Industrial Revolution

Main IdeasMain Ideas

• Coal and steam replaced wind and Coal and steam replaced wind and water as new sources of energy and water as new sources of energy and power.power.

• Cities grew as people moved from the Cities grew as people moved from the country to work in factories.country to work in factories.

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution…

• was a long, slow, uneven process in which production shifted from simple hand tools made and used by an individual to complex machines run by many people.

• The rural way of life began to disappear.

• Travelers moved rapidly between countries and continent

• Country villages grew into towns and cities.

• People bought goods in stores and lived in crowded apartment buildings.

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution• What was the Industrial Revolution?What was the Industrial Revolution?

••Innovations in agriculture and industry Innovations in agriculture and industry lead to changes in economies of Europe lead to changes in economies of Europe and the United States. and the United States.

• Emergence of urban industrial Emergence of urban industrial economies.economies.

• Power-driven machinery replaced work Power-driven machinery replaced work done in the homes.done in the homes.

Before the Industrial RevolutionBefore the Industrial Revolution

• Before the Industrial Before the Industrial Revolution = people Revolution = people lived on farms, hand lived on farms, hand crafted goods were crafted goods were made at home, power made at home, power supplied by humans supplied by humans and animals – and animals – AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL LIFESTYLELIFESTYLE

• First, agricultural practices changed.First, agricultural practices changed.• Second, with more food, the population Second, with more food, the population

grew.grew.• Third, Britain had a ready supply ofThird, Britain had a ready supply ofmoney.money.• Fourth, natural resources were plentifulFourth, natural resources were plentifulin Britain.in Britain.

Why Was Britain the Starting Point for the Why Was Britain the Starting Point for the Industrial Revolution?Industrial Revolution?

•Britain had large supplies of coal and iron, as well as a large labor supply.

•Britain had plenty of skilled mechanics who were eager to meet the growing demand for new, practical inventions.

Manchester, England 1750

Great Britain Industrial

Leader• Laws were passed

restricting people from taking inventions and machinery to other countries.

• Samuel Slater smuggled idea of “spinning wheel” to the United States from Great Britain. He is considered to be the “father of American Manufacturing

Slater’s Mill - 1793

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionEarly Changes Spawned a Revolution…

•Private lands were fenced off to prevent cattle from grazing on public and private lands. “enclosure movement.”

•By tradition some lands and privileges were share by all.

The Enclosure Movement

• The enclosure movement forcedThe enclosure movement forcedmany peasants to move to town to workmany peasants to move to town to workin new factories.in new factories.

New methods of crop-rotation were developed and different mixes of soils were experimented with.

“Enclosed” Lands Today

The Industrial Revolution was made possible by:

•an agricultural revolution

•a population explosion

•the development of new technology.

The Agricultural Revolution

Meanwhile, rich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure movement, the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers. As millions of acres were enclosed, farm output rose.

Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

Enabled farmers to plant seeds in orderly rows instead of scattering.

• The Population ExplosionThe Population ExplosionThe agricultural The agricultural revolution contributed to a rapid growth of revolution contributed to a rapid growth of population that continues today. The population population that continues today. The population boom of the 1700s was due more to declining boom of the 1700s was due more to declining death rates than to rising birthrates. death rates than to rising birthrates.

• The agricultural revolution reduced the risk The agricultural revolution reduced the risk of of famine. famine.

• Because they ate better, women were Because they ate better, women were healthier and had healthier and had stronger babies. stronger babies.

• In the 1800s, better hygiene and sanitation, In the 1800s, better hygiene and sanitation, along along with improved medical care, further with improved medical care, further limited deaths limited deaths from disease.from disease.

New Technology•The quest for knowledge and learning led to the Scientific Revolution during the Renaissance. These new inventions are a result of society being willing to accept new ways of thinking.

Especially if it was profitable!

•New sources of energy, along with new materials, enabled business owners to change the way work was done.

New TechnologyNew Technology

• AN ENERGY REVOLUTION AN ENERGY REVOLUTION During the During the 18th and 19th centuries, people began 18th and 19th centuries, people began to harness new sources of energy. to harness new sources of energy.

• Water = Steam Coal = run the Water = Steam Coal = run the factories and heat iron into steel. A factories and heat iron into steel. A material needed for construction of material needed for construction of machines, steam engines and machines, steam engines and eventually skyscrapers eventually skyscrapers

• Electrical Power = Batteries & Lights Electrical Power = Batteries & Lights • Fossil Fuels = Gasoline & Natural GasFossil Fuels = Gasoline & Natural Gas

Changes in Cotton ProductionChanges in Cotton Production• In 1700’s, Great Britain In 1700’s, Great Britain

had surged had surged ahead in the production ahead in the production

of cotton goods.of cotton goods.• The two step process The two step process

of spinning andof spinning andweaving had been done weaving had been done

by individualsby individualsin their homes, a in their homes, a

production methodproduction methodcalled cottage industry.called cottage industry.

Changes in Cotton ProductionChanges in Cotton Production

• A series of inventions made both A series of inventions made both spinning and weaving faster.spinning and weaving faster.• First, the inventionFirst, the inventionof the “Flying shuttle”of the “Flying shuttle”made weavingmade weavingfaster.faster.

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”


• James James Hargreaves Hargreaves invented the invented the spinningspinning

jenny, which jenny, which made the made the spinning spinning process much process much faster.faster.

James Hargreaves’ “spinning jenny”

1764

Enabled one person to spin 6 to 7 threads at a time.


• The cotton industry The cotton industry became more became more productive after productive after James Watt improved James Watt improved the steam engine so it the steam engine so it could drive machinery.could drive machinery.

• Steam power was Steam power was used to spin and used to spin and weave cotton.weave cotton.

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Coal and Iron IndustriesCoal and Iron Industries• The steam engine The steam engine

drove Britain’s drove Britain’s Industrial Revolution, Industrial Revolution, and it ran on coal.and it ran on coal.

• Coal transformed the Coal transformed the iron industry.iron industry.

• Using the process Using the process developed by Henry developed by Henry Cort called puddling, Cort called puddling, industry produced a industry produced a better quality of ironbetter quality of iron

Richard Arkwright’s

Water Frame 1768

Spinning machine that ran continuously on water power

Flying Spinning Frame

•Introduced by Richard Arkwright in 1769, the flyer spinning frame (also called the throstle or roll-drawing machine) reflects the move toward automation that characterized the Industrial Revolution. The machine is powered by the drive wheel at the bottom, drawing out the fiber into thread, then twisting it as it is wound onto the bobbins.


050

100150200250300350400

1760 1787 1840

raw cotton

George Stephenson’s

Steam Locomotive

The English inventors George and Robert Stephenson, the famous father and son who pioneered the steam railway. George built one or the first steam locomotives.

RailroadsRailroads

• Since they were efficient way to Since they were efficient way to move resources and goods, railroads move resources and goods, railroads were crucial to the Industrial were crucial to the Industrial Revolution.Revolution.

• The The rocket rocket was used on the first was used on the first public railway line.public railway line.

• The The rocketrocket pulled a 40-ton train at 16 pulled a 40-ton train at 16 miles per hour.miles per hour.

RailroadsRailroads

• Within 20 years trains were going 50 Within 20 years trains were going 50 miles per hour.miles per hour.

• Building railroads was a new job for farm Building railroads was a new job for farm laborers and peasants.laborers and peasants.

• The less expensive transportation The less expensive transportation lowered the price of goods and made for lowered the price of goods and made for larger markets.larger markets.

RailroadsRailroads

Edmund Cartwright’sPower Loom 1787

A loom that ran on horse, water, or steam power. Created a market for cotton.

Eli WhitneyCotton Gin,

1793

•Cotton is one of the most important and versatile fibers used in industry today, but until the invention of the cotton gin in 1793, mass production of the crop was too difficult and time consuming to be profitable.

Eli WhitneyCotton Gin, 1793

•The cotton gin enabled one person to do the work previously done by 50 hand-pickers. The design remains virtually unchanged to the present day.

Robert Fulton

•A talented artist and developer of naval warfare tools, Robert Fulton is best known for designing the first commercially successful steamboat, the Clermont.

Robert Fulton

•Launched in 1807, the Clermont became an immediate success when it made the trip from New York City to Albany in one-third the time required to sail that distance.

•Important also to the transportation of goods and people.

• Britain became the world’s greatest Britain became the world’s greatest industrial nation.industrial nation.

• The Industrial Revolution hit the United The Industrial Revolution hit the United States.States.

• From 1800 to 1860 the population grew From 1800 to 1860 the population grew from 5 to 30 million people, and a from 5 to 30 million people, and a number of large cities developed.number of large cities developed.

• The railroad turned the United States The railroad turned the United States into a massive market.into a massive market.

• Labor came from the farm population. Labor came from the farm population. Many factories used women and the Many factories used women and the entire family to work in these factories.entire family to work in these factories.

Social Impact in EuropeSocial Impact in Europe

• The Industrial Revolution spurred The Industrial Revolution spurred the growth of cities and created two the growth of cities and created two new social classes.new social classes.

1.1. The Industrial middle classThe Industrial middle class2.2. The Industrial working classThe Industrial working class


• 1750 population of Europe = 140 million1750 population of Europe = 140 million• 1850 population of Europe = 266 million1850 population of Europe = 266 million• The chief reason was a decline in death The chief reason was a decline in death

from diseases.from diseases.• Many inhabitants of these rapidly Many inhabitants of these rapidly

growing cities lived in miserable growing cities lived in miserable conditions.conditions.

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

The Emergence of Factories

•Increased productivity required larger work facilities.

•Workers and machines moved into factories needed to be under one roof.

•Increased need for power existed to increase efficiency and production.

The Emergence of Factories

• By 1913 assembly line at the Ford plant; product totally assembled piece by piece!

Working the “line” year after year…

1890 Edison Factory – “Talking Dolls”

Ford Engine Assembling early 1910

Ford Plant 1957

Working the “line” year after Working the “line” year after year…year…

• What conclusions do you discover What conclusions do you discover from your assembly line or domestic from your assembly line or domestic system experience? system experience?

• Speed vs. Quality Speed vs. Quality • Task Skill vs. Whole Process -Task Skill vs. Whole Process -

Worker Knows One Skill Worker Knows One Skill • Domestic vs. Factory Costs -Domestic vs. Factory Costs -

Domestic Costs MoreDomestic Costs More

Quality and Quantity •As the illustration

shows, one person performing all five steps in the manufacture of a product can make one unit in a day.

•Five workers, each specializing in one of the five steps, can make 10 units in the same amount of time.

The Factory System

The heart of the new industrial city was the factory. There, the technology of the machine age imposed a harsh new way of life on workers. Workers hated the clock.

WHY?

The Factory System •Working hours were long, sometimes 12 to 16 hours a day.

•Workers suffered injuries from unsafe machines.

•Workers were exposed to other dangers, such as breathing coal dust in the mines or lint in the textile factories.

•If a worker was sick or injured, they would lose their job.

The Factory System •Factory jobs took women out of their homes for 12 hours or more a day.

•Factories and mines employed children as young as five years old. Employers often hired orphans.

•Division of labor, each worker did a specialized task.

How would you feel

after a day’s work?

The Factory System

Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day. Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”


• In Britain women and children made In Britain women and children made up 2/3 of the cotton industry’s up 2/3 of the cotton industry’s workforce.workforce.

• The Factory Act of 1833 = set 9 as The Factory Act of 1833 = set 9 as the minimum age to workthe minimum age to work

Employment of Women

•During the 18th as the Industrial Revolution developed.Goods that had been produced by hand in the home were manufactured by machine in factories.

English Seamstresses - Their Voice

Employment of Women

•Women competed more with men for some jobs, but were concentrated primarily in textile mills and clothing factories.

Women’s Dress Reform & Industry

Rational Dress Reform - From America with love...

Hope Webbing Company - 1918

The Laborers•People faced a very strict schedule by working in factories and mills. They worked long hard hours and did not get paid very much.

•Women were preferred over men because they were thought to have the ability to adapt easily to machines.

The Laborers•Children were hired because they are nimble-fingered and quick-moving.

•Parents approved of the idea of child labor because in times past they helped with the farming

The Working Class and the New The Working Class and the New Middle ClassMiddle Class

Working Class• Farm families felt lost

when they moved to the cities but, in time, they developed their own sense of community.

• Many found comfort in the Methodist Church, which promised a better life to come.

• Workers protesting low pay and harsh working conditions were met with repression.

MIDDLE CLASS • Entrepreneurs benefited

most from the Industrial Revolution.

• Families lived in nice homes and ate and dressed well.

• Women were encouraged to become “ladies.”

• People valued hard work and the determination to “get ahead.”

• Many believed the poor were responsible for their own misery.

Guglielmo Marconi

Pontecchio, Italy, In this small town in 1895, a young and almost unknown inventor named Guglielmo Marconi and a farm worker from a local villa were discussing the timing of a rifle shot.

Guglielmo MarconiGuglielmo Marconi • Two kilometers away from the men stood Two kilometers away from the men stood

a bizarre apparatus that was supposed to a bizarre apparatus that was supposed to transmit electric pulses through an transmit electric pulses through an antenna made from a long cable. Next to antenna made from a long cable. Next to the farmer, an equally bizarre device was the farmer, an equally bizarre device was to receive those pulses. Guglielmo told to receive those pulses. Guglielmo told the farmer to watch the nearer machine the farmer to watch the nearer machine and shoot his rifle if it received any and shoot his rifle if it received any signals. The test began, the signals were signals. The test began, the signals were sent and the farmer fired his rifle, a sent and the farmer fired his rifle, a successful transmission had been successful transmission had been achieved.achieved.

Wireless Trans-Atlantic Transmission – The Radio is Born!

"It was shortly after midday on December 12th 1901 that I placed the single ear phone to my ear and started listening. The receiver on the table in front of me was very crude with few coils, no valves, no amplifiers, not even a crystal!"

Wireless Trans-Atlantic Transmission – The Radio is Born!

Those are the words of Italian inventor and electrical engineer Guglielmo Marconi. His receiver may have been crude but without it, modern technology as we enjoy it would not exist. Guglielmo wins the Nobel Prize in 1909!

Alexander

Graham BellThomas Edison

Horseless Carriage•The original “horseless carriage” was introduced in 1893 by brothers Charles and Frank Duryea. It was America’s first internal-combustion motor car, and was followed by Henry Ford’s first experimental car that same year.

Henry Ford’s Model TIt has never been proven that Henry Ford ever said, "You can paint

it any color...," but the phrase has survived for 3/4 of a century and does indicate something about America's beloved Model T: its "steadfastness," its enduring and endearing "sameness." The first production Model T Ford was assembled at the Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit on October 1, 1908. Over the next 19 years, Ford would build 15,000,000 automobiles with the Model "T" engine, the longest run of any single model apart from the Volkswagen Beetle. From 1908-1927, the Model T would endure with little change in its design. Henry Ford had succeeded in his quest to build a car for the masses.

Henry Ford’s Model TWith the development of

the sturdy, low-priced Model T in 1908, Henry Ford made his company the biggest in the industry. By 1913, the moving assembly line enabled Ford to produce far more cars than any other company. The Model T and mass production made Ford an international celebrity.

Because of the amazing run of this model, we decided not to focus on just one year of the "T." Instead, the selected materials will follow the automobile through its entire production.

The Wright Brothers

•The Wright brothers created a motorized aircraft in 1903 and flew it from Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Wright Flyer Pictures.

Great Minds Produce

Great Results

Marie Curie

Pierre Curie Marie “Madam” Curie -

Researches radioactivity with her husband, Pierre. They share the 1903 Radioactivity - Nobel Prize

1911 Isolates Radium - Noble Prize

Won two Nobel Prizes, no one had ever won two Nobel Prizes before.

Was the Industrial RevolutionWas the Industrial Revolution a Blessing or a Curse? a Blessing or a Curse?

The Industrial Revolution created social problems: The Industrial Revolution created social problems: • Low pay Low pay • Unemployment Unemployment • Dismal living conditions Dismal living conditions • Pollution Pollution • Focused on the wants of society; not the needs Focused on the wants of society; not the needs The Industrial Revolution brought material benefits: The Industrial Revolution brought material benefits: • The increasing demand for mass-produced goods led The increasing demand for mass-produced goods led

to the creation of more jobs. to the creation of more jobs. • Wages rose; standard of living increases of many. Wages rose; standard of living increases of many. • Travel times cut! Travel times cut! • Opportunities increased; social mobility. What is it?Opportunities increased; social mobility. What is it?

Industrialization Spreads Impacts on the World

Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Give three examples of the effects of industrialization on the world.

Worldwide Effects

Strengthened economic ties

between countries

Widened gap between industrialized and non-industrialized countries

Promoted colonization

“Laissez-faire” and Capitalism•In his famous treatise, The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argued that private competition free from regulation produces and distributes wealth better than government-regulated markets. •Since 1776, when Smith produced his work, his argument has been used to justify capitalism and discourage government intervention in trade and exchange.

Adam Smith

“Laissez-faire” and CapitalismREVIEW:

French for “let things alone, in economics, policy of domestic nonintervention by government in individual or industrial monetary affairs. The doctrine favors capitalist self-interest, competition, and natural consumer preferences as forces leading to optimal prosperity and freedom. It arose in the late 18th century as a strong liberal reaction to trade taxation also known as mercantilism.

Adam Smith

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Karl Marx, along with Friedrich Engels, defined communism. –In the Communist Manifesto, which they wrote and published themselves in London in 1848, Marx and Engels portrayed the natural evolution of a communist utopia from capitalism.

Karl Marx and Friedrich EngelsKarl Marx and Friedrich Engels

– In In Das KapitalDas Kapital, Marx explained that , Marx explained that objects have value only in so far as objects have value only in so far as human labor is used to make them. human labor is used to make them.

– In Marx’s conception of utopia, In Marx’s conception of utopia, communism, there is no capitalism communism, there is no capitalism and no state, just a working society in and no state, just a working society in which all give according to their which all give according to their means and take according to their means and take according to their needs.needs.

Karl Marx and “Scientific Socialism”

Karl Marx outlined a new economic theory:

1.The entire course of history was a class struggle between the “haves” and the “have-nots.”

2. The modern class struggle pitted the bourgeoisie against the proletariat, or working class.

Karl Marx and “Scientific Socialism”

3.In the end, the proletariat would take control of the means of production and set up a classless, communist society. In such a society, wealth and power would be equally shared.

4. Despite a number of weaknesses, Marx’s theory had a wide influence on industrial Europe.

Industrial Revolution

Documents

Transcript of Industrial Revolution