism, Communism andSocialism
In 1848 Marx and Engelswrote The CommunistManifesto.
They wanted a clasesssociety.
Marx believed thatLiberalism was a
dictatorship ofbourgeoisie because thisclass exploited the
proletariat.
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
41/44
Marx: what did he propose?
Marx thought that History is always a class strugglebetween the dominant class and the dominated class; athis time this meant between the bourgeoisise and
proletariat. The only way to change this society wouldbe a revolution.
The revolution would lead to a socialist society throughthe dictatorship of the proletariat.
The final step would be a classless society or acommunist society with equal opportunities foreverybody.
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
42/44
Anarchism
The main thinkers were Kropotkin,Bakunin and Proudhon.
Individual freedom, rejection of alltypes of authority, free association
in which society would organisefrom bottom up.
They dont participate in politicallife.
The most radical anarchists usedterrorism and violent methods.
Other groups created unions inorder to improve working
conditions.
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
43/44
Marxism and Anarchism
against
Capitalismand
bourgeoisiepower
marxism anarquismo
-
8/13/2019 Industrial Revolution Class
44/44
Communist and Socialists parties
1864, London. Meeting of European and USrepresentatives. They formed The first International,the main leader was Marx but he didnt agree with
Bakunin and the anarchists who were expeled. 1889, Paris, Second International. The marxists were
divided between Communist(they just wanted therevolution and no political participation in parliaments),and Socialists :while they were waiting for the revolutionthey participated in Parliaments and they acheivedmany improvements in working conditions.