Industrial Ecology and its application to Sustainable Production and Consumption
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Transcript of Industrial Ecology and its application to Sustainable Production and Consumption
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
Industrial Ecology and its application to Sustainable Production and ConsumptionUniversity of Warwick, 19th November 2009
Professor Roland Clift
Centre for Environmental Strategy
University of Surrey
President of the International Society for Industrial Ecology
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
Industrial ecology asks us to understand how the industrial system works, how it is regulated, and its interaction with the biosphere; then, on the basis of what we know about ecosystems, to determine how it could be restructured to make it compatible with the way natural ecosystems function.
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
Industrial Ecology is an area of applied research which brings together:
• Engineering• Science• Economics• Behavioural Sciences• etc..etc.
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
E
E E
SUN SUN
WASTE
HUMAN SOCIETY
AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY
DISPERSED EMISSIONS
NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES
E EMISSIONS TO AIR AND WATER
FOODetc.
GOODS&
SERVICES
THE HUMAN ECONOMY
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
EXAMPLE OF AN ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK
The Kalundborg “Eco-Park”
STATOIL
REFINERY
ASNAES POWER
STATION
NOVO
NORDISK
HEAT
HEAT
GAS
GYPSUM
HEAT
FLY ASH
WATER COOLING
WATER STEAM WASTE WATER GAS
WATER
WATER
SLUDGE
GREENHOUSES
KEMIRA
DISTRICT HEATING
GYPROC LAKE TISSØ
FISH
FARMING
FERTILIZER
CEMENT;
ROADS
STEAM
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
WASTE
USE 3etc.
Re-useWASTE
USE 3etc.
Re-processCascade
Re-use
Recycle
RESOURCE
USE 1
Process
Manufacture 1
Extract
Manufacture 2
USE 2 Re-process
Re-process
“METABOLISED”USE OF A MATERIAL
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
Resource
Extraction &Processing Polymerisation Blending &
Forming Use
Disposal
Fuel
Energy Recovery
Chemical Recycling & Pyrolysis
Depolymerisation
Mechanical Recycling
Re-Use
INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY FOR PLASTICS
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
ENVIRONMENTALINTERVENTIONS
ECONOMICSYSTEM
ENVIRONMENT
SERVICES
MATERIALS ANDENERGY
EMISSIONS AND WASTES
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
ACCOUNTING METHODOLOGY FOR EACH MATERIAL STOCK IN MFA
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
STOCKS AND FLOWS (1):
A flow variable is one that has a time dimension or flows over time (like the flow through a stream).
A stock variable is one that measures a quantity at a point in time (like the water in a lake).
Income is a flow: wealth is a stock.
(adapted from “Economics” by Samuelson and Nordhaus).
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
STOCKS AND FLOWS (2):
Material Stock
Removal from
StockStock
Addition to
If stock >> flow x reference time interval
then addition and removal flows
may not be equal
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
Upstreammaterial stock
downstreammaterial stockProcess Process
Recyling*
Reuse**
Disposal
Stock
Export Import
UK Border
(1) (1)(1) (1)
(2) (2)
(3) (3)
reverse flowsforward flows
Re-covery#(3)
(3)
The focal material/product
Scrapexport
Scrapimport
(3) (3)
MATERIAL FLOWS WITH RECOVERY AND RECYCLING
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
SUPPLY CHAIN FOR IRON AND STEEL IN THE UK
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
DISAGGREGATED SYSTEM: FABRICATION, GOODS IN USE, PROMPT SCRAP AND END-OF-LIFE SCRAP
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
UK PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY PRODUCTS (Geyer et al., 2007)
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
CONSUMPTION OF IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY PRODUCTS BY UK FABRICATORS AND MANUFACTURERS (Geyer et al., 2007)
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
IRON AND STEEL CONTAINED IN ALL NEW FINAL GOODS PRODUCED BY UK MANUFACTURERS (Geyer et al., 2007)
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
IRON AND STEEL IN FINISHED GOODS GOING INTO USE IN THE UK BETWEEN 1975 AND 2000
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
MODELLED ARISINGS OF END-OF-LIFE SCRAP AND ACTUAL RECOVERY (YEAR 2001)
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
ALUMINIUM IN FINISHED GOODS GOING INTO USE IN THE UK BETWEEN 1978 AND 2001
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
RECYCLE
RAWMATERIALS
ENERGYCONVERSION
EXTRACTION
MATERIALPURIFICATION
MANUFACTURINGPROCESS
USE
DISPOSAL ORRECYCLING
MW
W
M
M
W
M
W
M
M
W
E
E
E
E
M
EW
1
2
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
D
CHOICE OFTECHNOLOGY
C3
2
1
1 2 3
B
A
UnspecifiedCHOICE OF
SITE
LCA and EIA
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
FOREGROUND SYSTEM:Set of processes whose selection or mode of operationis affected directly by decisions based on the study.
BACKGROUND SYSTEM:All other processes which interact directly with the foreground system, usually by supplying material or energy to the foreground or receiving material energy from it. A sufficient (but not necessary) condition for a process or group of processes to be in the background is that the exchange with the foreground takes place through a homogeneous market.
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
BACKGROUNDSYSTEM
PRIMARYRESOURCES
MATERIALSAND ENERGY SOLID
WASTE
FOREGROUNDSYSTEM
WASTEMANAGEMENT
EMISSIONS
RECOVEREDMATERIALS
AND ENERGY
FUNCTIONALOUTPUTS
FUNCTONALOUTPUT:
MANAGEMENTOF WASTE
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
ASSUME - other products from Foreground are used in Background
- other Functional Outputs from Background unchanged
THEREFORE - other products from Foreground displace activities in Background and so
avoid some burdensTOTAL INVENTORY is then:
DIRECT BURDENS from ForegroundplusINDIRECT BURDENS from Background,
due to inputs to ForegroundminusAVOIDED BURDENS from Background
displaced by outputs from Foreground
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
• 2 million tonnes per annum (UK)
• Target to recycle 4kg/head/year (across EU)
• In UK producers pay according to their current market share in a collective scheme
• Recycle what? (How?) / Reuse?
WEEE
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
“The WEEE man”
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
POLICY RESPONSE: LONG TERM
Move to sustainable materials and energy
• Pressure from:
- Legislation /fiscal measures
- Customers
- Scarcity(?)
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
POLICY RESPONSE: SHORT/MED TERM
•(Extended) Producer Responsibility
-Initially concentrating on waste management
•Integrated Product Policy
-Will cover whole life cycle including ‘use’ phase
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY (EPR)
• ‘an environmental policy approach in which a producer’s responsibility for a product is extended to the post consumer stage of the product’s life cycle.’ (OECD)
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
WHAT EPR AIMS TO DO…
• Increase reuse and recycling to reduce waste to landfill
• Effect up-stream actions to combat down-stream problems
• Make producers financially responsible for ‘their’ waste
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Components
Use
Refurbishment& upgrading
Assembly
Disassembly
Materialsproduction
Undifferentiated
scrapUser
Usedhardware
Manufacturer Service
Waste
AlternativeMaterials
Material uses
Scrap material
Feedstock
ManufacturerSupplier
Componentmanufacture
End-of-life management of a manufactured product
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
Must globalisation of trade mean globalisation of waste?
Should others suffer from the excrescences of our
consumption?
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
Stylized representation of the distinction between “absolute” and “relative” decoupling
Source: UNEP Decoupling assessment report (Zero draft, 19 May 2009)
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
FIRST USE
Material and Energy
Extraction
Waste Management
Manufacturing Distribution Use
EARTH
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
A COMMON ECO-METRIC
Environmental impact
Economic value or price
e.g. GWP (CO2 equiv) per € of added value or (consumer) spending
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
PROCESS
Ancillary materials
Energy
MaterialMaterial
inputsoutputs
ADDED VALUE = Sales price of outputs – costs of (inputs + ancillaries + energy)
NB: Not labour or capital; hence
“return to capital” in some economics texts
Definition of added value
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
OVERALL BUSINESS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- Unilever and CES; reciprocal advocated by Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and World Business
Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)
Normalisation for Analysis of Supply Chain or Business: (Øij)
[Contribution to Impact Category/Added Value]
[Total Human Impact/Global Economic Activity]
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
1.0
6 5 4 3 2 1
IMPACT NORMALIZED BY ECONOMIC VALUE
IMPACT of BUSINESS AREA or PRODUCT
FIRST SCAN OF BUSINESS AREAS
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
ACCUMULATION OF ECONOMIC VALUE AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ALONG THE SUPPLY CHAIN – MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS
1: Resource extraction2: Processing & Refining3: Manufacturing4: Retail and distribution
ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT
4
2
1
0ADDED VALUE or
CONTRIBUTION TOGDP
3
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
FIRST USE VS. RECOVERY AND RECYCLING
ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT
A4
2
1
0
5
6
ADDED VALUE orCONTRIBUTION TO
GDP
7
3
B
1: Resource extraction2. Processing & Refining3: Manufacturing4: Retail and distribution5: Recovery6: Dismantling7: Remanufacturing
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
CO2 emissions allocated to high level functional uses for an average UK household (2004)
Space heating, 15%
Household, 12%
Food & catering, 15%
Clothing & footwear, 11%Health & Hygiene, 8%
Recreation & Leisure, 26%
Education, 2%Communications, 1%
Commuting, 9%
ReferenceDruckman, A. and T. Jackson (2009). “The carbon footprint of UK households 1990-2004: a socio-economically disaggregated, quasi-multiregional input-output model.” Ecological Economics (in press).
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
Where does this point?A redefinition of quality or luxury…
EQUITY includes:
– Equity along the supply chain– Equity of access to “environmental services” between
affluent and poor
This requires consumption in affluent societies to have low environmental impact per dollar spent and to provide social and economic benefits along the supply chain:
The “Fair Trade” principle and beyond…
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
Gucci is good for the earthandAngels wear Prada
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
And the devil shops at IKEA
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
WHEREAS OTHERS MAKE DO WITH THE CAST-OFFS
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
AND THAT APPLIES NOT JUST TO CLOTHES…
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
A Sustainable Retirement?
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Prof Roland Clift, Centre for Environmental Strategy (CES)
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT