Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics · Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics Unit 1 Introduction...

© Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University

Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics

Unit 1

Introduction to Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics

Fall Winter 2016/2017

Dr.-Ing. Dr. rer. medic. Dipl.-Inform. Alexander Mertens

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Christopher M. Schlick

Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics

RWTH Aachen University

Bergdriesch 27

52062 Aachen

phone: 0241 80 99 494

email: [email protected]

1 - 2 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University

Timings: Monday, 10:15 – 11:45 a.m. (Lecture)*

Tuesday 16:15 – 17:45 p.m. (Exercise) *

Start: Lecture: 17.10.2016

Exercise: 25.10.2016

Venue: Lecture and Exercise: 1820|208 (Fo5), Kármán Auditorium,

Eilfschornsteinstraße 15

Organiser: Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics of

RWTH Aachen

Lecturer: Dr.-Ing. Dr. rer. medic. Dipl.-Inform. Alexander Mertens

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Christopher M. Schlick

Contact: M.Sc. Christina Bröhl, Tel.: 0241 / 80 99434

E-Mail: [email protected]

Language of Instruction: English

Further Information: http://www.iaw.rwth-aachen.de


*) No courses in calender weeks 44, 50, 52 and 1

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1. Lecture Notes:

Lecture notes and exercises (solutions can be found online after classes) are available in the L2P-Class room: www.elearning.rwth-aachen.de Further information:

http://www.iaw.rwth-aachen.de Studies Courses

2. Textbook Industrial Engineering and

Ergonomics:

German Title: “Lehrbuch Arbeitswissenschaft”:

Schlick, C.; Bruder, R.; Luczak, H.:

Arbeitswissenschaft.

3. Auflage Springer-Verlag, 2010

Lecture Notes


http://www.elearning.rwth-aachen.de/








Prüfung

Exam March, 4th 2017

Exam registration Campus/ ZPA (central examination office)

Contact person questions

concering exam

M.Sc. Markus Harlacher and

Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Julia Czerniak

(E-Mail: [email protected])

Updated Information L2P

IAW-Homepage – iaw.rwth-aachen.de

mailto:[email protected]




L2P-Classroom on the lecture

Content: • Slides concerning all lecture items

• Exercises incl. sample solutions subsequent to

the session

Access: www.elearning.rwth-aachen.de

Registration: Registration for the lecture via CampusOffice

Login Data: TIM-code

(Questions will be answered at the RZ-

ServiceDesk inside the SuperC )


Certification DIN ISO 9001:2000 (process oriented)

Teaching as a “service“ for students

IAW as an open house – consultation hours any time

Topical consultations in the afternoon, subsequent to every lesson or by

arrangement

Teaching material

own set of notes / supplementation of the lecture notes about

professorial commentary; lecture tasks and solutions

textbook for self-study available in the library and on the internet

collection of examination questions of the short past

“complaints/suggestion box“ on the Internet: For either positive or negative

feedback concerning the teachings

Online feedback:

http://www.iaw.rwth-aachen.de/index.php?article_id=49&clang=0

Quality of the teachings


Overview

Introduction to industrial engineering and ergonomics

Topics of the lecture course

Trends and challenges in the fields of

industrial engineering and ergonomics

1

2

3



STRATEGY MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL/

EMPLOYEES

Sales

Customer

Service

Distribution

Procurement

Purchase

and

Inventory

Service Maintenance

Logistics

Quality Management Order Control

Recycling

Information

systems

Accounting

Controlling

Product

develop-

ment

Process

develop-

ment

Work

planning

Production

and

Assembly

Marketing

Program strategy

Sales market

Output Products, Services …

Input: primarily intermediate products, components, modules, systems,, raw materials, auxiliary and operating supplies…

Repetive factors

Potential factors

Input: services, personnel …

Procurement market



LE 7: Work ecology LE 6: Occupational risk prevention

LE 9, 10: Ergonomic design

LE 8: Production Ergonomics

STRATEGY MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL/

EMPLOYEES

Sales

Customer

Service

Distribution

Procurement

Purchase

and

Inventory

Service Maintenance

Logistics

Quality Management Order Control

Recycling

Information

systems

Accounting

Controlling

Product

develop-

ment

Process

develop-

ment

Work

planning

Production

and

Assembly

LE 3: Modeling und optimizing working processes (workflows)

Marketing

Program strategy

LE 4: Analysis of the time structure of work processes

LE 12: Remuneration and motivation

LE 5: Modeling and optimization manual work processes with MTM

Sales market

Output Products, Services …

Input: primarily intermediate products, components, modules, systems,, raw materials, auxiliary and operating supplies…

Repetive factors

Potential factors

Input: services, personnel …

Procurement market

LE 2: Work organization

LE 11: Computer and office work


1

Overview



Trends and challenges in the fields of industrial

engineering and ergonomics

2

3


Definition of Work

“Work is what a human does to preserve his own existence and/or the society, as far as

it is accepted and rewarded by society.”

(Rohmert, 1993)

“Work is understood as human activities, by which humans interact with each

other or with technical tools, guided by economical goals producing goods and

services which are either traded/marketed or financed by public subventions/demands

(e.g. taxes)”.

(Stirn, 1980)

What is Work?

Raw materials, supplies, technical tools, work schedules, NC and RC programs

Products and

services

Goals


What is ergonomics? Assessment hierarchy for job design measures according to

Hacker & Sachse

Core definition of ergonomics according to Luczak & Volpert (1987)

Ergonomics deals with the - respectively systematic - analysis and

design of technical, organisational and social conditions of work

processes with the aim that humans in effective and efficient

processes are facing:

Feasible, healthy, impairment-free and tolerable work conditions

outlined by the work tasks

Fulfilled standards of reasonableness and social acceptability

according to the work contents, work task, working environment as

well as remuneration and cooperation, to develop the scope of

actions, to aquire the skills and in cooperation with others to

conserve and develop their personality.

Subject of ergonomics:

Analysis of existing work conditions, goal-oriented synthesis of

acquired knowledge and derivation of design recommendations

* The right of development of personality is a part of the German constitution

= Criteria for assessment level are met

= Criteria for assessment level are not met

assessment level realisation

1. Feasibility

2. Occupational risks

3. Freedom of impairment

4. Development of personality*


Aspects of Humanization vs. Rationalization References to Subject vs. Object

Humanization aspect Rationalization aspect

as production process to be designed efficiently and effectively

Work

as use of physiological and psychological resources to be designed humanely

Work as Organization Object of Humanization or

Rationalization

V1-1 Modern Times


Work system - definition

Definition according to DIN EN ISO 6385:2004

“Ergonomic principles in the design of work systems“

(A work system is a) “System that encompasses the contribution of a single or

several workers/users with work equipment in order to fulfill the function of the

system within a work area and work environment with the prescribed conditions

outlined by the work tasks.”

The fundamental function of a work system is to transform matter (i.e. material),

information or energy from an initial state to the target state.

Examples:

3D laser-welding cells with machine operator

Assembly line including technicians and maintenance staff

Factory planning office with its planners and CAD/CAP systems


Work system structure

Input Output

Defined goal

Disturbance εt, and t

• Information I2 • Energy E2 • Material M2

• Information I2´ • Energy E2´ •Material M2´

• Information I1

• Energy E1

•Material M1

• Information I1´ • Energy E1´ • Material M1´

Environment

Reached goal

Execution System

Planning and Control System

Work result

Work task

Work equipment

Work object


Spatial system boundary

Employee Employee

ut yt

State xt

xt+1

delta operator

xt

Employee Employee

Spatial system boundary


Basic set

Work system WS = {W, T, E, O, S}

Employees: W = {W1, W2, … }

Control: W (C) W

Execution: W (E) W

Work Task: T = {T1, T2 … }

Work Equipment: E = {E1, E2 … }

Work objects: O = {O1, O2 … }

Work spaces: S = {S1, S2,…, S|W|}}

Work forms

Individual work: |W| = 1

Cooperative work: |W| > 1

Distributed work: S1 S2 …=

Consolidated work: S1 S2 …≠

Internal control

(also self regulation): W (C) = W(E)

External control: W(C) W (E) =

Work system – Basic set, Work forms

Defined goal


Reached goal

Execution System


Work result

Work task

Work equipment

Work object


Employee Employee

State xt

xt+1

delta operator

xt

Employee Employee


Work system – Performance assessment

Typical goals:

Productivity, throughput and utilization

Lead time, setup time, waiting time

Material, energy and tool costs

Reliability and job safety

Stress and strain

Directly value-adding work system

(e.g. production cell):

Value(Output) > Value(Input)

Indirectly Value-adding work system

(e.g. Transport):

Value(Output) = Value(Input)

Effective work system: ρ ≈ 1, i.e. ρmin ≤ ρ ≤ ρmax

Efficient work system:

ρmin ≤ ρ ≤ ρmax Value(Input) min

Reliable work system:

P(ρmin ≤ ρ ≤ ρmax) ≥ Vmin

ρ: degree of target achievement

Vmin: minimum demanded

reliability of target achievement

Defined goal


Reached goal

Execution System


Work result

Work task

Work equipment

Work object


Employee Employee

State xt

xt+1

delta operator

xt

Employee Employee


Work systems – Fundamental laws and classification

Fundamental laws

W ≠ , otherwise 100% automation and

no work system!

Work process generates information to

improve predictive accuracy and reduce

entropy, and thereby converts energy:

E1 > 0 E2 > 0

Limited reliability:

P(ρ min ≤ ρ ≤ ρ max) < 1

Conservation of mass:

mtot = mS + m - m´

Conservation of energy:

Etot = US + Ekin + Epot + E1 + E2 - E1´ - E2´

Work system classification

Material work system (production system): xt+1 = f(xt, ut) + ℰt and yt = g(xt, ut) + t

Immaterial work system (service system): xt+1 = h(xt, ut) + ℰt and yt = k(xt, ut) + t

Mechanized work system: When E2 contains technically generated energy forms

Automated work system: When mechanized and I1 or I2 contains technically generated information


Work systems – Example: assembly of door module

Reached goal Assembled door module

Input

Information I1

Mechanical

drawing, cycle

time

Material M1

Door-Mock-up

Energy E1

Working energy

Information I2

Assembly plan

Material M2

Window

regulators, locks,

attaching parts,

loudspeakers, etc.

Energy E2

Working energy,

energy to run work

equipment

Output Information I1´

Assembly plan,

orders

Material M1´

Demo-model for

assembler

Energy E1´

Heat

Information I2´ Partial

completion

alerts, QM

system alerts

Material M´ Assembled door

module

Energy E2´ Heat

Defined goal Assemble door module


Assembly planning system

Planning of the assembly line

Planning the work flow with MTM

Planning material staging and logistics

Assembly results Assembly tasks

Environment

Cycle 1 Cycle 2


Cycle n

Execution System

Employee 1

Work equipment 1 Apparatus,

clamping devices

Work object 1 Functional carrier

plate; attach. parts

Employee 2

Work equipment 2 Screwdriver,

Device

Work object 2 Window regulator,

attaching parts

AP n

AM n

AO n

ut

yt

Work space

Process planner Logistics planner

State xt

V1 door module

Work space

../Zusatzmaterial/Modern Times.avi

1 - 20 © Lehrstuhl und Institut für Arbeitswissenschaft, RWTH Aachen

Constructor theory:

Constructor theory seeks to express all fundamental scientific theories in terms of a dichotomy between

possible and impossible physical transformations:

those that can be caused to happen and those that cannot

Elements of the transformation:

Composition of tasks:

(1) Serial

(2) Parallel

Work system from the viewpoint of

transformation process (I)

Task Ai

Goal, resp. Subgoal

Information Ii´

Output State Material Mi´

Energy Ei´

Information Ii Input State Material Mi

Energy Ei

Employee ν

Planning and Control System v

Work equipment v

Work object

A1 A2 I1, M1, E1

I2, M2, E2

I3, M3, E3

A1

A2

I1, M1, E1 I2, M2, E2

Source: In consideration of Deutsch 2013modeIling from DEF0

v: Boolean or operator


Work system from the viewpoint of

transformation process (II)

Regular network:

A regular network is one in which the legitimate outputs of the task at the beginning of each link are the

legitimate inputs of the task at its end.

Regular network for a work system:

A1 A2 I1, E1

I2, E2

I3, E3

A3 A4 I4, M4, E4

I5, M5, E5 I6, M6, E6

A6 I7, M7, E7

A5

Goal Goal

Employee Λ

Work equipment Λ

Work object

Planning and

Control system

Execution System

Employee Λ

Planning and

Control System

Employee Λ

Planning and

Control System

Subgoal Subgoal Subgoal

goal

Employee Λ

Work equipment Λ

Work object

Employee Λ

Work equipment Λ

Work object

Employee Λ

Work equipment Λ

Work object Source: In consideration of Deutsch 2013modeIling from DEF0

Λ : Boolean and operator


human limits of feasibility

static action forces for diverse directions of the force and different body

postures are given by DIN 33411-3, DIN 33411-5 and the Atlas of Forces

acuity of perception for

Eyes: points: 0.5 - 1 arc min

lines: 1-2 arc min

letter: 5 arc min

Ears: absolute hearing threshold: 20 μPa (pure tone at 1000 Hz)

Skin: absolute threshold of deflection of skin for finger: 10 µm absolute threshold of action force for finger: 0.8 mN

sensorimotor reaction time for

optical stimuli: 220 ms

acoustic stimuli: 160 ms

haptic stimuli: < 100 ms

Sources: Schlick et al. 2010; Kern 2009; BGIA 2009

1700

male

over head

over head

plane of symmetry

of the body

physical performance

steady state power: 100 W

temporary peak power: 1500 W

wavelength range 400 to 720 nm


Work system from the viewpoint of transformation

process on the example of door installation

Create

assembly plan

Information I1

Mechanical

drawing, cycle

time

Energy E1

Working

energy

Material M1

Door-Mock-up

Information I2

Assembly

plan, orders

Energy E2

Heat

Install window

regulator

Install lock

module

Information I3

Assembly plan

Material M3

Window

regulator,

Screws,

Attaching part

Energy E3

Work energy,

Energy to run

work

equipment

Goal Assembled

door module

Employee 1 Λ

Screwdriver, Apparatus, Functional

carrier plate

Planning and

Control System

Execution System

Employee 2 Λ

Screwdriver, Window lifting

mechanism, Functional carrier plate

Process planner Λ

Assembly planning system

Information I4

Partial completion alert,

assembly plan

Material M4

Installed window

regulator

Lock module, Screws

Energie E4

Heat

Work energy, Energy to

run work equipment

Information I5

Partial completion

alert, assembly plan

Material M5

Assembled door

module with window

regulator and lock

module

Energy E5

Heat

Sub-goal Time-,

quantity-,

quality-

specifi-

cation

complied

Cycle 1 Cycle 2

Material M2

Demo-model

for assembler

Sub-goal Time-,

quantity-,

quality-

specifi-

cation

complied

Λ : Boolean and

operator


Stress-Strain Concept–

Analogy to engineering mechanics (acc. to Rohmert)

Total of reactions

of the working

person due to

stress (physical,

physiological,

mental, emotional,

by experience)

Str

ain

External

characteristics of

the work situation

such as task,

environment,

execution

Total of external

causes:

Forces exerted to

component Str

es

s

Ergonomics Mechanics

Tensions inside

the component

resulting from

stress level,

geometry and

material

gering hoch

Beanspruchungstrain

low high

Human (individual

characteristics)

Stress (requirements)


Example of different exposure types

Exposure

types

Examples of

criterias for

evaluation of the

level of exposure

Examples of

Factors of exposure

(qualitative)

Dimension of

exposure

(quantitative)

Modes/types of w

ork

ing

Energetic

exposure Heaviness of a job

Element of motion

e.g. according MTM

Physical quantities,

e.g. weight, force or

kinetic energy

Task-r

ela

ted

Informational

exposure

Difficulty of a job

as well as

accurateness and

speed of

information

processing

Sensory modality

and dynamics of

signal

information content

of displays

Work

ing e

nviron

ment Exposure out of

physical or

chemical

environment

Intensity of an

environmental

effect

Subjective

evaluation, e.g. on

noise or brightness

levels

Physical quantities,

e.g. sound pressure

level or illuminance

Situ

ationa

l

Exposure out of

social environment

Supervisor-

subordinate

relationship

Identification of the

work climate and

job satisfaction

Measures related to

social network

analysis, e.g.

centrality


Source: on the basis of Arrasch u. Müller 1951,

in Lehmann 1983

Example for energetic exposure –

heaviness of physical workload

Source: on the basis of Lehmann 1983

Working pulse rate

=

Rise of the pulse rate

compared to the

quiescent value

The rise of the pulse rate

depends on:

• gender

• age

• personal physiques

• physical condition

The measurement of the

pulse rate or the oxygen

consumption allows a

conclusion about the

metabolic change and

therefore about the

heaviness of physical

workload

Light work (75 W)

Pulse rate during light, non exhausting

work and heavy, exhausting dynamic work

with constant power

Dependency of pulse rate and oxygen

consumption on generated power in

ergometer work for 20 years old people

Heavy work (150 W)

oxygen uptake (l/min)

Pu

lse r

ate

(m

in -

1)

female

male

power (W)

Rise of exhaustion

Quiescent pulse rate

Quiescent pulse rate

Time (min)

Time (min)

pulse rate (1/min)

pulse rate (1/min)

rest work recovery

rest work recovery


Example for a load arising from physical working

environment

50

60

70

80

90

100

100 200 300 400 500 600

Reliability expressed by decrease of

mistakes in %

Illuminance in [Lux] as indicator of ambient light intensity

Stanzen

Bohren

Abisolieren

Zuschneiden

Sägen

Die cutting

Drilling

Skinning

Cutting to size

Sawing

Source: Effect of illuminance on human reliableness at industrial work tasks

(from GALL & VÖLKER 1996)

Effect of illuminance on human reliability:

Higher illuminance

Better conditions of visibility

Lower mental workload

Higher human reliability and

improved performance


1

Overview



Trends and challenges in the fields of

industrial engineering and ergonomics

3

2


Trend II:

Demographic change

(c) Data: Animierte Bevölkerungspyramide zur 10. Koordinierten Bevölkerungsvorausberechnung, Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden 2003

http://www.destatis.de/basis/d/bevoe/bev_svg2.htm

Reasons for increasing population

age:

Too slow population dynamics

influenced by:

Fertility:

Average birth rate and age of the

delivering women

Mortality:

Average life expectancy

Migration:

Relative number of immigrants /

emigrants and their aging structure

Thousand Thousand

Age 50 - 64 Age 35 - 49 Age 20 - 34

Proportion on the population of working age

1) From 2002 estimates of the 10. coordinated population forecast,

Type 5 „average“ population: Average fiction of migration W2

(balance at least 200 000 per year) and average life expectancy L2

(average life expectancy 2050 with 81 and 87 years respectively).


Performance of older working persons

0

100

personality and social systems

0

100 biological systems

0

100 perceptional systems

0

100

cognitive systems

0

100

wisdom and self-awareness

20 40 60 80

adoles- cence

young adults

midlife seniority death birth

Sources: Munnichs 1989 zitiert nach Luczak 1998, Buck und Reif 1997, Frieling et al. 2004

experience and know-how

advanced skills in communication,

organizational and social fields

quality awareness

discipline, reliability

management abilities

...

specific skills of older persons

Development of human performance

Demographic change

Significant aging of working persons

Increasing amount of those over the age of 50


Training ability in the seniority

Already 8 weeks of endurance

training (1h for 3-5 times per

week) improves e.g. the

maximum oxygen admission on

the average around 11%.

Likewise the recuperativeness

of the musculature could be

improved (Suominen et al.,

1977).

By appropriate training the age-related

reduction of the perseverance ability at

the higher age can be retarded

substantially (Weineck, 1988).

Source: R. Bruder 2007


Increase of occuring constraints with advancing age

•45% of the 60 to 65-years-old have health problems

•10% of those problems can be tackled directly through

ergonomic intervention, another 20% of the workers

can be offered an adequate workplace.

•About 15% of the problems are production critical, i.e.,

the employees are no longer able or not fully able to be

employed in assembly due to the inability to lift and

carry haevy weights or to frequently stoop down.

Medical assessment of workforce in

Volkswagen plant Kassel

Estimation of health problems regarding

production work at Audi

• The group „muscles/skeleton“ includes constraints „no

lifting and carrying of heavy weight“,

„no frequent stooping down“, „no frequent standing“

and „seating required“.

• The group „shift“ sums up the constraints „no night

shift“ and „no change shift“.

• 115 activity constraints in the group

55- to 60-years-old imply, that 100 employees of this

group have a total of 115 constraints.

Source: Nöring et al. 2007

health constraints

(without occupational problem)

production relevant

production critical

performance-change by employees according to age

Age


Sanctions by the HRM

• Analysis of company’s personnel

and age structure

• Initiation of generation-spanning

cooperation / tandems

• Advanced recruiting and human

resource development strategies

(e.g. new target groups: women,

older unemployed)

• Prevent employees from longer

periods of excessive stress

• Age-differentiated design of

workplaces

• Human centered automation

• Enhance lifelong competence

and skill development

• Teams of mixed ages for

knowledge and experience

transfer and development

• Establishment of well-balanced

personnel and age structures in

all functions

• Embedded training

• Individualized ergonomic design

of tools and work equipment

• Adaptive human-machine and

human-robot-systems

short-term

measures

long-term

measures


Questions to examine your success in learning

How is work defined?

What is the subject of ergonomics?

What are the objectives of ergonomics?

How can a work system be described systematically?

Which hierarchies for job design measures are

known?

What is the Stress-Strain Concept?

On which levels a work process can take place?

Give examples.

Please give one significant challenge in ergonomics.

Which approaches to problem solving can be

considered?


References

BGI-Report 3/2009: Der montagespezifische Kraftatlas.

Buck, H.; Reif, A. (1997): Innovative industrielle Produktion bei veränderten Alterstrukturen. In: Forum für Demographie und Politik,

Heft 9, S. 159-181.

Deutsch, D. (2013): Constructor Theory. Synthese 190.18. S. 4331-4359.

Frieling, E., Fölsch, T. & Schäfer, E. (2004). Berücksichtigung der Altersstruktur der Bevölkerung in der Arbeitswelt von morgen. In

P. Speck (Hrsg.), Employability – Herausforderungen für die strategische Personalentwicklung. Gabler, Wiesbaden. p. 311-324.

Gall, D.; Völker, S. (1996): Nutzen einer besseren Beleuchtung, Abschlussbericht TU Illmenau, zitiert nach licht wissen. Heft 05

"Industrie und Handwerk".

Hacker, W.; Sachse, P. (2014): Allgemeine Arbeitspsychologie. Psychische Regulation von Tätigkeiten. (3. vollständig überarbeitete

Auflage), Göttingen.

Kern, T. A. (2009): Entwicklung Haptischer Geräte – Ein Einstieg für Ingenieure. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

Laurig, W. (1992): Grundzüge der Ergonomie. Beuth Verlag, Berlin, Köln.

Lehmann, G. (1983): Praktische Arbeitsphysiologie. Zitiert in: Rohmert W., Rutenfranz J. (Hrsg) praktische Arbeitsphysiologie.

Thieme, Stuttgart, New York.

Luczak, H. (1998): Arbeitswissenschaft. 2. Auflage. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

Luczak, H.; Volpert, W. (1987): Arbeitswissenschaft. Kerndefinition - Gegenstandskatalog - Forschungsgebiete. RKW-Verlag,

Eschborn.

Munnichs J. M. (1989): Evaluation and intervention: research on aging. Proceedings of symposium on European Behavioural and

Social Science Research Section. Nijmegen: Department of Social Gerontology, University of Nijmegen.

Nöring, R.; Becker, H.-H.; Deiwiks, J.; Dubian, C.; Sigi, T.; Stork, J.; Stumpf, J. (2007): Bis 67 mit Wohlbefinden arbeiten? In:

Schäfer, E.; Buch, M.; Pahls, I.; Pfitzmann, J.: Arbeitsleben! Arbeitsanalyse - Arbeitsgestaltung - Kompetenzentwicklung. Festschrift

für Ekkehard Frieling. Kassel University Press.

Pack, J., Buck, H., Kistler, E., Mendius, H.G., Morschhäuser, M., Wolff, H. (2000): Zukunftsreport demographischer Wandel:

Innovationsfähigkeit einer alternden Gesellschaft. BMBF.

Rohmert, W. (1984): Das Belastungs-Beanspruchungs-Konzept. In: Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, 38 (4). p. 193-200.

Schlick, C.; Luczak, H.; Bruder, R. (2209): Arbeitswissenschaft. 3. Auflage. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

Stirn, H. (1980): Arbeitswissenschaft. Leske-Verlag, Opladen.

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