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Indo-Pakistani War of 1971From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

Part of the Indo-Pakistani Wars

Lt. Gen A. A. K. Niazi signs the instrument of surrender

on December 16, surrendering his forces to Lt. Gen Jagjit

Singh Aurora.

Date December 3-December 16, 1971Location Current day Bangladesh and

Indian-Pakistani western borderResult Decisive Indian and MuktiBahini victory, dissolution ofEast Pakistan and creation ofBangladesh

Territorialchanges

Bangladesh becomes anindependent state.

Belligerents

India Pakistan

Commanders

Sam ManekshawJ.S. AuroraG.G BewoorK. P. Candeth

Gul Hassan KhanAbdul Hamid KhanTikka KhanA. A. K. Niazi#

Strength

500,000+ troops 400,000+ troops

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100,000 MuktiBahiniRebels

Casualties and losses

3,843 killed[1]

9,851 wounded[1]

Unknown killed,Unknown wounded,90,368 POW captured[2]

[show]

Indo-Pakistani wars

and conflicts

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a major military conflict between India and Pakistan. The

war is closely associated with the Bangladesh Liberation War(sometimes also referred to as the

Pakistani Civil War). Although there is some disagreement about the exact dates of the war,

hostilities between India and Pakistan commenced officially on the evening ofDecember 3,

1971. The armed conflict on India's western front during the period between 3 December1971

and 16 December1971 is called the "Indo-Pakistani War" by both the Bangladeshi and Indian

armies. The war ended in the surrender of the Pakistani military after armed hostilities on two

fronts.

Contents 1 Background

2 India's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation War

3 India's official engagement with Pakistan

4 American and Soviet involvement

5 Effects

6 Important dates

7 Military awards

7.1 India

7.2 Bangladesh

7.3 Pakistan

8 References

9 Further reading

10 Dramatization

11 External links

Background

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The Indo-Pakistani conflict was sparked by the Bangladesh Liberation war, a conflict between

the traditionally dominant West Pakistanis and the majority East Pakistanis. The Bangladesh

Liberation war ignited after the 1970 Pakistani election, in which the East Pakistani Awami

League won 167 of 169 seats in East Pakistan and secured a simple majority in the 313-seat

lower house of the Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament of Pakistan). Awami League leader, Sheikh

Mujibur Rahman, presented the Six Points to the President of Pakistan and claimed the right toform the government. After the leader of the Pakistan Peoples Party, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, refused

to yield the premiership of Pakistan to Mujibur, PresidentYahya Khan called out the military,

which was made up largely of West Pakistanis.

Mass arrests of dissidents began, and attempts were made to disarm East Pakistani soldiers and

police. After several days of strikes and non-cooperation movements, the Pakistani military

cracked down on Dhaka on the night ofMarch 25, 1971. The Awami League wasbanished, and

many members fled into exile in India. Mujib was arrested and taken to West Pakistan.

On 27 March1971, Ziaur Rahman, a rebellious major in the Pakistani army, declared the

independence of Bangladesh on behalf of Mujibur. In April, exiled Awami League leadersformed a government-in-exile in Baidyanathtala ofMeherpur. The East Pakistan Rifles, an elite

paramilitary force,defected to the rebellion. A guerrilla troop of civilians, the Mukti Bahini, was

formed to help the Bangladesh Army.

India's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation War

Illustration showing military units and troop movements during the war.

On 27 March1971, the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, expressed full support of her

government to the struggle for independence by the people ofEast Pakistan. The East Pakistan-

India border was opened to allow refugees safe shelter in India. The governments ofWest

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Bengal, Bihar, Assam,Meghalaya and Tripura established refugee camps along the border.

Exiled East Pakistan army officers and voluntary workers from India immediately started using

these camps forrecruitment and training ofMukti Bahini guerrillas[3].

As violence in East Pakistan escalated, an estimated 10 million refugees fled to India, causing

financial hardship and instability in the country. The United States, a long and close ally ofPakistan, promised to ship arms and supplies to West Pakistan.

In the early autumn of 1971, Indira Gandhi launched a diplomatic offensive with a tour of

Europe. She was successful in getting both the United Kingdom and France to break with the

United States to block any pro-Pakistan directives in the United Nations security council.

Gandhi's greatest coup was on 9 August when she signed a twenty-year treaty of friendship and

co-operation with the Soviet Union, greatly shocking the United States, and decreasing the

possibility that the People's Republic of China would become involved in the conflict. China, an

ally of Pakistan, had been providing moral support, but little military aid, and did not advance

troops to its border with India.

Operation of the Mukti Bahini caused severe casualties to the Pakistani Army, which was in

control of all district headquarters. As the flow of refugees swelled to a tide, the economic costs

for India began to escalate. India began providing support including weapons and training for the

Mukti Bahini.

India's official engagement with Pakistan

By November, war seemed inevitable; a massive buildup of Indian forces on the border with East

Pakistan had begun. The Indian military waited for winter, when the drier ground would make

for easier operations and Himalayan passes would be closed by snow, preventing any Chinese

intervention. On 23 November, Yahya Khan declared a state of emergency in all of Pakistan and

told his people to prepare for war.

On the evening of Sunday, 3 December, the Pakistani air force launched sorties on eight airfields

in north-western India, including Agra which was 300 miles (480 km) from the border.. This

attack, called Operation Chengiz Khan, was inspired by the Arab-Israeli Six Day Warand the

success of the Israeli preemptive strike. Unlike the Israeli attack on Arab airbases in 1967, which

involved a large number of Israeli planes, Pakistan flew no more than 50 planes to India. Indian

runways were non-functional for several hours after the attack.

India reacted strongly and declared war on Pakistan. India started flying sorties to Pakistan by

midnight. On the Eastern front, the Indian Army joined forces with the Mukti Bahini to form the

Mitro Bahini ("Allied Forces"); the next day the Indian forces responded with a massive

coordinated air, sea, and land assault on the West Pakistani Army in East Pakistan. Unlike the

1965 war, when PAF continuously attacked Indian air force base, this time there were few attacks

on IAF bases after the initial assaults, which permitted IAF attacks both army movement in East

and West Pakistan throughout the 1971 war.

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Pakistan had two primary objectives during the war:

1)to hold Indian forces from East Pakistan to the maximum extent. It was not easy forIndian troops to go long into Bangladesh as Bangladesh had many rivers and subriversseparating the land. Transporting the entire army and artillery across these rivers was noteasy.2)to occupy as much territory as possible on the western side of India. Pakistan expectedthat all India could achieve was a stalemate. In the end, a cease fire would be ordered andthe territory procured prior to the stalemate would be theirs.

The main Indian Objective on the western front was to prevent Pakistan from entering its soil. It

had no intention of occupying Pakistan.

Pakistan attacked at several places along India's western border with Pakistan, but the Indian

army successfully held their lines. The Pakistan Army suffered a defeat at Battle of Longewala,

where a 2000-3000 strong assault force of the 51st Infantry Brigade of the Pakistani Army,

backed by the 22nd Armoured Regiment, was repulsed by the 120-odd soldiers of Indian 'A'

company, 23rd Bn, Punjab Regiment. The Indian Army quickly responded to the Pakistan Army's

movements in the west and made some initial gains, including capturing around 5,500 square

miles (14,000 km2) of Pakistan territory (land gained by India in Pakistani Kashmir, Pakistani

Punjab and Sindh sectors was later ceded in the Simla Agreement of 1972, as a gesture of

goodwill).

An Indian newspaper cover (1971)

At sea, the Indian Navy achieved success in Operation Trident, the name given to the attack on

Karachi's port, which resulted in the destruction of 2 Pakistani destroyers and a minesweeper.

This operation was followed by Operation Python. The waters in the east were also secured by

the Indian Navy.

The Indian Air Force flew 4,000 sorties in the west while its counterpart, the PAF put up littleretaliation, partly because of the paucity of non-Bengali technical personnel. This lack of

retaliation has also been attributed to the deliberate decision of the PAF High Command to cut its

losses as it had already incurred huge losses in the conflict. [2] In the east, the small air

contingent of Pakistan Air Force No. 14 Sqn was destroyed, resulting in Indian air superiority.

The Indian campaign employed "blitzkrieg" techniques, exploiting weakness in the enemy's

positions and bypassing opposition, and resulted in a swift victory.[4] Faced with insurmountable

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losses, the Pakistani military capitulated in less than a fortnight. On December 16, the Pakistani

forces in East Pakistan surrendered. The next day Pakistan surrendered.

American and Soviet involvement

The United States supported Pakistan both politically and materially. Nixon, backed by HenryKissinger, feared Soviet expansion into South and Southeast Asia. Pakistan was a close ally of

the People's Republic of China, with whom Nixon had been negotiating a rapprochementand

where he intended to visit in February 1972. Nixon feared that an Indian invasion ofWest

Pakistan would mean total Soviet domination of the region, and that it would seriously

undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America's new

tacit ally, China. In order to demonstrate to China the bona fides of the United States as an ally,

and in direct violation of the US Congress-imposed sanctions on Pakistan, Nixon sent military

supplies to Pakistan, routing them through Jordan and Iran,[5] while also encouraging China to

increase its arms supplies to Pakistan.

The Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the 'genocidal' activities of thePakistani Army in East Pakistan, most notably the Blood telegram. When Pakistan's defeat in the

eastern sector seemed certain, Nixon sent the USSEnterprise to the Bay of Bengal , a move

which was a nuclear threat. TheEnterprise arrived on station on December 11, 1971. On 6

Decemberand 13 December, the Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of ships, armed with

nuclear missiles, from Vladivostok; they trailed U.S. Task Force 74 into the Indian Ocean from

18 December1971 until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also sent a nuclear submarine to ward off

the threat posed by USSEnterprise in the Indian Ocean.[6]

American policy towards the end of the war was dictated primarily by a need to restrict the

escalation of war on the western sector to prevent the 'dismemberment' of West Pakistan.[7] Years

after the war, many American writers criticized the White House policies during the war as being

badly flawed and ill-serving the interests of the United States.[8]

The Soviet Union sympathized with the Bangladeshis, and supported the Indian Army and Mukti

Bahini during the war, recognizing that the independence of Bangladesh would weaken the

position of its rivals - the United States and China. The USSR gave assurances to India that if a

confrontation with the United States or China developed, it would take counter-measures. This

assurance was enshrined in the Indo-Soviet friendship treaty signed in August 1971.

Effects

The war ended with the surrender of the Pakistani military to the allied forces of India and

Bangladesh, jointly known as the Mitro Bahini. Bangladesh became an independent nation, the

world's third most populous Muslim state. The loss of East Pakistan demoralized the Pakistani

military. President Yahya Khan resigned, to be replaced by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Mujibur Rahman

was released from a West Pakistani prison, returning to Dhaka on January 10, 1972.

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The extent of casualties in East Pakistan is not known. R.J. Rummel cites estimates ranging from

one to three million people killed.[9] Other estimates place the death toll lower, at 300,000. On the

brink of defeat around December 14, the Pakistani Army, and its local collaborators.

systematically killed a large number ofBengali doctors, teachers and intellectuals,[10][11] part of a

pogrom against the Hindu minorities who constituted the majority of urban educated

intellectuals.[12][13]

Young men, especially students, who were seen as possible rebels were alsotargeted.

A Pakistan stamp depicting the 90,000 PoWs in Indian camps. This stamp was issued with thepolitical aim of raising global awareness of the POW issue to help secure their release.

The cost of the war for Pakistan in monetary and human resources was high. In the bookCan

Pakistan Survive? Pakistan based authorTariq Ali writes, "Pakistan lost half its navy, a quarter of

its airforce and a third of its army." India took approximately 90,000 prisoners of war, including

Pakistani soldiers and their East Pakistani civilian supporters. 79,676 prisoners were uniformed

personnel, of which 55,692 were Army, 16,354 Paramilitary, 5,296 Police, 1000 Navy and 800

PAF.[14] The remaining prisoners were civilians - either family members of the military personnel

or collaborators (razakars). The Hameedur Rahman Committee Report instituted by Pakistan lists

the Pakistani POWs as follows:

Branch Number of captured Pakistani POWs

Army 54,154

Navy 1,381

Air Force 833

Paramilitary including police 22,000

Civilian personnel 12,000

Total: 90,368

The war resulted in one of the largest surrenders of forces since World War II. Although India

originally wished to try some 200 prisoners forwar crimes for the brutality in East Pakistan, the

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government eventually acceded to releasing all prisoners as a gesture of reconciliation. The

Simla Agreement signed the following year, also resulted in control of Pakistani territory (more

than 15,000 km) that had been captured during the war being given back to Pakistan, in order to

create a "lasting peace" between the two nations and to affirm that India had no territorial

ambitions.

Important dates March 7 ,1971: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declares that, "The current struggle is a struggle

for independence", in a public meeting attended by almost a million people in Dhaka.

March 25 ,1971: Pakistani forces start Operation Searchlight, a systematic plan toeliminate any resistance. Thousands of people are killed in student dormitories and policebarracks in Dhaka.

March 26 ,1971: MajorZiaur Rahman declares independence from Kalurghat RadioStation, Chittagong. The message is relayed to the world by Indian radio stations.

April 17, 1971: Exiled leaders of Awami League form a provisional government.

December 3 ,1971: War between India and Pakistan officially begins when West Pakistanlaunches a series of preemptive airstrikes on Indian airfields.

December 6 ,1971: East Pakistan is recognized as Bangla-Desh by India.

December 14 ,1971: Systematic elimination of Bengali intellectuals is started byPakistani Army and local collaborators.[12]

December 16 ,1971: Lieutenant-General A. A. K. Niazi, supreme commander of PakistaniArmy in East Pakistan, surrenders to the Allied Forces (Mitro Bahini) represented byLieutenant General Aurora of Indian Army at the surrender. Bangladesh gains victory

January 12 ,1972: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman comes to power

Military awards

For bravery, a number of soldiers and officers on both sides were awarded the highest military

award of respective countries. Following is a list of the recipients of the Indian award Param Vir

Chakra, Bangladesh award Bir Sreshtho and the Pakistani award Nishan-E-Haider:

India

Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra:

Lance NaikAlbert Ekka (Posthumously)

Flying OfficerNirmal Jit Singh Sekhon (Posthumously)

MajorHoshiar Singh

Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal (Posthumously)

Bangladesh

Recipients of the Bir Sreshtho

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simla_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Searchlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziaur_Rahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-General_A._A._K._Niazihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Sreshthohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishan-E-Haiderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Naikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ekkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmal_Jit_Singh_Sekhonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshiar_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lieutenanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Khetarpalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Sreshthohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simla_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simla_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simla_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Searchlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Searchlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Searchlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziaur_Rahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziaur_Rahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziaur_Rahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-General_A._A._K._Niazihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-General_A._A._K._Niazihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-General_A._A._K._Niazihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Sreshthohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Sreshthohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Sreshthohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishan-E-Haiderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishan-E-Haiderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishan-E-Haiderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Naikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Naikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Naikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ekkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ekkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ekkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmal_Jit_Singh_Sekhonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmal_Jit_Singh_Sekhonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmal_Jit_Singh_Sekhonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshiar_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshiar_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshiar_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lieutenanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lieutenanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lieutenanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Khetarpalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Khetarpalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Khetarpalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Sreshthohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Sreshthohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Sreshtho

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Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir(Posthumously)

Lance NaikMunshi Abdur Rouf(Posthumously)

Sepoy Hamidur Rahman (Posthumously)

Sepoy Mostafa Kamal (Posthumously)

ERA Mohammad Ruhul Amin (Posthumously) Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman (Posthumously)

Lance NaikNur Mohammad Sheikh (Posthumously)

Pakistan

Recipients of theNishan-E-Haider:

MajorMuhammad Akram (Posthumously)

Pilot OfficerRashid Minhas (Posthumously)

MajorShabbir Sharif(Posthumously)

SowarMuhammad Hussain (Posthumously)

Lance NaikMuhammad Mahfuz (Posthumously)

References1. ^ abOfficial Government of India Statement giving numbers of KIA - Parliament of India

Website

2. ^ Quantification of Losses Suffered

3. ^ Rediff news: I had to find troops for Dhaka, December 14, 2006/

4. ^ Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age By Peter Paret, 1986,

Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198200978pp8025. ^ Shalom, Stephen R., The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo-Pak War of 1971

6. ^ Cold war games

7. ^ U.S. State Department, [1]

8. ^ The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissenger and American Foreign Policy by Jussi M. HanhimeakiPage 156, Published by Oxford University Press US

9. ^ Rummel, Rudolph J., "Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900", ISBN3-8258-4010-7, Chapter 8, table 8.1

10.^ "125 Slain in Dacca Area, Believed Elite of Bengal",New York Times (New York, NY, USA)(December 19, 1971), p. 1. Retrieved on 4 January 2008. "At least 125 persons, believed to be

physicians, professors, writers and teachers, were found murdered today in a field outside Dacca.All the victims' hands were tied behind their backs and they had been bayoneted, garroted or shot.These victims were among an estimated 300 Bengali intellectuals who had been seized by WestPakistani soldiers and locally recruited supporters."

11.^ Murshid, Tazeen M. (December 2, 1997). "State, nation, identity: The quest for legitimacy inBangladesh". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, (Routledge) 20 (2): 134.doi:10.1080/00856409708723294.ISSN 14790270.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohiuddin_Jahangirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munshi_Abdur_Roufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidur_Rahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Kamalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ruhul_Aminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matiur_Rahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Mohammad_Sheikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishan-E-Haiderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Akramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Minhashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbir_Sharifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Hussainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Naikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mahfuzhttp://164.100.24.219/rsq/quest.asp?qref=60605http://164.100.24.219/rsq/quest.asp?qref=60605http://www.storyofpakistan.com/contribute.asp?artid=C028&Pg=16http://im.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/14jacob.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198200978http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htmhttp://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.htmlhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htmhttp://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP8.HTMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3825840107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3825840107http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C13F83C5E127A93CBA81789D95F458785F9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00856409708723294http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttp://worldcat.org/issn/14790270http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohiuddin_Jahangirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohiuddin_Jahangirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohiuddin_Jahangirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munshi_Abdur_Roufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munshi_Abdur_Roufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munshi_Abdur_Roufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidur_Rahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidur_Rahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidur_Rahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Kamalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Kamalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Kamalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ruhul_Aminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ruhul_Aminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ruhul_Aminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matiur_Rahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matiur_Rahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matiur_Rahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Mohammad_Sheikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Mohammad_Sheikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Mohammad_Sheikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishan-E-Haiderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishan-E-Haiderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishan-E-Haiderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Akramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Akramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Akramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Minhashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Minhashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Minhashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbir_Sharifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbir_Sharifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbir_Sharifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Hussainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Hussainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Hussainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Naikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Naikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Naikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mahfuzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mahfuzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mahfuzhttp://164.100.24.219/rsq/quest.asp?qref=60605http://164.100.24.219/rsq/quest.asp?qref=60605http://164.100.24.219/rsq/quest.asp?qref=60605http://164.100.24.219/rsq/quest.asp?qref=60605http://164.100.24.219/rsq/quest.asp?qref=60605http://164.100.24.219/rsq/quest.asp?qref=60605http://www.storyofpakistan.com/contribute.asp?artid=C028&Pg=16http://www.storyofpakistan.com/contribute.asp?artid=C028&Pg=16http://www.storyofpakistan.com/contribute.asp?artid=C028&Pg=16http://im.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/14jacob.htmhttp://im.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/14jacob.htmhttp://im.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/14jacob.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198200978http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198200978http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198200978http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htmhttp://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htmhttp://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htmhttp://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.htmlhttp://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.htmlhttp://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.htmlhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htmhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htmhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htmhttp://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP8.HTMhttp://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP8.HTMhttp://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP8.HTMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3825840107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3825840107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3825840107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3825840107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3825840107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3825840107http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C13F83C5E127A93CBA81789D95F458785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C13F83C5E127A93CBA81789D95F458785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C13F83C5E127A93CBA81789D95F458785F9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00856409708723294http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00856409708723294http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00856409708723294http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttp://worldcat.org/issn/14790270http://worldcat.org/issn/14790270http://worldcat.org/issn/14790270

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12.^ ab Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2003), "Killing of Intellectuals",Banglapedia, Asiatic Society ofBangladesh

13.^ Shaiduzzaman (December 14, 2005), "Martyred intellectuals: martyred history", The DailyNew Age, Bangladesh

14.^ Huge bag of prisoners in our hands The Liberation Times

General Niazi (1998).Betrayal of East Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN0195777271.

"The Rediff Interview/Lt Gen A A Khan Niazi", Rediff (February 2, 2004).

Further reading An Army Its Role and Rule (A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to

Kargil 1947-1999). Muhammad Ayub ISBN 0-8059-9594-3

D K Palit The Lightning Campaign: The Indo-Pakistan War 1971 Compton Press Ltd(1972), ISBN 0-900193-10-7

J R SaigalPakistan Splits: The Birth of Bangladesh Manas Publications (2004), ISBN

81-7049-124-X

J Hanhimaki The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign PolicyOxford University Press (2004)

DramatizationFilms

Border, a 1997 Bollywood war film directed by J.P.Dutta. This movie is an adaptationfrom real life events that happened at the Battle of Longewala fought in Rajasthan(Western Theatre) during the 1971 Indo-Pak war.Borderat the Internet Movie Database

Hindustan Ki Kasam, a 1973 Bollywood war film directed by Chetan Anand. The aircraft

in the film are all authentic aircraft used in the 1971 war against Pakistan. These includeMiG-21s, Gnats, Hunters and Su-7s. Some of these aircraft were also flown by warveterans such as Samar Bikram Shah (2 kills) and Manbir Singh.Hindustan Ki Kasam atthe Internet Movie Database

1971 - Prisoners of War, a 2007 Bollywood war film directed by Sagar Brothers. Setagainst the backdrop of a prisoners camp in Pakistan, follows six Indian prisonersawaiting release after their capture in the 1971 India-Pakistan war.

External links Video of General Niazi Surrendering

A complete coverage of the war from the Indian perspective An Atlas of the 1971 India - Pakistan War: The Creation of Bangladesh by John H. Gill

Actual conversation from the then US President Nixon and Henry Kissinger during the1971 War- US Department of State's Official archive.

Indian Army: Major Operations

Pakistan: Partition and Military Succession USA Archives

Pakistan intensifies air raid on India BBC

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A day by day account of the war as seen in a virtual newspaper.

The Tilt: The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971.

December 16 ,1971: any lessons learned? By Ayaz Amir - Pakistan's Dawn (newspaper)

India-Pakistan 1971 War as covered by TIME

Indian Air Force Combat Kills in the 1971 war (unofficial), Centre for Indian MilitaryHistory

Op Cactus Lilly: 19 Infantry Division in 1971, a personal recall by Lt Col Balwant SinghSahore

All for a bottle of Scotch, a personal recall of Major (later Major General) C KKarumbaya, SM, the battle for Magura

[show]

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

[show]

Military ofPakistan

[show]

Military of India

Indian ArmyIndian Navy

Indian Air Force

Indian Coast Guard

HistoryAcademiesRanks and insignia (ArmyAir Force

Navy)Special ForcesIndian Peace Keeping Force

Paramilitary forces

Strategic Forces Command

StrategicNuclear CommandBallistic missiles Weapons of mass

destruction

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971"Categories: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 | Indo-Pakistan Wars | History of Bangladesh |Surrenders

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