Indus Valley Civilization

India 0 Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa

0 Carefully planned cities in Indus River Valley 0 How do we know about these civilizations?

0 Archaeology 0 Cannot decipher written language

0 What was at the center of the city? 0 The Great Baths

0 What were the seals used for? 0 Identification markers of goods and clay tablets

0 Where were these seals found? 0 In Mesopotamia

0 What did they trade? 0 Cotton cloth

0 What is the most amazing thing about the Indus Valley People? 0 They were peaceful

0 Around 1750 BC the civilization declined. What happened to it? 0 Conquest-no military-easy to overthrow and conquer 0 Environmental disaster 0 Earthquake changed the course of the rivers

Hinduism 0 What percentage of Indians

are Hindu? 0 80%

0 Two most sacred things to Hindus? 0 Cattle-symbol of all life

0 Pull plows and carts

0 Milk, butter-no meat!

0 Hindus believe cows are reincarnation of past lives 0 Refuse to eat beef to avoid accidentally eating a grandfather in a current incarnation

0 McDonalds serves Maharaja Mac-two all mutton patties

0 India has more cattle than any other country in the world 0 250 million vs. 95.8 in U.S.

0 Cows wander wherever they want to go unhindered

0 Eat whatever they want to

0 Too scrawny to eat

0 The Ganges River-really a goddess

Hindu Definitions 0 Karma

0 Means action, work or deed

0 It also refers to the spiritual principle of cause and effect where intent and actions of an individual (cause) influence the future of that individual (effect)

0 Dharma

0 Dharma signifies behaviors that are considered to be in accord with the order that makes life and universe possible

0 Includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and "right way of living“

0 Saṃsāra

0 The concept of rebirth and "cyclicality of all life, matter, existence", a fundamental belief of most Indian religions. In short, it is the cycle of death and rebirth

Hindu Definitions 0 Moksha

0 Also called vimoksha, vimukti and mukti, is a term in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism which refers to various forms of emancipation, liberation, and release

0 It refers to freedom from saṃsāra, the cycle of death and rebirth

0 Moksha refers to freedom from ignorance: self-realization and self-knowledge

0 Nirvāṇa 0 Nirvāṇa is a term found in the texts of all major Indian

religions - Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism. It refers to the profound peace of mind that is acquired with moksha , liberation from samsara , or release from a state of suffering , after respective spiritual practice or sādhanā

0 The end of all suffering and the state of enlightenment achieved by all spiritual seekers

Hindu Definitions 0 Sādhanā

0 Literally "a means of accomplishing something", is an ego-transcending spiritual practice. It includes a variety of disciplines in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain and Sikh traditions that are followed in order to achieve various spiritual or ritual objective

0 Reincarnation

0 Every person follows an endless cycle of birth, death, rebirth

0 Purpose is to gain better lives each time based on good works in a past life

0 Reincarnation until full enlightenment

Hindu Definitions

0 Pantheism 0 View that God is nothing more than the life force throughout

the world

0 Bible teaches that God existed before He created the Universe and is not limited to it

0 Hindus ultimately want to do what ? 0 Be so good, he or she will escape the cycle of reincarnation

(saṃsāra) and become part Brahman, the world spirit

0 Reach Nirvana-”to extinguish” or “blow out”

0 Sanskrit 0 Means perfected or refined-literary language of ancient India

0 Guru 0 A spiritual leader

Hindu beliefs 0 Hindus does not have a single founder or teacher

0 Three holy books

0 Gods

0 One supreme reality (Braham) found in many gods and goddesses

0 Beliefs differ

0 Some Hindus believe in one god others in many gods

0 Hindu gods

0 Brahma

0 Vishnu

0 Shiva

Brahma

Vishnu

Shiva

Islam & Christianity in India

0 Islam is the 2nd largest religion in India and the fastest growing

0 13.4% of Indian population is Muslim

0 2.3% of Indian population are Christians

Jainism 0 Related to both

0 Hinduism and Buddhism

0 Jains believe humans can become gods (Jina) by being enlightened through

0 The worship of 24 Jinas who serve as inspiration bridges

0 Until then each soul is

0 Continually reborn through reincarnation

0 Some Jains wear cloths over their mouths because-

0 They do not want to accidentally swallow and kill an insect

0 Number of Jains in India?

0 5 million

Sikhism

0 Sikhism

0 Sikhs follow Guru Nanak (1469-1539)

0 Bring together Islam with Hinduism

0 Sikhs 2% of India’s population

0 80% of Sikhs live in the Punjab

What is a “Caste”?

Social and economic divides still exist across India

0 Describes a complex system of social divisions that controls life in India

0 Ancient hereditary system that developed alongside and became intertwined with Hinduism

0 Determines whom a person can marry, specifies what kind of work he can do, and even controls what he can eat or touch

0 Caste system played important role in Indian history

0 Majority of Indians are Hindu 0 Still a factor today in modern Indian

culture and politics

Where does this system come from?

0 Caste first found in the Aryan’s Vedic hymns-1000 B.C.

0 Caste from Portuguese castas=pure

0 Famous passage uses metaphor of human body to describe Indian society

0 Brahman, or priestly, caste represents society's head

0 Kshatriya, or warrior, caste are its arms

0 Vaishya caste—traders and landowners—are legs

0 Sudra caste—servants of the other three—feet.

0 Order of importance and interdependence

Untouchables 0 Higher castes believe

0 Even the shadow of an untouchable upon food contaminates

0 Totally despised in Indian society

0 1/7th of population are untouchables

0 Modern society movement to demand less discrimination against them

0 Untouchables have gotten violent in the past

0 Mahatma Gandhi renamed them Harijans or Children of God

0 Now called Dalits, a Sanskrit term meaning "trampled upon

Why does the system stay? Tradition 0 Main form of government in villages

throughout India 0 Depends on two central Hindu concepts:

0 Caste dharma – divine law - Mahatma Gandhi: "the duty one has to perform" and "the law of one's being." 0 Overcome selfish desires 0 Focus on group goals and ideals

0 Karma -As a man himself sows, so he

himself reaps; no man inherits the good or evil act of another man. The fruit is of the same quality as the action.-- Mahabharata, xii.291.22

Hindu caste system

0 Indian view

0 Indians believe that the caste system is a time-honored system for managing Indian society

0 Christian view

0 Caste system violation of human rights

0 How should Christians view this system ?

0 How are all humans viewed through God’s eyes ?

0 Should your worth be determined by your occupation or status ?

0 Are there any occupations unworthy of human beings ?

Slaves

0 Always been slaves in India

0 Until about 1000 AD only a few slaves who worked as house servants

0 Islamic conquerors

0 reached India-forced more people into slavery

0 Sold thousands of Indian slaves

0 Worked in Persia (modern Iran) or Afghanistan mainly in mines

0 People came to India to work as slaves

0 Black people from East Africa

0 Beginning about 500 AD traders brought people from Africa to India as slaves

Slaves

0 African people 0 Mostly worked as bodyguards and

soldiers

0 Came from outside Indian politics so rulers trusted them

0 Many African slaves became free-ended up as traders or government administrators

0 Debt-bondage 0 People became slaves in exchange for a

loan of money 0 Slave could pay off loan and get free 0 Not too common-high rates of interest

and not much pay 0 Worked in fields, or made shoes, wove

saris or carpets 0 Still common in India today, especially

for children between four and twelve

Chandragupta Maurya, 340-298 BC

0 Founder of the Maurya Empire

0 First emperor to unify India into one state

0 Pompous, cruel dictator

0 Turned India into a police state

0 Supported by army and spies

0 Would only travel seated in a litter on top of an elephant surrounded by guards 0 Cages of buffalo, lions, leopards

0 Released if danger

0 Personal bodyguards were women

0 Accepted Jainism later in life

Buddhism 0 Where was Buddhism born?

0 India

0 Who was the founder?

0 Siddhartha Gautama, 563?-483 BC

0 Buddha means?

0 “Enlightened One”

0 Five Precepts of Buddhism

1. To refrain from harming others

2. To refrain from stealing

3. To refrain from sensual misconduct

4. To refrain from lying

5. To refrain from intoxicants which lead to loss of mindfulness

Buddhism

Asoka 0 Asoka

0 A great king from the Mauryan Dynasty

0 The first great Buddhist king in history

0 Converted to Buddhism

0 A strong military leader

0 Noted for public works

0 Free hospitals

0 Veterinary clinics (all life sacred)

0 Bathing tanks

0 Wells for drinking for cattle

0 Planted shade trees

0 Buddhism pilgrimages instead of hunts

0 Grandson of Chandragupta

Taj Mahal

Japan

History of Japan

Early History of Japan

0 The Clan – In early Japanese society this was a group of families claiming descent from a common ancestor

0 The Clan was the basic unit of social, political and religious organization

0 Each Clan had it’s own land, god and chieftain

0 The chieftain served as both political and religious leader

0 By the 5th century one Clan, the Yamato Clan, had risen in authority over all rival Clans and they unified Japan

0 The leaders of the Yamato Clan used Japanese mythology to secure the loyalty of other Clan leaders

Early History of Japan

0 The first emperor, Jimmu Tenno, was a direct descendant of the sun goddess

0 The Yamato Clan claimed it’s rulers were descendants of Jimmu Tenno thereby making them divine

0 From this Clan rose the imperial family of Japan

0 Japan has had just ONE imperial family in their history

Shintoism

0 Shintoism – means “the way of the gods”

0 It was characterized by veneration of nature spirits and ancestors and by a lack of formal dogma

0 Shintoism also stressed the supremacy of the sun goddess and the divine descent of the emperor

0 It inspired

0 Love for one’s homeland

0 Loyalty to one’s Clan

0 Reverence for one’s emperor

Influence of China

0 Two vehicles that imported Chinese culture to Japan

0 The first was the Chinese writing system

0 The Japanese adopted this writing system

0 They adapted it to complement their spoken language

0 They could keep their own records

0 They could produce their own literature

0 Secondly, Chinese culture flowed into Japan through Buddhism

0 In the 7th century a member of the imperial family, Prince Shotoku, made Buddhism the favored national religion

Influence of China

0 He sent many young men to China to study

0 Agriculture

0 Science

0 Architecture

0 Law, government

0 Philosophy and religion

0 Japan also borrowed China’s

0 System of weights and measures

0 Medical practices

0 Calendar, styles of furniture and dress

0 Methods of building roads and bridges

Taika Reform

0 In the mid 7th century Japan’s leaders sought to weaken the Clan Chieftain’s influence and extend the power of the emperor to all of Japan

0 This change in Japanese political structure became known as the “Great Change” or Taika Reform

0 Japan established civil service exams for government jobs

0 They also established a new judicial code and tax system

0 The Taika Reform changed Japan’s political structure from semi-independent clans to a centralized government headed by the emperor

0 In reality, government authority came to rest in the hands of powerful families like the Fujiwara

Rise of the Samurai

0 The luxurious life of the royal court brought corruption and bankruptcy to government

0 Disorder followed as the central government was no longer able to provide protection to the outlying provinces

0 Many provincial governors began to rely on strong military Clans for protection

0 Soon power struggles broke out among rival Clans

0 In the 12th century, Yoritomo, leader of the Minamoto Clan, defeated all rival Clans and the emperor granted him the title of Shogun (great general)

Rise of the Samurai

0 Yoritomo created a warrior state, ruled by the military instead of civilian officials

0 The warrior class became the leading class in society

0 The Japanese warrior was called Samurai or Bushi

0 An unwritten code known as Bushido (the way of the warrior) governed the conduct of the Samurai

0 Bushido demanded that the Samurai live by 0 Loyalty, honor, duty

0 Justice, courage

0 Sincerity, politeness

0 To atone for the failure to live by this code or for capture in battle, the Samurai could end his life with honor by committing ritual suicide or hari-kiri

Russia

Mongol Empire

Mongolia 0 The Mongols united the people in central Asia

0 Mongols spread across the Asian Steppes

0 They created an empire that stretched from China across central Asia to Russia, southward into Byzantine and Muslim territories and later into India

0 They built the largest land empire in history

0 Mongols started in the north of China in a land known today as Mongolia

0 They were nomads and lived in tents called gers 0 Russian term is yurts

0 Mongolian geography 0 What do we call the world’s coldest and most northerly desert

that covers over 500,000 square miles in Mongolia and China? 0 Gobi Desert

Mongolia 0 Mongols had no government, they were divided into small

tribes

0 Temujin (TEM yoo jin) born ~1162 to the family of a tribal chief

0 At 13 Temujin succeeded his father as tribal chief

0 He gradually united all the Mongol tribes under authority and established an empire in the Steppes

0 In 1206 the Mongols gave him the title “Chinggis Khan” meaning universal ruler

0 He became one of the greatest conquerors in history

0 He organized the Mongols into a well disciplined fighting force

Mongolia

0 First he conquered northern China, then they overran central Asia advancing to the banks of the Indus river

0 They pushed into Persia and crossed into southern Russia

0 Returning from these westward conquests he renewed his war against China

0 Much of Chinggis Kahn’s success lay in the organization and mobility of his army

0 Mongol army was very mobile

0 Army was divided into groups of 10’s, 100’s and 1000’s

0 Mongols were expert horsemen

Mongol Military Success

0 Being on horseback was a distinct advantage over other armies

0 Mongols terrorized people

0 They would massacre a whole town to show the futility of resisting them

0 Chinggis Khan died in his sleep in 1227, he never saw the fall of China

0 His son was chosen to succeed him

0 The Mongols conquered more land in 25 years than the Romans did in 500 years

Mongols in China

0 Although the Chinese were expecting an attack, they could not stop the Mongols

0 The conquest of China started by Chinggis Khan was completed by his grandson, Kublai Khan

0 Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty, the first foreign dynasty to rule China

0 The most famous traveler to Mongol China was Marco Polo, who lived in China for 17 years

0 Marco Polo’s writings about his experiences in China gave most Europeans the first glimpse of China

Mongols in China

0 With the death of Kublai Khan, the world empire founded by Chinggis came to an end

0 Although the Mongos still ruled most of Asia, they did not have a unified empire

0 It quickly divided into many independent kingdoms

0 Eventually the Chinese rebelled and in 1368 they drove the Mongols out of China and back into Mongolia

0 A new Chinese dynasty, the Ming dynasty restored Chinese rule as well as Chinese ways

Mongols in Russia

0 Batu Khan, another grandson of Chinggis Khan led the Mongols into Europe

0 The Europeans called them Tartars

0 Batu Khan crushed the Russian defenses advancing into Poland and Hungary

0 Upon hearing of the death of the great Khan, he stopped and consolidated his conquests

0 His realm became known as the “Golden Horde”

0 Russia remained under the yoke of the “Golden Horde” for 250 years

Mongols in Russia

0 During this period, Moscow transformed from a small town to the capital of the new Russian nation

0 While Moscow grew strong and prosperous, the Golden Horde weakened

0 Under Ivan III, Moscow refused to pay further tribute to the Mongols

0 By 1480 Moscow freed itself from the Mongols and it became the political and religious center of Russia

Mongols Quiz 1. The Mongols conquered more land in ___ years than the Romans in ____.

2. The Mongols may even have created nations like: ____ and _____.

3. Nomads migrate according to current ____ conditions so they can feed their ___.

4. Women were fairly equal in the Mongol world? True or False

5. The _______ dynasty was the first foreign dynasty to rule China?

6. How was Temüjin successful as a leader? Two things.

7. How did Chinggis Kahn die in 1227?

25 500

Russia Korea

climate

flocks

True

Yuan

1. Promoted people based on ability. 2. Brought lower classes of conquered people into his own tribe

In his sleep

China

China

0 What did the Chinese call their land?

0 Middle Kingdom - Zhongguo

0 Why?

0 They believed China was the center or the earth

0 In land size is China slightly large or smaller than the U.S.

0 Slightly smaller

0 In modern population, who has more people?

0 China 5 times more!

China

0 One of world’s oldest civilizations

0 Lived in fertile valleys of two major river systems 0 Huang He

0 Yellow River

0 Yangtze

0 Like Mesopotamia, Egypt, India

0 China not conquered (early history)

0 Isolated by Pacific Ocean, Himalayan Mountains, Gobi Desert

China

0 Family center of life in Chinese society – Strong family ties 0 Families used to be large, ancestors were included in Chinese

concept of family 0 The cult of ancestor worship became the leading religion in

China 0 Most notable feature of China’s spoken language is it’s tonal

quality 0 Chinese people from different regions often have trouble

understanding each other 0 China has a common written language 0 Not based on simple alphabet, uses some 65,000 characters

that represent complete ideas, objects ad sounds 0 Scholars revered and this was determining factor in obtaining

the desired government positions

China

0 Two philosophies, systems of thought, influenced Chinese life 0 Confucianism

0 Taoism

0 Confucianism – K’ung Futzu most honored teacher in Chines history, also known as Confucius

0 Confucius believed that through proper conduct man could solve the problems of society and live in complete happiness

0 His followers recorded and expanded upon his teaching developing a system of ethics that became a major influence on Chinese culture

China 0 Fundamental to Confucius teaching was his belief in five basic human

relationships 0 Father and son 0 Elder and younger brothers 0 Husband and wife 0 Friend and friend 0 Ruler and subjects

0 He believed maintaining proper relationships in these five areas would bring harmony and order to society

0 Derived this principle for all human relationships 0 “What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others”

0 Major defect in this thinking ? 0 Neglect of the most important relationship between man and God 0 Only as we fulfill our duties and responsibilities to God are we able to properly

relate to our fellow man 0 Luke 6:31:

0 “As ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise”

China

0 Taoism – Second in importance to Confucius teachings was that of Lao-tzu

0 He taught that Tao (the way) was the pervading force in nature

0 He encouraged man to find peace and happiness by living in harmony with nature

0 Men can achieve this harmony by ceasing to strive after power wealth and learning

0 Instead, adopt a simple inactive lifestyle, by being passive and submissive man can accomplish great things

0 Used water as an example

0 Taoism favors a passive lifestyle, freeing man from the busyness of responsibility

0 Confucianists strive for improved government, laws, and education

China

0 Chinese had a passion for history which sparked a great tradition of historical writing, much of which traces the history of China’s ruling families

0 From the periods of dynastic rule, historians have established the major divisions of Chinese history

0 Each dynasty went through the same cycle 0 It began

0 Matured

0 Prospered

0 Declined

0 Record all the dynasties talked about in the following video

All China’s Dynasties

China

China

0 For centuries China resisted the introduction of foreign elements

0 Because of this the Chinese way of life remained unaffected for centuries

0 The West benefited from trade with China in what seven specific ways? 0 Silk

0 Porcelain-China

0 Printing-Movable type-block printing

0 Paper

0 The magnetic compass

0 Fireworks

0 Gunpowder

AFRICA

Africa: The Dark Continent

0 Why is Africa called the “Dark Continent?”

0 Mysterious to Europeans

0 Did not have Christ

0 Africa is the ________ largest continent

0 Second

0 ________ % of the world’s population lives in Africa.

0 Thirteen

0 _________ % Africa’s land is desert.

0 Forty

Africa

0 Earliest recorded civilization in Africa ?

0 Egyptians

0 Carthage built an empire in north Africa

0 Rome conquered Carthage

0 After Rome’s collapse Muslims brought the region under Islamic domination

0 What do you call all of the land south of the Sahara Desert ?

0 Sub-Saharan Africa

Africa

0 Two important ancient kingdoms 0 The earliest was the kingdom of Kush 0 Originally a province (Nubia) of the Egyptian Empire 0 By 700BC Kush grew strong enough to overthrow and conquer

the Egyptians 0 The Assyrians drove the Kushites out of Egypt in the mid 600’s

but they retained a kingdom for another 1000 years 0 Kush eventually fell to Aksum around 330 AD 0 Aksum embraced a form of Christianity 0 It’s rulers claim descent from King Solomon and the Queen of

Sheba 0 Aksum became the modern day Ethiopa

African climate

Climate warm and constant Half of Africa is savanna or grasslands Rainfall unreliable Great rivers-not navigable Poor soil

Africa

Africa

0 African history was preserved how? 0 Oral tradition rather than in writing

0 Who said that writing destroys the human memory because you don’t have to remember anything? 0 Plato-Greek philosopher

0 Do we think that John Green is uncivilized because we are watching him on YouTube?

0 Mansa Musa 1312-37-Ruler of Mali 0 Converted to Islam 0 Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca recorded in the official chronicles

of Egypt 0 Muslim pilgrimage called a ? 0 Haji

0 What can we conclude about Mansa Musa making the haji? 0 He was a devout Muslim

0 The best known city in west Africa was? 0 Timbuktu-Musa’s capital city

Africa 0 Pastoral North Africans were called?

0 Berbers

0 Berbers traded what for West African?

0 Salt for Gold

0 Most of the population worshipped what?

0 Traditional African gods and spirits

0 Kings blended African religions with Islam and gave who more equality that in Arabia?

0 Women

0 What was the name of the first empire in Western Africa?

0 Ghana

Africa 0 Some historians believe that Malians even

reached where? 0 The Americas

0 The Malian Empire fell to ? 0 Songhai

0 What civilization arose in Eastern Africa? 0 Swahili Civilization

0 What was it? 0 A collection of city-states

0 What is a city-state? 0 an independent or autonomous entity, not administered as

part of another local government, whose territory consists of a city and possibly its surrounding territory

0 What 3 things links did these states have in common? 0 Language

0 Culture-mixture of Arab, Persian, African cultures

0 Religion

Africa

0 When did Swahili civilization begin rapid development?

0 8th century

0 Arab traders arrived seeking goods

0 What did the Africans export?

0 Ivory

0 Animal hides

0 Timber

0 Slaves

0 Gold

0 What did they import?

0 Porcelain

0 Books

Africa

0 What was the most basic form of social organization? 0 The Family

0 What is polygamy? 0 Marrying more than one wife

0 What can you tell me about Kilwa? 0 Wealthy city-state in Eastern Africa

0 14th century Muslim visitor: “Kilwa is one of the most beautiful and well-constructed towns in the world.”

0 European wrote in 1500: “In this land there are rich merchants, and there is much gold and silver and amber and musk and pearls. Those of the land wear clothes of fine cotton and of silk and many fine things, and they are black men.”

Africa

Medieval Europe

0 Time to move to Europe