Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution

► The The Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution was the was the major shift of major shift of technologicaltechnological, , socioeconomicsocioeconomic and and culturalcultural conditions conditions in the late 18th and in the late 18th and early 19th century early 19th century that began in that began in BritainBritain and spread and spread throughout the throughout the world. world.

A Watt steam engine in Madrid. The development of the steam engine propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain. The steam engine was created to pump water from coal mines, enabling them to be deepened beyond groundwater levels.

AffectAffect

►The effects spread throughout The effects spread throughout Western EuropeWestern Europe and and North AmericaNorth America during the 19th century, eventually during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world. affecting most of the world.

► During that time, an economy based on manual labor was replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery.

The first major technological innovation was the cotton gin.

The first innovation in cotton manufacture was the fly-shuttle, which greatly speeded up the process of weaving cotton threads into cloth.

►While the spinning jenny is While the spinning jenny is frequently pointed to as the first, frequently pointed to as the first, major technological innovation of major technological innovation of the industrial revolution, the the industrial revolution, the invention that really drove the invention that really drove the revolution in the eighteenth revolution in the eighteenth century was invented several century was invented several decades earlier: the steam engine. decades earlier: the steam engine. Along with the growth in the Along with the growth in the cotton industry, the steel industry cotton industry, the steel industry began to grow by leaps and began to grow by leaps and bounds. This was largely due to a bounds. This was largely due to a quirk in English geography: quirk in English geography: England sits on vast quantities of England sits on vast quantities of coal, a carbon based mineral coal, a carbon based mineral derived from ancient life forms.derived from ancient life forms.   

►Coal burns better and more Coal burns better and more efficiently than wood and, if you efficiently than wood and, if you have lots of coal, its infinitely have lots of coal, its infinitely cheaper. The English figured out cheaper. The English figured out that they could substitute coal for that they could substitute coal for wood in the melting of metals, wood in the melting of metals, including iron, and blissfully went including iron, and blissfully went about tearing coal from the about tearing coal from the ground while manufacturers in ground while manufacturers in Europe looked on jealously. Europe looked on jealously.

►     Mining coal, however, was not an Mining coal, however, was not an easy task. As you drew more and more easy task. As you drew more and more coal out of the ground, you had to coal out of the ground, you had to mine deeper and deeper. The deeper mine deeper and deeper. The deeper the mine, the more it fills with water. the mine, the more it fills with water. In 1712, Thomas Newcomen built a In 1712, Thomas Newcomen built a simple steam engine that pumped simple steam engine that pumped water from the mines. It was a single water from the mines. It was a single piston engine, and so it used vast piston engine, and so it used vast amounts of energy. amounts of energy.

► Until a Scotsman named James Watt added a Until a Scotsman named James Watt added a separate cooling chamber to the machine in separate cooling chamber to the machine in 1763; this cooling chamber condensed the 1763; this cooling chamber condensed the steam so the cylinder itself didn't have to be steam so the cylinder itself didn't have to be cooled. Patented in 1769, Watt's steam cooled. Patented in 1769, Watt's steam engine had the efficiency to be applied to all engine had the efficiency to be applied to all kinds of industries. He was not, however, kinds of industries. He was not, however, good at doing business and it was only when good at doing business and it was only when he had teamed up with the businessman, he had teamed up with the businessman, Matthew Boulton, that the steam engine Matthew Boulton, that the steam engine began to change the face of English began to change the face of English manufacture. By 1800, Watt and Boulton sold manufacture. By 1800, Watt and Boulton sold 289 of these new engines; by the middle of 289 of these new engines; by the middle of the next century, the steam engine replaced the next century, the steam engine replaced water as the major source of motive power in water as the major source of motive power in England and Europe. England and Europe.

How it Began?How it Began?► The Continental movement and the The Continental movement and the

British Agricultural RevolutionBritish Agricultural Revolution made food made food production more efficient and less labor-production more efficient and less labor-intensive, encouraging the surplus intensive, encouraging the surplus population who could no longer find population who could no longer find employment in employment in agricultureagriculture into into cottage industrycottage industry, for example , for example weavingweaving, and , and in the longer term into the cities and the in the longer term into the cities and the newly-developed newly-developed factoriesfactories. The . The colonial expansioncolonial expansion of the 17th century with of the 17th century with the accompanying development of the accompanying development of international international tradetrade, creation of , creation of financial marketsfinancial markets and accumulation of and accumulation of capitalcapital are also cited as factors. are also cited as factors.

►The presence of a large domestic The presence of a large domestic market should also be considered an market should also be considered an important driver of the Industrial important driver of the Industrial Revolution, particularly explaining why Revolution, particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain. In other nations, it occurred in Britain. In other nations, such as such as FranceFrance, markets were split up , markets were split up by local regions, which often imposed by local regions, which often imposed tolls and tolls and tariffstariffs on goods traded on goods traded amongst them.amongst them.