Industrial Revolution
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Industrial Revolution Chapter 9
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Industrial Revolution. Chapter 9. Industrial Revolution. A major change in the methods of production by using machines Began in England in mid 1700’s Prior to the mid 1700’s most goods were produced by hand, but majority of people were farmers - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Chapter 9
Industrial Revolution• A major change in the methods of production by
using machines• Began in England in mid 1700’s• Prior to the mid 1700’s most goods were
produced by hand, but majority of people were farmers
• Major changes in agriculture (Agr. Rev.) that will spur the foundations for the Ind. Rev.
Industrial Revolution• Farmers of Gr. Britain started enclosure
movement: fencing off large pastures• Effects of enclosure movement: 1st large tracts of
land added with new farm tools and techniques enabled farmers to produce more 2nd effect forcing out of the small farmers who were often forced to move to cities for work
Industrial Revolution• As food supplies increased and living conditions
improved, England’s population mushroomed.• Side effect of this—overcrowded cities and
increase of the slums
Why did I.R. begin in England?• Large population of potential workers• Abundance of natural resources (water, coal,
iron ore, rivers and harbors)• Expanding economy to support industrialization• Political stability
Factors of Production• Britain had all the necessary factors of
production (resources needed to produce goods and services)
• 1. Land 5. Gov’t Support• 2. Labor• 3. Capital• 4. Management
Industrial Revolution• Mechanization: introduction of machines• Domestic System—AKA Cottage Industry: refers
to goods produced by hands in the home• 1st to be mechanized: textile industry; machines
were quite large, the home could not handle these large machines
• Factory System emerged: goods produced by machines in a factory
Industrial Revolution• By the 1800s there was an explosion of
inventions/innovations• Invention: something new• Innovation: an advanced version or improvement
Innovations• Henry Bessemer and James Kelly=Bessemer
Process• Cheaper process for making stronger steel
• James Watt• modern steam engine
• Eli Whitney• Interchangeable parts
and Cotton Gin
• Alexander Graham Bell• Telephone
• Guglielmo Marconi • Wireless telegraph (ship
to shore communication)
• Michael Faraday • Electricity/electric
generator
• Thomas Edison • Light bulb (2 days)
• Wright Brothers• First sustained flight (12
seconds) 120 feet Kitty Hawk, NC 1903
• Henry Ford• Assembly Line• The assembly line
radically changed production by speeding up the process
• Each worker was given a specific task=division of labor
What would speed up the assembly process?• Mass production: large amounts of identical
products to be produced in a short period of time=lower price
• When assembly line applied to automobile production in early 1900’s it drastically lowered price—this will enable many people to own a car and society was forever changed!
Medicine and Science• Louis Pasteur• Discovered process of
bacteria reproduction• Developed
pasteurization which heated liquids to kill bacteria and prevent fermentation
Medicine and Science• Edward Jenner• Principle of
inoculation/vaccination • Smallpox!!!
Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution• IR caused large shift in population from rural to
urban• Urbanization: movement of people to the cities
Social Effects cont…• Growth of population caused overcrowding living
areas• These slum apartments were called tenements• Living Conditions:• No building codes, no sanitary codes, no police• 6-12 people in one bedroom apartment (fleas,
fires, etc.)
Social Effects cont…• Life Span—17 yrs working class;38 yrs rural• 14 hrs/day 6 days a week avg work week• Dangerous working conditions• Coal mines were most dangerous (used women
and children and avg life span was 10 yrs less)
Social Effects cont…• Noticeable distinctions against the middle class:
(merchants and factory owners)• Suburbs, different clothing, hired help• Education for their children
Positive Effects of IR• Created jobs and wealth• Progress• Raised the standards of living (healthier diets,
better housing, cheaper clothing)
Economic Systems• As the gap btwn the wealthy and the poor
widened there were several critics of the economic systems and political systems that fostered these conditions
Capitalism• Economic system in which the private individuals
invest money in business ventures in hopes of making a profit
• Democratic governments offer:• Free enterprise (the right of people to own a
business for profit)• Laissez-faire (non-interference)
Capitalism—Adam Smith• Adam Smith supported the free markets of
capitalism because he said the economy and cycles of business naturally regulate itself with two laws:
• 1. Law of supply and demand (regulate price)• 2. Law of competition (regulate quality)
Capitalism• Biggest Complaint:
• Workers do all of the work (exploitation)• Owners receive the profit
• Smith’s Support• Everyone has the ability to succeed
Socialism• Economic system where individuals have the
right to control the factors of production but the government owns the major industries for the welfare of all
• Some free enterprise• Also driven by concept of utilitarianism• Government actions are useful only if they promote
the greatest good for the greatest number of people• Some invention
Communism• A radical form of socialism introduced by Karl
Marx (father of modern communism)• Economic/Political system where the
government has total control over the economy—all government planning (command economy)
Communism cont…• Marx argued that there would be a struggle btwn
the bourgeoisie (employers) and the proletariat (workers)
• Eventually the workers would take over and share the wealth—no need for government (pure communism)
Economic Systems cont…• Capitalism never collapsed mainly due to the
reform movement• Growth of unions (workers join together in
voluntary associations to bargain for better working conditions)
• Unions would engage in collective bargaining (negotiation process)
• Strikes—refusal to work
Reform Laws• Factory Act: no children under 9
• 9-12 years old = 8 hour workday• 13-17 years old = 12 hour workday
• Mines Act: no women and children underground• Ten Hours Act: women and children in factories = ten hour
workday• In the US = National Child Labor Committee to end child labor
