Indonesia Water Supply and Sanitation Magazine. 'PERCIK' 2nd Edition October 2003

Your Voice 2

From the Editor 3

Main Report

CWSH 6

ProAir 7

SANIMAS 8

WSLIC-2 10

Perspective

Empowerment without compelling 11

Handwashing 13

Reflection

MCK Jempiring not MCK Moerdiono 15

Lesson learned (best practises)

Local 17

International 19

Miscellaneous

Technology choice 21

Book Info 23

Website Info 24

Information Media for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation

Advisor:Director General for Urban and

Rural Development, Ministry of Settlementand Regional Infrastructure

Director of Human Settlement and Housing,National Development Planning Agency

Republic of IndonesiaDirector of Water and Sanitation,

Ministry of HealthDirector of Urban and Rural Eastern Region,

Ministry of Settlement and RegionalInfrastructure

Director of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,Ministry of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,

Ministry of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:Hartoyo, Johan Susmono, Budi Susilo,

Poedjastanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Rheidda

Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah, Mujiyanto

Design:Rudi Kosasih

Production:Machrudin

Distribution:Anggie Rifki

Address:Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat

Phone: 62-21-31904113e-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]

Unsolicited article or opinion items are welcome.Please send to our address or e-mail.

Don't forget to be brief and accompaniedby identity.

Content

Comment and Suggestion

Congratulations for the publication of Percik (meaningsprinkle, splash) an information media on water supply andenvironmental sanitation. But for the sake of improvement Iwould like to convey to you the following suggestions:

1. As soon as possible Percik should be registered andobtain an ISSN (International Standard Serial Number).This can be obtained at PDII-LIPI (Indonesian Institute ofScience)

2. Table of contents should be attached with:a. Purpose of publicationb. Target readersc. How to obtaind. Source of fundingWith regard to good governance, especially in relation to

transparency, participatory and accountability all the aboveare important.

3. It is advisable to add an interactive column toenable the readers interact with the editor or among them-selves.

Thank you.Dr. Sudjana Royat

Director of Spatial Planning and Land Affairs, Bappenas

Thank you very much for the suggestions. We will actimmediately on the ISSN matter.

The purpose of publication and target readers we havenoted it in the column From the Editor as a means of inter-action at least among government agencies, universities,private sector, donor countries/organizations, and the com-munity. In the initial stage we distributed it to the stake-holders we considered interested in water supply and envi-ronmental sanitation. Of course we are pleased to sendPercik in hard copy or e-mail to others who are interested.Later on Percik could also be accessed through a websitewhich will be ready in the near future. Percik is funded bythe government and is managed by Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation Working Group.

Beginning from edition II a new column is added and iscalled Suara Anda (Your Voice) that we think is an interac-tive column. Other than that, we are also welcome to con-tribution from outside to enrich Percik. (Editor)

Clarification on the contentsof interview

1. With regard to the contents in the Interview, there areseveral points that need straightening out because theyrelate to technical matters understanding of the sector.First, the institutionally based or community based manage-ment formats for clean water and sanitation in urban and inrural areas are not happening by chance as is expressed inthe interview. Technically the management formats inurban and in rural areas depend on the characteristics differ-ences of water origin, the technology being used, population

density of the area, and the economic of scale of investment.Second, it is not quite appropriate to state a discriminationof clean water services between rural and urban areas. Thedemand of rural and urban population are naturally differentbecause their activities are also different. Drinking waterrequirement is about the same for everyone (and isexpressed in litre/person/day not litre per second becauselitre per sec denotes the capacity of an investment plant).There must be a distinction between drinking water andclean water.

2. I would suggest that the follow-up in policy formula-tion for water supply and sanitation also involve the academ-ic circle and the professional association related to watersupply and environmental sanitation, e.g. IATPI (Ikatan AhliPenyehatan Lingkungan).

3. Pursuant to the ethic in writing for media publication,it would be advisable to also note whether the statement rep-resents solely that of the author or the institution to whichthe author belongs.

Dr. Rr. Peni Kusumastuti LukitoDirector of Urban and Rural Affairs, Bappenas

Response1. It should be made clear that what is being formulated

is the National Policy for Development of Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation. While environmental sanitationincludes basic sanitation, solid waste, waste water anddrainage system.

a. With regard the management we are of the same opini-on that the format (institutionally-based, community-based,a combination of both) is not determined simply by the typeof area but rather by other factors such as source of waterand economic of scale of the investment.

b. The statistical computation for per capita waterrequirement (including drinking water which is 4% of thetotal water requirement) is important because this figure isused as basis for calculating the amount of investment forclean water supply. The government is, of course, trying toavoid over estimation in the provision but at the same timealso trying to keep the supply within the real demand level.

2. The formulation of The National Policy for Deve-lopment of Community-Based Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation was compiled with involvement ofall the stakeholders (at the national as well as regional lev-els), NGO's, donor agencies, professional organizations, aca-demicians, and on-going projects in Indonesia. However,any suggestion and input for improvement from anyone isalways welcome.

Basah HernowoDirector of Human Settlement and Housing, Bappenas

In conformance with the column, Interview, we considerthat what is presented in the column represents the opinionof the Director of Human Settlement & Housing, Bappenas.As for the measurement unit, it is entirely the Editor's cleri-cal error. We apologyze for the inconvenience. (Editor)

O U R V O I C EY

2 PercikOctober 2003

R O M E D I T O RF


Today must be better thanyesterday. Taking this spiritas point of departure we arepresenting to you Percik edi-

tion number 2. Some improvementhas been made among others inresponse to the input and suggestionfrom the readers. First, additionalnumber of pages are made to allowmore information. Second, addition-al columns such as Your Voice,Lesson Learned, and TechnologyChoice. Improvement will, of coursebe made continuously.

Continuing the focus placed fromthe initial edition in this second edi-tion we introduce several WSS proj-ects that have adopted the principlescontained in the national policy oncommunity based water supply andenvironmental sanitation. The pro-jects are Water Supply for LowIncome Communities-2 (WSLIC-2),Rural and Water Supply in NusaTenggara Timur (ProAir), Sanitasioleh Masyarakat (SANIMAS), andCommunity Water Service andHealth (CWSH). We hope this pre-sentation could provide the readerswith a clearer picture on the imple-mentation of the national policy.

Unlike the earlier edition, thistime Percik brings forward a columncalled Wawasan (Perspective) toreplace Opini (Opinion). The con-tents of this column does not relateonly to opinion or judgement butalso to new and interesting ideas.Under this new name we expectmore contributors would send ustheir interesting articles. In this edi-tion Wawasan (insight) presents toyou the MPA (Methodology forParticipatory Assessments), consist-ing of methods for communityempowerment and is applicability forWSS system development.

No less interesting is thatWawasan also brings forward to youa topic about Handwashing. To us itmay seem too trivial, but based on astudy it is proven that hand washingis highly significant influential to di-sease contamination through contactwith hand.

In the column Cermin(Reflection) we present to you theinitiative made by the community ofGang Jempiring, Bali in building anMCK (public toilet). A few years agothis community had had an MCKbuilt for them by the government.

But the construction was not fullyattended and finally broke down.This new MCK was built by the com-munity based on an awareness to livea better life and hygienically.

For the purpose of experiencesharing, domestic as well as interna-tional, we are also bringing forwardLessons Learned. In this column les-sons learned from domestic areextracted from evaluation of WSSprojects in Indonesia. Whereas les-sons from overseas are extractedfrom international reports.

We are trying our best to makethis media gain a widespread distri-bution. Internet becomes one of themeans we are using. For this pur-pose, starting from this edition weare also sending Percik through e-mail. This media will also be pre-sented in full in a newly launchedWater Supply and Environmentalsanitation website www.ampl.or.id.

Apart from all of the above efforteverything will return to you. Input,comment, suggestion, and even con-tribution article become a certaintyfor the life of this media. Finally, wewish you all the best and thank you.

Photos Gallery

Source: Ministry of Helath

The national policy for the develop-ment of community-based watersupply and environmental sanita-

tion is intended to enhance the develop-ment, provisioning, maintenance of sus-tainable and reliable infrastructures andfacilities. It took 5 years for the wholepolicy formulation process to completeand it culminated at the point when 5echelon I officials representing 5 cross-sectoral agencies Bappenas, Ministry ofHome Affairs, Ministry of Finance,Ministry of Health and Ministry ofSettlement & Regional Infrastructureput their signature of agreement on thedocument. It is planned this documentwill be made official and effective nation-wide through a ministerial decision bythe State Ministry of NationalDevelopment/Chairman of Bappenas.

There are 8 guiding principles thatmake up the policy, those are water as aneconomic and public good; informedchoice as the basis of demand-responsiveapproach; environmental-friendly deve-lopment; hygiene education; povertyfocus; women's role in decision-making;accountability of the planning process;government's role as facilitator for empo-werment; active community participa-tion; optimal and target-oriented service;improved monitoring and evaluation pro-gram.

As a policy the details containedtherein are not extracted only from in-house deliberations and discussions. Thepolicy has gone through a long process offield trials directly and indirectly. Thisprocess was made possible because ofsynergy among policy formulation andpolicy implementation field teamsthrough the on-going water supply and

sanitation projects. The result is, thoughthe agreement was just officiated recent-ly, but in reality the principles have beenlong before adopted by the on-going WSSdevelopment projects, such as WaterSupply for Low Income Community-2(WSLIC-2), Rural and Water Supply inNusa Tenggara Timur (ProAir), Sanitasioleh Masyarakat (SANIMAS), and severalothers. The latest project to adopt theprinciples is Community Water Servicesand Health (CWSH) which is currently inpreparatory stage.

It becomes interesting to note whatand how a specific project is doingincluding comments from the projectmanagement. In the implementation ofthe principles, one project, of course, metwith a different experience from the

others.Soegeng Santoso, project leader of

ProAir, said that the national policy isquite appropriate. "What we are doing isexactly the same with WASPOLA's sug-gestions, therefore we are just dissemi-nating the policy." According to Soe-geng, the key to success of a WSS projectis in the hands of the community, not thegovernment. Therefore the communitymust be given a leading role in makingdecision. "It is not a time for full govern-ment intervention, now it is demanddriven, not supply driven," he added.

Similar statement was made byHartoyo, CWSH project leader.According to him, the community playsthe role of agent of change. "When thecommunity is capable of planning and

A I N R E P O R TM


National Policy Implementationon Community-Based Water Supply

and Environmental SanitationDevelopment

implementing a development by them-selves, this means the community is suc-cessful," he says. The government shouldonly play the role of facilitator and moti-vator. It is the community who do all theplanning and implementation of the pro-ject. This process will guarantee the sus-tainability of the project result.

Why the community? According toHartoyo, they have many problems. Ofcourse, it is the community itself whoknows what the problems are and knowsexactly the priority for solution."Government assistance would be neededonce in a while, but that is not the mainissue. Government subsidy is only astimulant," he added.

Alfred Lambertus, Rural WaterSupply and Sanitation Specialist, whohandles the SANIMAS project points outthat demand responsive approach is veryimportant to a project if we want theproject to sustain. The policy that is for-mulated through WASPOLA, accordingto him, is being put to trials in the fieldand this process will last for a consider-able length of time. "From this imple-mentation it can be seen how a regionalis required to be responsive to thedemand of its community, he continues.

According to him, there was a com-mon mistake in the past when the deci-sion makers used to underestimate the

community capacity. They thought thatcommunity is incapable and devoid ofinitiative. "Whereas the community will-ingness to assume responsibility is verybig. Even the poor class. Provided thisrelates to their demand, they are willingto contribute," Alfred further explains.

However, according to WSLIC-2 pro-ject leader, Zainal I. Nampira, the com-munity must be made well prepared.Beside physical construction, the commu-nity must be able to manage its financialaffairs in order to be accountable inaccordance with accounting principles."This is a learning process," he stresses.

Relinquishment of responsibility tothe community, according to Zainal, must

be done wisely and carefully. Experiencein the field indicates that community istoo self reliant that they would disagreewith a scientific argumentation providedfor by consultant. "But, never mind.This is a process," he further says.

Apart from synchronization of nation-al policy on water supply and environ-mental sanitation and other projects inthe field, there are still other barriers tobe dealt with in the future. Project-mind-edness seems still prevails within the pol-icy makers. "Often we are faced withconflicting situation: achieving a target ormaintaining the process,' Zainal conclud-ed. As an example he cited that at theinitial stage WSLIC-2 project which isfunded by the World Bank and theAustralian government moved very slow-ly, therefore fund absorption was alsovery slow. It started to gain speed in thesecond to third year implementation.This situation cannot be separated fromthe limited knowledge of the personnel toabsorb the methods to be applied in theproject. So, in the beginning the prioritywas placed in human resources develop-ment of the project related personnel.Besides, WSLIC-2 requires that fund is tobe channeled directly to the communityis in disagreement with the existing regu-lation.

This condition is made worse with thenewly issued Keppres 42 which requiresthat project be audited each fiscal year."There is a possibility that with theissuance of the Keppres that projectmindedness will recover", he further says.He suggests that an empowerment pro-ject must be funded based on multiyearbudget system.

Empowerment is multi-sectoral.Each sector must have the same accelera-tion. From experience, the communityusually moves faster than the others. Thesectors must be able to catch up in orderto reach synergy.

The abovementioned projects are inthe process of proving whether thenational policy is the right policy for WSSdevelopment. There are some barriersbeing identified, and it seems that theimplementation will need more time.What and how are the projects look like,the following main report will discusseach one of them in general.

A I N R E P O R TM


Each sector must havethe same acceleration.From experience, the

community usually movesfaster than the others.

The sectors must be ableto catch up in order to

reach synergy.

Source: OM

A I N R E P O R TM


Pursuant to Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MOU) betweenthe Government of Indonesia and

Asian Development Bank (ADB) it isagreed that ADB will provide support toIndonesian efforts to reduce a number ofproblems and limitations related to watersupply and environmental sanitation,both in urban and rural areas. In thisconnection the Country Program Mission(CPM) ADB 2002 it was made certainthat Community Water Services andHealth Project (CWSHP) is included inthe Country Strategy and Program (CSP)2003-2005 for Indonesia. ADB approvesCWSH as a project loan effective fromyear 2004.

At this time the CWSH project is stillin preparatory stage. One of the mainactivities during this stage is ProjectPreparation Technical Assistance(PPTA). In general, the purpose ofPPTA is to help Indonesian governmentto identify and prepare a project propos-al which is expected to start implementa-tion in year 2004. The output fromPPTA will be used by ADB andIndonesian Government to process andformulate the required investment forthe related WSS development.

The PPTA team started its activity on16 July 2003 and will be completed inMay 2004 (10 months). This team ispreparing the kabupaten level SPAR (SubProject Appraisal Report) from theselected provinces.

Purposes and Output

GeneralImproving quality of life and status of

health of low income communities livingin the rural areas and the fringes of bigtowns/cities through improvement inwater related hygiene behaviour of thehouseholds through improved access towater supply and sanitation system.

SpecificA capable regional government to

improve water supply and health service

through institutionalization of demandresponsive and household based systemand program focused at low income com-munities in partnership with civiliancommunity and private sector.

OutputThe expected output of the project

are:

Preparatory Activity: National Workshop on Community

Water Services and Health (CWSH) atBekasi on 2 July 2003

Site Selection CriteriaThe Central Level Technical Team for

Water Supply and Sanitation representedby cross-sectoral agencies have deve-loped a criteria for selection candidateprovinces with marked achievement inHuman Development Index (HDI),Gender-Related Development Index(GDI), Human Poverty Index (HPI), co-verage in WSS service, diarrhoea inci-dence, and status of the existing WSSprojects and consideration on the linkagewith other ADB projects, such as FHN,DHS and RWSS.

Preparatory ActivityOn 23 June 2003 the project was offi-

cially announced. Twelve provinces wereinvited for that occasion, consisting of W.Kalimantan, S. Kalimantan, C. Kalimantan,Papua, Lampung, Jambi, Banten,Gorontalo, Bengkulu, Riau, S. Sulawesi, andSE. Sulawesi. A national seminar was heldon 2 July 2003 inviting participants fromthe 12 provinces. Each province was to berepresented by the members from Bappedaand Dinas Kesehatan. Representatives fromPapua failed to attend.

On 22 July 2003 a coordinationmeeting was held at Bappenas and wasattended by WSS Technical Team andthe PPTA Team. It was concluded thatthere would be provincial level seminarsto be held at W. Kalimantan, C.Kalimantan and Jambi. The TechnicalTeam made a special effort to talk withProvince Papua for participation inCWSH project, considering Papua wasprioritized in the second place. This wasdone until the second week of August2003. Finally the Technical Team had todecide to give Papua's place to Bengkuluas the fourth province to participate inthis project.

Provincial level seminars were alreadyconducted at Palangkaraya, Jambi, Ponti-anak and Bengkulu. In this provincial semi-nars 3 kabupatens were selected as projectsites in each participating province.

In the Tripartite Meeting held in 2September 2003 it was agreed to add moreparticipating kabupatens to a total of 19from the presently selected provinces.

Concluding RemarkCWSH is the first project in 2003 which is

designed in pursuant to the new procedure asset forth in Decision of Ministry of FinanceNo. 35/KMK.07/2003 on Planning, Imple-mentation/Organization, and Monitoring ofan Extension of Government Loan to Regi-onal Level Government. According to theKMK 35 the regional government is obliged toshare the obligation with the central govern-ment in the loan repayment, therefore thepossibility for changing the participating pro-vince may happen in accordance with the wil-lingness to share the repayment obligation.

Community Water Services and Health(CWSH)

A capable regional government tofacilitate planning and implementation(including managerial aspect) of acommunity-based project that is alsocapable in providing family-basedhealth services especially in waterborne diseases. Strengthened community and familiesin such a way that they are capable toplan, advocate, manage the O&M ofWSS service and also improved healthand hygienic behaviour.Development of sufficient, acceptableand sustainable WSS system and otherhealth service facilities especially inwater borne diseases.An efficient project implementationand coordination system includingproject monitoring and evaluation.

a.

b.

c.

d.

Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) pro-vince is located in a low rainfallregion, thus water scarcity becomes

a common phenomenon. Beside the naturalcondition, most of the population is insuffi-ciently knowledgeable about hygienic mat-ters and they are still living in less hygienicenvironment. This makes the people ofNTT vulnerable to water borne diseases.

Aware of this condition in 1998 thegovernment of Indonesia and the FederalRep. of Germany concluded an agree-ment for a development undertaking inthe field of water supply and environ-mental sanitation in NTT province.

As a follow-up to the agreement, ameeting between the German Bank forReconstruction (KfW) and the regionaland central level agencies related to thesector was held in 2001. It was conclud-ed that the German Ministry forEconomic Cooperation (BMZ), KfW andDeutsche Gesselschaft fuer TechnischeZusammenarbeit (GTZ) will coordinate atechnical assistance and financial assis-tance for the program. The kabupatensto participate in the program are SumbaTimur, Sumba Barat, and Timor TengahSelatan. On 12 December 2001 GrantAgreement "Rural Water Supply andSanitation" was concluded. KfW is tomake available 15,6 million DM forinvestment (construction, procurementof materials and services) and for con-sultant costs. As a counterpart, each ofthe kabupatens will set aside an invest-ment fund in their budget (DIPDA)amounting to 10% of the total grant fundprovided for by KfW and other noninvestment funds in conformance withthe need of each of the kabupatens. Thisprogram is given a specific name. ProAir,to distinguish it from other projects inother locations.

Purposea. General

To provide contribution in minimiz-ing the risk to health of rural communitycaused by water borne diseases throughimprovement of drinking water supplyand environmental sanitation in theprovince of NTT.

b. Specific Rural community that is capable of

running the management of a sustainablewater supply and environmental sanita-tion system on their own and a regionalgovernment that is capable of adoptingthis methodology.

LocationProAir operates in the rural areas of

Kabupatens Sumba Timur, Sumba Baratand Timor Tengah Selatan of theprovince of NTT.

Program ImplementationUnlike in the past the present

approach is not based on standard nor-mative defined by the government (sup-ply driven), therefore the present pro-gram is implemented based on the realdemand of the community (demand driv-en). There are several phases to be com-pleted in ProAir implementation, begin-ning from socialization and dissemina-tion phase, followed by planning, afterthat technical design and contracting,then construction phase and finally postconstruction activity.

The implementation itself is conduct-ed gradually beginning from KabupatenSumba Timur. In this kabupaten imple-mentation has reached phase 3. Phase 1,the socialization and dissemination wasconducted through a public campaignactivity by ProAir Kabupaten

Coordination Team (TKK) that producedmany applications from the community.Phase 2, all the applications were select-ed and assessed according their feasibili-ty by the Project Implementation Unit(PIU). Phase 3 represents implementa-tion plan which involves the communitygroup in executing the actual construc-tion through participatory activity apply-ing MPA-PHAST methodology with faci-litation from a motivator.

ConstraintsThere are several constraints crop-

ping up while implementation is on-going, the constraints may come in physi-cal or non-physical nature:

PhysicalGeographical conditionThe settlements are scattered so that

it is difficult to choose the most suitabletechnology for a specific condition

Non-physicalLack of knowledge in the part of the

local implementation personnel aboutdemand driven approach that makescommunity motivation process movesonly very slowly.

Fund channeling mechanism is not fullyunderstood, this causes delays in request forfund and its subsequent processing.

Plan for the futureIn order to overcome the constraints,

it is planned for the future:a. A continuous HRD program inclu-

ding re-socialization of ProAir programthrough advocacy to the regional govern-ment and legislative (DPRD).

b. Keep on trying to find the bestchoice of technology for application inNTT.

A I N R E P O R T

Program Air dan Sanitasi PerdesaanPropinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (ProAir)

Rural Water Supply and SanitationProgram in Nusa Tenggara Timur

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What is SANIMAS?SANIMAS is an initiative designed to

promote community-based sanitation(CBS) system as an alternative choice forthe poor community.

BackgroundImproper sanitation condition in the

areas where most of the urban poor liveis economically detrimental and tends todegenerate quality of life, especially ofwomen and children. In the worst condi-tion it may lead to relapsing of abdomi-nal infectious diseases that the number oftyphoid incidence in Indonesia is thehighest in East Asia. This causes a finan-cial loss amounting to approximatelyRp47 trillion (4,4% of 1997 GDP) to theeconomy or equals to Rp120.000 perhousehold per month.

Improper sanitation condition of theurban poor is closely related to the exist-ing wastewater disposal system. Inbroad line, sanitation facilities in urbanareas can be categorized as the following:

PurposeWith regard to the limited option for

wastewater disposal system currently

available, SANIMAS intends to introduceanother option, i.e. community-basedwastewater disposal system. It is expect-ed this effort would become acceptable tothe regional government for adoptioninto its sanitation development strategy.

Demand Responsive Approach(DRA)

At this time SANIMAS is being triedin 7 towns, Blitar, Pasuruan, Kediri,Mojokerto, Sidoarjo and Pamekasan inEast Java and Denpasar in Bali.Selection of the sites took a long process.First, a dissemination process aboutSANIMAS to the communities in 21towns with population density above 700persons per ha of East Java (15) and Bali(6). Followed with an information semi-nar to discuss SANIMAS idea in moredetail. Interested towns are invited toparticipate with a requirement that allthe involved agencies must attend andthey must pay their own travel expenses.Apparently, all the towns sent their rep-resentatives and they participated active-ly in the seminar. Toward the end of theseminar it was announced that this exer-cise was also intended to select the townscapable of implementing the program.

SANIMAS could only provide facilitationfor a maximum of 8 towns. The agreedrequirements for participation are as thefollowing:

Those towns interested are requiredto send application letter with attach-ment of the agreed requirements statedabove. There were 12 applicant townsindicating willingness: Bangli, Gianyarand Denpasar of Bali, Pamekasan,Mojokerto, Sidoarjo, Pasuruan, Probo-linggo, Blitar, Kediri, Batu and Malang ofE. Java. Further selection indicated thatProbolinggo, Malang, Batu, Gianyar didnot meet the required score. An MOUwith the remaining 8 towns was prepared,but Bangli finally withdrew because DPRDdid not give approval for the counterpartbudget.

In selection of community partici-pants the Demand Responsive Approachwas also applied. During the process 10communities compete among themselvesto win SANIMAS facilitation. Besidedemand responsive approach there aretwo other important principles appliedby SANIMAS. One principle is choice oftechnology which is to be made by thecommunity. SANIMAS would assumethe role of introducing the technologyoptions including the strength and weak-ness of each. The other principle is, thecommunity assumes the responsibilityfor technical construction and the mana-gement of funds coming from ownsources, the government, SANIMAS, anNGO (BORDA) in some cases.

SANIMAS Implementation phasingThere are 3 components involved in

the implementation. First, CBSCapacity Building. The purpose is to

A I N F E A T U R E

SANIMASAn Initiative in Community Based

Sanitation Management

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Sewerage system built in several bigtowns with a very limited coverage.On site disposal system, generally con-sists of toilet with or without a septictank. This is the most common type.Direct disposal into a river or openspace.

By: A. Lambertus, WSP-EAP

ercentage of Urban Wastewater Disposal Facin Indonesia

Type of Facility % Septic tank 63,07 Fish pond/rice field 3,28 River/lake 16,70 Pit well 14,44 Sea coast/open area 1,28 Others 1,23 Source: BPS, 2002

Percentage of Urban WastewaterDisposal Fasilities in Indonesia

Source: BPS, 2002

Willing to set aside a counterpartbudget;Decide the responsible sector to coordi-nate the activity;Select and employ two local facilitators.One principle is choice

of technology whichis to be made bythe community.

SANIMAS would assumethe role of introducingthe technology optionsincluding the strength

and weaknessof each.

A I N F E A T U R EM


define project rules, sanitation technolo-gy options development, and construc-tion of implementation tools to be testedand demonstrated. The output of thefirst component consists of:

Second, Promotion and Demon-stration of CBS System. The purposeis to improve the knowledge, skill andawareness in CBS as an appropriate sani-tation option to be applied in the sectionof a town where the poor live. One of theoutputs of this component is an estab-lished CBS system that represents thechoice of the whole user community.The whole is underscored because ifthere is only one family disagrees againstthis may lead to cancellation of the pro-ject, in spite of all other processes havebeen completed in agreement with all thecommunity members.

There are two choices that are gene-rally selected from by the user communi-ty. Basically the community would take asanitation system that makes them feelsecure and at the same time also presti-gious. For this purpose the communityexpects to have a system with home con-nection, but local condition may causesomething different.

A location with the following charac-teristics:

The community has no choice but anMCK as sanitation system. From the 7communities facilitated by SANIMASfour of them are fortunate because theycould build a system with home connec-tion; as for the other three they have tobe satisfied with an MCK.

There are four funding sources forthe construction: community contribu-tion (cash and materials), local govern-ment, SANIMAS, and in some cases theshortage is subsidized by BORDA.Physical construction is expected to becompleted in November 2003.

The third component is,Implementation Management.SANIMAS is financed through a grantfund provided for by the Australian gov-ernment through AusAID. The dailyactivity is run by an NGO, BORDA(Bremen Overseas Research andDevelopment Association) based atKayen No. 176, Jl. Kaliurang KM 6,6Sleman, Yogyakarta. BORDA is assistedby 3 local NGO's namely Lembaga

Pengkajian Kemasyarakatan &Pembangunan (LPKP) covering activitiesin Pasuruan, Blitar, and Kediri and isbased in Malang, E. Java; Bina EkonomiSosial Terpadu (BEST) for areas coveringPamekasan, Sidoarjo, and Mojokerto andis based in Surabaya; and for Denpasarthe responsibility is imposed upon BaliFokus which is based in Bali.

At the community level, SANIMAS isfacilitated by two field facilitators. Onecomes from the implementing agencyand the other is recruited from localNGO. SANIMAS activity will be com-pleted in April 2004, in which a nationallevel seminar will be organized to wrapup the lessons learned to be dissemi-nated for future purposes.

Compilation, analysis, and synthe-sis of lessons learned fromIndonesia and abroad;Rules and feasibility requirementsfor participation in SANIMAS pro-gram;Variety of technology options forCBS system;Training module for facilitationinstitution and local government.

Houses built on contoursIntermittent floodingLimited land area, even for a toiletconstructionHouses built crammed with eachother, such as the rent houses.

There are two choices that are generally selectedfrom by the user community. Basically the community

would take a sanitation system that makes themfeel secure and at the same time also prestigious. For this purpose the community expects to have

a system with home connection, but local conditionmay cause something different.

Source: OM

Many villagers are dependentupon a traditional source fortheir drinking water. Whereas

the source is located far away and diffi-cult to reach, discharge is insufficientespecially during dry season, water qua-lity is below the required standard forconsumption. This unfavourable condi-tion poses a big difficulty particularly forwomen and children who have to spendmost of their time to take water forwashing, cooking and drinking.

Besides, many of the low incomefamilies who live in a more remote loca-tion defecate in the river or open place.This bad habit frequently causes conta-mination of diarrhoeal or other diseasesto other community members who sharethe same water source.

WSLIC-1 project was implemented in1993-99 to find a solution to some ofthese problems. Studies on the impactof provision of water supply and othersanitation facility to health conditionindicate a decrease in diarrhoeal casesup to one third. However, WSLIC-1 wasfaced with a major difficulty related tofund disbursement system and its adminis-tration. This project is now being followed-up with WSLIC-2 which will be implemen-ted through year 2006. WSLIC-2 total pro-ject cost is USD106 million coming fromIDA (World Bank), Indonesian govern-ment, Australian government throughAusAID and the community.

PurposeThis project is intended to improve

health status, productivity and quality oflife of low income communities throughimproved hygiene behaviour, environ-mentally-based health service, provisionof a sustainable, safe, sufficient, easilyaccessible and effectively used watersupply and sanitation system/facility.

LocationThe project is implemented in 7

provinces consisting of East Java, NusaTenggara Barat, West Sumatra, South

Sumatra, Bangka-Belitung, West Javaand South Sulawesi. Criteria for selec-tion is based on: frequency of diarrhoealinciddence, poverty level, and water sup-ply and sanitation service coverage.

MethodologyWSLIC-2 consists of 4 main compo-

nents, namely improvement of thecapacity of community institution,improvement of hygiene and sanitationstatus through provision of services inhealth and hygiene behaviour, provisionof water supply and sanitation system,and project management.

This project applies an approachmethodology that is sensitive to thedemand of the community. All membersof the community have an equal oppor-tunity to participate in the selection ofactivity related to health, water supplyand sanitation, with a specific focus tothe demand of women and the poorgroup.

The methodology being applied iscalled PHAST (Participatory Health andSanitation Transformation), which isbased on the earlier participatorymethodology called SARAR (Self-esteem,Associative strength, Resourcefulness,Action planning, Responsibility). Withthe demand responsive methodology thecommunity is involved beginning fromplanning, implementation, and O&M.The community decides by itself thetechnology choice for the system to beconstructed. This activity is funded by acombination of grant from the WorldBank and a subsidy from the local gov-ernment that make up 80% of the totalcost. The remaining 20% represents thecommunity contribution, 4% of which incash and 16% in labour and materials.

Up to August 2003 there were 870villages selected for participation, 779 ofthe applicants were being processed, 387of which have signed a contract. Up tothat time 221 villages have completedconstruction. It is expected that by theend of the year 1.000 villages will be

involved in the project out of 2.000toward the end of WSLIC-2 in 2006.

ConstraintsAs a new and fully innovative project

applying MPA approach, WSLIC-2 is facedwith a number of difficulties and con-straints. In the initial stage, the constraintappeared as a consequence of limitedhuman resources capacity in understandingthe methodology. As a result, the projectthat should have lifted off the ground in2001 was delayed. The project has had toprepare the human resources first. NGO'sand consultants are recruited and give themthe necessary training. They then providetraining to facilitators.

Other constraint relates to financialadministration system in which the pro-ject requires channeling fund directly tocommunity account. This system isentirely alien to the existing law and re-gulation. That is why the project has tomake the necessary preparation in orderthe community could manage the fundin auditable manner. Each year an auditwas conducted on 60% of the Communi-ty Management Units.

There is something else the project isneed to consider for implementation inthe future, i.e something related tohealth. Whether health component muststart from the bottom?

Experience indicates that KabupatenManagement Unit has, from the verybeginning, never worked within the lineof the process. It is not surprising,therefore, the communication networkdoes not work harmoniously.

Plan for the futureTo overcome the communication

delay among kabupaten level imple-menters some sort of a technical teaminvolving the stakeholders related to thetechnical aspects of health, communityempowerment and others will be orga-nized, so that everybody will be informedabout what is going on and coordinationbe made easier.

A I N F E A T U R E

Water and Sanitationfor Low Income Communities

(WSLIC)-2

M


In 1997-98, Water and SanitationProgram of the World Bank and IRCInternational Water and Sanitation

Center formulated a community empo-werment method that is known asMethodology for ParticipatoryAssessments (MPA). This methodologyis a combination of the earlier methods,Minimum Evaluation Procedures (MEPand SARAR (Self-esteem, Associativestrength, Resourcefulness, Action plan-ning, Responsibility).

In 1998-99 the methods were put totrial at 88 water management communi-ties of 18 projects in 15 countries. Thestudy was conducted by a team from uni-versities, local and national NGO's, rela-ted government agencies, and projectmanagers. The lesson learned from thestudy reveals that sustainable water sup-ply system is one that provides satisfac-tory service to the majority of usersincluding low income group. A service isconsidered satisfactory if it is beneficialand the system is effectively usedbecause the majority (at least 80%) ofthe community has access to it.

Sustainable service and effective useare interrelated with demand-sensitiveprogram. This can be achieved if fromthe very beginning the users are involvedin the planning to express their ideasand to vote. Besides, there will be equityin the system management and share inbenefit and burden. All requires com-munity participation in contribution,supervision in project implementation,and sharing of responsibility in trans-parent manner.

Finally it was summarized that thereare 5 aspects influencing the sustaina-bility of a project. Those aspects are:

Technically sustainableSustainability in technical aspect can

be obtained if the project is planned bythe community and in consideration tothe type of technology applied in accor-dance with the community condition

Financially sustainableThis can be established if the com-

munity is involved in planning. Besides,also in deciding the O&M costs and theamount of community (rich/poor,man/woman) contribution. Contri-bution is decided in proportion to levelof service or the amount of clean waterper household.

Environmentally sustainableSustained environmental condition

can be reached if the planning by thecommunity also takes into considerationthe environmental aspect as it relates towater source and wastewater disposal.

Institutionally sustainableSustainable institution is a process in

formation of management team thattakes into consideration gender equity

and involvement of the poor, and appli-cation of the principles of democracyand transparency

Socially sustainableThis condition can be reached if all

components in a community are giventhe same opportunity in the selectionprocess of technology choice, type of sys-tem to be constructed, level of service,type of training. All community mem-bers have the same opportunity to voiceout their ideas in decision makingprocess to decide the size and format ofcommunity contribution and dues, deci-sion in management mechanism, andselection of the management team.

With the application of the fiveaspects for the purpose of improvementof demand responsive approach in plan-ning, MPA applies participatory methodsconsisting of:

E R S P E C T I V E

Empowerment WithoutCompelling

P


Source: OM

The information generated from theprocess will be useful to identify thebasic social characteristic and servicefacilities in accordance with the opinionof all components in the village levelplenum. The community could then re-concile their demand with the technolo-gy choice, capacity and willingness topay, between the different groups andassess their own level of demand. MPAis not only useful for the community butalso for all related components such aspublic service management, projectimplementers, project managers, anddecision makers.

What about Indonesia? Since 1980there are many water supply and sanita-tion facilities built in Indonesia. Thefacilities were built and implemented bya number of projects and programsfunded by central government budget,donor countries, donor agencies such asWorld Bank. The reality in the fieldindicates that the facilities did not lastlong. Frequently they become a monu-ment. Why must it happen? Based onstudies conducted by Water andSanitation Program (WSP) the failure or

lack of sustainability happens because oflack of sense of belongingness within thecommunity. This condition makesIndonesia one of the locations suitablefor the application of MPA approach.

For Indonesia, the methodologycould be considered as new. Thereforeconstraints are coming up in the field.Based on experience, the one who have

the most difficulties in adopting themethodology are the decision makersand project managers. Why? All thistime they have been used to top downand instructional and is difficult forthem to accept the aspiration from thecommunity. They seldom go to the fieldand speak with the community. Many ofthem consider that community will neverbe able to get stronger by itself.

From the implementation side, thereis no meaningful barrier. But MPA willbe easily implemented if the facilitator iswilling to learn. The application of MPAbecomes difficult if the facilitator hasbeen formed and tend to teach ratherthan to learn. Empowerment throughMPA is possible for any group of thecommunity. Whether is the rich, thepoor, the educated and even the illitera-tes. This methodology comes in me-thods that can be easily understood bythe community. In other words MPAcan be adjusted to the local condition.As an example, in Laos when applyingthis methodology it was difficult to clas-sify how many rich population and howmany are poor. Over there, such a dis-tinction is unthinkable. But through alocal community language this distinc-tion is made possible. It was throughindication that the rich wear a lot ofornaments, holding a high position sothat they have a fixed income, in con-trast with those without educationbecause they are only farm labourerswithout a fixed income. For the commu-nity, what is important they understandand capable of expressing themselves.With a symbol or drawing it will do, aslong as they can express their opinionand make a choice without any pressure.Seeing the real success in applying theMPA, not just a theory, there are manyrequests for application from many otherprojects. Other countries such as Laos,Cambodia and Vietnam have adoptedthis methodology. This methodology hasimpacted to local government policyincluding institutions related to sectorsother than water supply and sanitation.

With regard application in other sec-tors there is no problem. The methodologymay be the same. What need adjustmentsare the indicators. (Summarized frominterview with Ratna I. Josodipoero,Hygiene Education Specialist, WSP).

E R S P E C T I V EP


Activity Methodology Inventory of village characteristics Open discussion Social classification Welfare classification Social mapping Discussion and drawing User evaluation Pocket votes Decision making evaluation Matrix voting Sample taking for transect walk and focused group discussion utilising the social map Evaluation of management, maintenance and financial management of service Evaluation on history of system construction Evaluation of division of labour and benefit

Discussion with the management team (men and women)

Review of service system performance Ranking score by user Evaluation by non user

Transect walk, supplemented with rating scale and checklist for WSS facility

Evaluation on user satisfaction Ladders, card sorting Division of labour and benefit Card sorting Plenum meeting on the result of activity with the community

Presentation of scores and open discussion

Inventory of institutions that influence service Open discussion, scoring, pocket votes

Activity Methodology

For Indonesia, the metho-dology could be considered

as new. Therefore con-straints are coming up in

the field. Based on experi-ence, the one who havethe most difficulties in

adopting the methodologyare the decision makersand project managers.

In October 2003 we received an invi-tation to a seminar from WSP-EAPWorld Bank with an agenda on

Handwashing. This raised a number ofquestions. We all know that handwash-ing is part of the tradition of civilizedcommunity. The question is whether itis worthwhile to discuss such a matter ina meeting attended by representativesfrom World Bank/Jakarta, USAID,UNICEF, John Hopkins University,Universitas Indonesia, Koalisi UntukIndonesia Sehat, Bappenas and Ministryof Health? The more so is because one ofthe agenda is the naming of Indonesia asthe fifth nation in the world to involve inGlobal Initiative for Handwashing pro-moted by the World Bank in year 2000.This article does not intend to discusswhat was happening in the meeting, butrather to provide a further under-standing about Handwashing.

FlashbackThe history of handwashing goes

back to the 19th century when manyEuropean and American women diedshortly after childbirth. As many astwenty five per cent of mothers diedafter delivery. The main cause wasStreptococcus pyogenes bacteria. Earlyin 1843 Dr Oliver Wendell suggestedhandwashing as a means to overcome it.He was convinced that the cases werecaused by the doctor's habit.

It was Dr Ignaz Semmelweiss who in1850 observed that mortality rate ofwomen giving birth under the care of aphysician is three times higher that thosehandled by non-medical help. Theobservation led to a conclusion that doc-tors did not wash their hands beforehelping a parturition. Whereas the doc-tor might just from attending anotherpatient or even conducted an autopsy.

Dr Semmelweiss suggested that adoctor must wash his hands prior toattending a patient. The result was,mortality rate dropped significantly. Butironically, without looking into the factDr Semmelweiss was ostracized by hisown colleagues. Maybe the habit ofhandwashing was entirely new then.The availability of clean water was stillrelatively insufficient, it took a big effort

to warm it up and water was still con-sidered as the source of malaria andtyphoid contamination were the mostprobable reasons for doctors opposingthe habit of handwashing. It looks quitediscordant from our point of view todaythat doctors were the ones opposing tohandwashing.

Refusal to handwashing continuedand even in a seminar at the Academy ofMedicine in Paris 1879 disease contami-nation through contact with hand wasstill doubted. It was Louis Pasteur whoin the seminar spoke loudly saying "Asdoctors you are the ones killing thosewomen by contaminating with deadlymicrobe from sick patient to womenabout to give birth."

The above story gives us the histori-cal background how the steps towardsawareness of handwashing as a means toprevent contamination. It took a consid-erable length of time and effort beforehandwashing become part of the culturaltradition of civilized community and notsimply as a physician's routine.Handwashing is presently a subjecttaught in schools and even handwashingfacility is now a public requirement.

How Important is Handwashing?Let us look back to the data produced

from several studies. In 1996 by notwashing hands there was 40% contribu-tion to infected food including salmonel-la in the US. This figure refers to 80million people poisoned from food whichincrease the medical cost, decrease pro-ductivity, and death of 10.000 people.

More than 2 million children died inthe developing nations each yearthrough diarrhoea. Each minute 5 peo-ple are infected by diarrhoea microbe or300 cases for 1.000 population. Accord-ing to Directorate General of Communi-cable Disease Control & EnvironmentalHealth, Ministry of Health, diarrhoea isnumber two cause for mortality rate ofchildren under 5 in Indonesia. In themeantime based on the latest observa-tion by The Lancet Infectious DiseasesJournal it is evidenced that 42-47% ofdiarrhoeal incidence can be preventedonly by washing hands. Studies in Pa-kistan indicate that handwashing reducesdiarrhoeal incidence by 44%. A study byKhan (1982) indicates that washinghands is an effective means to preventdiarrhoea. Other studies by Alam (1989)

E R S P E C T I V E

HandwashingP


Source: ML

and Clemens (1987) suggest that wash-ing hands by mothers is an importantfactor in reducing diarrhoeal incidenceof their children. This all makes provi-sion of clean water and sanitationimprovement more effective if combinedwith handwashing program.

Other studies indicate that hand-washing reduces incidence of infectiousdiseases by 50%. Other source says thatit reduces up to 65%. Besides, washinghands regularly reduces the contamina-tion with antibiotic resistant bacteria.

All the facts mentioned above indi-cate the importance of washing hands asa means to prevent various diseases.Therefore, wash your hands.

Is it true handwashing is a culturaltradition?

A study conducted by AppliedResearch Group University ofWestminster Inggris reveals that only32% (from 292 toilet users) wash theirhands after using toilet. While result ofobservations in 5 cities in the US by theAmerican Society of Microbiology CleanHands Campaign indicates that although95% of the sample wash their handsafter using toilet but only 67% wash theirhands in the right manner.

How about in Indonesia? In June2003 an institution in Indonesia con-ducted an observation at 33 users in oneof the man toilets of Jakarta HiltonConvention Centre (JHCC). It turnedout only 8 men washed their hands afterusing toilet. Though this cannot be taken asrepresenting Indonesian condition but itreveals that even in a toilet in Jakarta hand-washing is not a common habit.

Are they that igrorant about theimportance of handwashing? Accordingto a study in England, it was found thatthey are aware of the importance ofwashing hands but there are several rea-sons why they do not do it such as thetoilet looks very nice and clean and theydon't want to touch anything other thantheir own, or their hands still look clean-clean does not mean free from microbe.

The above study indicates thatthough handwashing is understood asimportant, in practice it is seldom prac-tised. Even in a highly developed nationlike England.

Handwashing Could PreventContamination

Virus and bacteria can spread inmany different ways such as spoiledwater and food, phlegm from cough orsneeze, dirty hand, infectious surface(soil, table and others), excretion from apatient. If by chance we get in touchwith virus or bacteria from one of theabove sources, millions of microbes willbe in our hand. Most of them are harm-less, but some of the microbes can causeflu, and diarrhoea. By simply touchingnose, eye or mouth we are soon infected.Washing hands is the first step againstthe spread of the diseases, from flu, me-ningitis, hepatitis A, and diarrhoea. A stepas simple as washing hands turns out an

effective means to prevent contamination. Apart from the various diseases that

can be prevented simply by washinghands, what concerns most from thewater supply and sanitation is waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea.

When handwashing should bedone?

There is not specific rule how oftenwe should wash our hands but at least:

The time required for handwashing isless than 2 minutes.

How to wash handsThere are three simple steps in hand-

washing, (a) washing your hands from afaucet, spout of with a water dipper, pre-ferably using warm water; (b) use a soap(not necessarily an anti-bacterial type)for 10-15 seconds. Be sure that all thehidden parts of your hands are wettedwith soap; and (c) after drenching use atowel or tissue to dry hour hands.

E R S P E C T I V EP


Other studies indicate thathandwashing reduces

incidence of infectiousdiseases by 50%. Other

source says that it reducesup to 65%. Besides,

washing hands regularlyreduces the contamination

with antibiotic resistantbacteria.

Before eating and cookingAfter using toiletAfter house cleaningAfter visiting a sick personAfter cleaning nose, coughing orsneezingAfter an outdoor activity such asplaying, gardening, sport, etc.

Use a soap(not necessarilyan anti-bacterialtype) for10-15 seconds.

Source:OM

As a tourist destination Bali is wellknown for its natural beauty andits cultural heritage. However,

behind the natural beauty, the Denpasarcity as the provincial capital suffers froma bad luck as do the big cities on Java.The fast economic growth and side effectof development activities have turnedthe face of Denpasar pockmarked withclumsy and overpopulated quarters.Some of the locations are easily obser-vable at Banjar Sari and Banjar Batur ofKelurahan Ubung in KecamatanDenpasar Barat. According to DinasLingkungan Hidup and Public Works,Gang Jempiring which is located atBanjar Sari is top in the list of clumsyareas within the city of Denpasar.Banjar Sari itself is located just behindUbung, a land transport terminal andmain transit in Bali. This is the mainreason why Ubung especially GangJempiring has developed into such athickly populated with various ethnicgroups living in this place.

I Made Yasa, chief of Banjar Saricommunity and also an employee of theKelurahan Ubung says that most of thepopulation came from Lombok, E. Javaand various parts of Bali. Land lords inJempiring rent out their lands for livingquarters but unfortunately there are notmany of them able to provide an accept-able sanitation facility for their tenants.According to Yasa, Gang Jempiring isinhabited by approximately 300 familieswho in average work as street vendors,construction labourers, and other infor-mal sectors. A combination of lack ofknowledge and absence of acceptablesanitation system have made Banjar Saria city slum with sanitation problemespecially with regard human waste.

Actually the government had oncetried to make improvement to the sanita-tion condition of this place. Yasa admittedthat once Gang Jempiring had received asubsidy from the former administration.In 1980 to be exact. At that time the go-vernment constructed 4 public toilet(MCKs). Banjar Sari community called

them "MCK Moerdiono". Unfortunatelythe MCKs have met with unlucky fate."They could function only for 4 years",said I Wayan Gandra, owner of one ofthe MCKs. Gandra admitted that hisMCK was not maintained properly.Since the septic tank was full and cannotbe emptied, Gandra had difficulty anddoes not know what to do, so that heflushes the waste directly into thedrainage canal. Besides, according alandlord of more than 20 rental houses,water supply service from PAM for MCKseldom if not to say never flows.

The level of community knowledgeand awareness is considered as anotherreason for the breakdown of the MCKs.Made Yasa who is also an owner of oneof the MCK Moerdiono mentions hisexperience that he found lady's tissueswere buried in clogging the closet pipe."We had to cut the waste water pipe inorder to release the stopper", explainedYasa.

The abovementioned sanitation rela-ted problems and issues were revealed

during the Community Based Sanitation(CBS) program socialization meetingconducted by Bali Fokus in associationwith BORDA in July 2002. From theprocess of identification, problem formu-lation up to recommended solution con-ducted by Bali Fokus, BORDA togetherwith the community during the timespan between August till December 2002it became known that the status of MCKMoerdiono causes deep apprehension,such as bathroom and closet full of dirtand stench from the closet. Worse still,almost all the MCKs have their septictank broken so wastewater flows directlyinto a drainage ditch nearby.

Other issue that was brought forwardrelates to level of community awarenessto participate in maintaining and clean-ing a public facility. The level is very lowand the main reason lies in lack of senseof belongingness.

Bali Fokus an NGO specializing inenvironmental and community develop-ment in collaboration with BORDA anon-profit institution based in Bremen,

E F L E C T I O N

MCK Jempiringis not an MCK Moerdiono

R


Source: Bali FokusBefore construction

Germany, initiated a demonstration pro-ject. This project was offered to GangJempiring community as a solution totheir sanitation problem. This heavilyinnovative and appropriate technologybased project is believed to be able tocreate a sustainable and technically reli-able sanitation system in GangJempiring. This project is innovativebecause it was born out of a real demandand participation of the community. Thenon-technical/participatory approachbegan from July-August 2002 and con-tinued till the completion of a function-ing MCK structure on Wednesday, 6August 2003. In this participatoryapproach the community was asked toidentify the problem and propose thebest and workable solution by the com-munity itself. The community then for-mulated a number of alternatives thatfinally in January 2003 the communityagreed to build a new MCK at GangJempiring.

Thus this project did not come out ofemptiness as it used to be in the past. It

was not a top down à la MCK Moerdionoapproach that made the MCK Jempiringconstructed in Banjar Sari. Almost all ofthe decisions related to solution to sani-tation problem were consulted and coor-dinated with the community. "We fre-quently held a meeting with the commu-nity of Gang Jempiring", said Made YudiAstrana, one of Program Officers of BaliFokus. "There were at least 10 meetingswith the community before they came upwith a solution to build an MCK atJempiring", added the ITS graduate.Again according to Yudi, initially therewere 3 alternatives:

Renovation of the existing MCK's.After several more meetings on 31

January 2003 an MOU was signedbetween the community of Banjar Sari

and Bali Fokus which contains 3 mainpoints. First, that the community ofJempiring, Banjar Sari needs a sanitationfacility. Second, the community mem-bers of Jempring are willing to con-tribute for its O&M costs, and third, thecommunity will support the constructionof the new MCK and is willing to main-tain and keep the MCK clean.

Then based on the mapping of sanita-tion problem as prepared by the commu-nity, there were 3 candidates for the loca-tion of the new MCK. After a month of amore detailed technical survey it wasagreed that the land belonging to I KetutNasib is selected as the location. Theother two locations were droppedbecause they are too near the old MCK'sand one of the owner refuses to have anMCK built on his land.

MCK Jempiring construction throughcommunity based demand is only onemerit of the MCK. Because there is,additionally, another merit. MCKJempiring which was inaugurated by theMayor of Denpasar on Wednesday, 6August 2003 is equipped with an appro-priate technology for wastewater treat-ment system which produces methanegas and water in accordance with thesafety standard as set by the government.The biogas produced by a digester under-neath the MCK can supply gas for cook-ing of 3 families.

To maintain cleanliness, the MCKemploys 2 workers, each working on an8-hour shift, from 5 AM to 1 PM andfrom 1 PM to 9 PM. After 9 PM the MCKis closed. What about the wastewater? Itis BORDA Indonesia with 20 years ofexperience in the field of wastewater pro-cessing that provides the technical assis-tance to MCK Jempiring construction.Through a technology called DEWATS(Decentralized Waste Water TreatmentSystem) the human waste is processed."We guarantee the wastewater process-ing system will be functioning perfectly",says Yuyun Ilham, Director of BaliFokus. According to Jempiring commu-nity: "MCK Jempiring is more than justan MCK".

(Summarized from MCK Jempiring,a glimpse of,

Bali Fokus, Denpasar)

E F L E C T I O N R


Construction of an MCK at the location ofBalai Banjar SariConstruction of a new public MCK atGang JempiringConstruction of communal piping system

Source: Bali Fokus

During the months of Septemberand October 2003 the WSSWorking Group had an oppor-

tunity to make a field visit to WSLIC-2project sites, at Kabupaten Bima (NTB)and Kabupaten Ponorogo (E. Java),The following is the report:

Water has been flowing but theamount of subscription hasn't beendetermined yet by TotokanCommunity.

On 7 October last, a water supply andsanitation facility that was developedunder the WSLIC-2 project was handedover to Totokan Village Headman ofKab. Ponorogo. The event was attendedby the Bupati and his staff, DPRD, PKKofficers, Director of Water andSanitation (Ministry of Health), Directorof Human Settlement and Housing(Bappenas), Central level CoordinationTeam, CPMU, DPMU of Kab. Ponorogo.This specific event was jointly organizedby 7 villages being the sites of WSLIC-2project that have completed constructionas an expression of thankfulness for aclean water system for the community.The transfer of asset to each of the vil-lage is intended to build a sense ofbelongingness so that the communitywould manage the facility O&M in sus-tainable manner.

Up to this time the village obtainedwater from the deep wells filled in byinfiltration from the irrigation system.Water is flowed regularly one everymonth.

There are two water supply systems.The first is pumping up water from a 130metre-deep well into a big reservoir andthen water is distributed using 2 pumpswhich are located far from each other.The second is deep pit wells. There are 9such wells dug manually 50-60 m belowground. The construction works for bothsystems were done by the community.

To supply oxygen for men workingunderground while digging the wells, airwas pumped into the pit through a plas-tic hose from the ground surface. Thesoil of Totokan is made of rock so thatfrom a 50 m well, 3-4 truckloads of rockcould be mined.

Unfortunately, the subscription sys-

tem has not been finalized though thecommunity has enjoyed the clean waterservice. It is expected that the manage-ment unit together with the communitycould work out a management systemincluding the subscription dues. What iscertain is, as a result of water availabilitythe production of brick baking industryis increasing. Before this, water for mix-ing brick mold was difficult to obtain.

Friction is apt to happenThe community of Tanah Putih vil-

lage, Kecamatan Sape, Kab. Bima (NTB)obtain their water from a river. Thesource is located not far from theirhomes but it is difficult to reach becauseof the steep slope. Only a small fractionof the population have had access topiped water system, but the discharge istoo little. About 5,4 km from the village,there are two water sources but accessi-bility is very difficult. One of the sourcesis being used by the neighbour villagewith permission and without any com-pensation. WSLIC-2 installed a pipingconnection from the source and publictaps at 5 distribution points including

one at the primary school. But as the new village headman

began assuming office there ariseseedlings of discord within the commu-nity. This causes the CommunityImplementation Unit divided in two,may even lead a negative effect to thesustainability of the facility. Worse stillis the fact that the construction was exe-cuted through pressing the budget at theexpense of its technical quality.

This situation indicates that commu-nity participation at village plays a veryimportant role lowering constructionbudget especially in a difficult location.But in a certain condition, an overlyeconomized budget may adversely affectthe quality of construction.

There is a general notion up to thistime that a village community is alwayshomogenous and cannot easily be divid-ed. This fact has proven that villagecommunity is also susceptible to frag-mentation.

In September 2003, WSS WorkingGroup together with the World Bankmade a field visit to several SANIMAS

E S S O N S L E A R N E D

Local Lesson Learned

L


Source:BP

project sites. Here is the report:

Socialization and campaign isimportant

Before there was SANIMAS projectthe community of Bakalan, Pasuruantown, used to defecate in the river.Through this project the community aremade informed about the importance ofhygiene behaviour. Now almost all ofthe community members have changedtheir habit by building household sanita-tion facility and a connection to commu-nal wastewater treatment system.

Unfortunately, a hospital locatednearby indicates reluctance to join theconnection to the communal disposalinstallation. It should be questioned toDinkes Kab. Pasuruan why the agencydoes not support this project. At thismoment construction is just beginningand is implemented by the community.Total financial contribution for this proj-ect is Rp238.243.399 consisting of com-munity Rp13.618.500, LocalGovernment Rp174.639.841 and SANI-MAS Rp49.985.038.

A similar project is being initiated atKelurahan Sukorejo, Kab. Blitar.Construction work hasn't started yet.Activity is now concentrated in construc-tion of abutments to support the con-struction because the treatment systemwill be built very close to a riverbank. Atoilet will be built in every home sincethe community has had in general built abathroom but without a toilet.Community contribution for this projectis Rp12.155.000, SANIMASRp49.975.141 and Local GovernmentRp174.436.799. Total Rp. 236.007.122.

While construction work for waste-water treatment facility in KelurahanBaluwerti in the city of Kediri is con-strained because the available fund fromthe community is only Rp7 million andthe contribution from the governmentamounting to Rp152 million and fromSANIMAS 50 million hasn't arrived yet.It is said that the budget for this projecthas been included in the BUDGETRevision of the PEMDA.

Lessons learned from SANIMASproject in 3 villages:

1. Community awareness on hygienebehaviour especially in using toilet andwastewater treatment can be generatedthrough project campaign and socializa-

tion process. It is, therefore, necessaryto make available the appropriate infor-mation media that will reach the com-munity.

2. If the community, including thelocal government, has understood thepriciple in community environment,then willingness to pay can also be ge-nerated. This is evidenced from the con-tribution, both in cash and in materialsand labour.

3. Through informed technologychoice, community participation, type ofcommunity contribution, communityparticipation is more effective.

4. Detailed design of piping networkor wastewater treatment system must beprepared in the best manner in order toprevent any future problem due toimproper design, such clogging in pipesbecause of too small gradient or malo-dorous from a leak of the system.

5. Community must be informedabout the O&M of the installation inorder to result in sustainable service.For example, periodical cleaning of to-ilet, no garbage in any form enter thewastewater disposal system, no deter-gent or other cleansing material enterthe disposal system in order to preventany disturbance to the growth microor-ganism within the installation.

6 Construction work, especially com-munity based sanitation system, not onlycalls for community participation, butalso support from all stakeholders, suchas donor agencies, local government,DPRD and NGO's.

Community rejectionFrom the visits made to Denpasar

(Bali), Sidoarjo and Pamekaan (E. Java),it was found out that land availability isone of the determining factors in thesuccess of a project. In the three sites,location for project construction is diffi-cult to obtain, so that project must berelocated. In Pamekasan the locationhasn't be agreed and possibly the projecthas to be cancelled.

Community agreement is understoodin an absolute meaning, so that if anyone family has an objection that meansan agreement fails to be reached. Theproject must be relocated. But what isinteresting is that most of communityrejection is engineered by the agencythat should be in favour of this project.In Denpasar the rejection comes fromDinkes. In Pamekasan it is engineeredby Puskesmas Pembantu. It seems theidea behind SANIMAS project is not yetfully understood by the stakeholders.

The lessons learned from the abovesituation, it is necessary to first deter-mine whether a village level agreementprocess follows an absolute agreement(100% agree) or based on majority vote(50% plus one). Besides, it should benoted from the beginning that if a com-munity fails to agree on something theremust be an extreme condition behind it.The result is, a project has to be can-celled. (OM)

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Source: WSLIC

In several countries water supplyand sanitation development pro-gram have started in the previous

decade. It is therefore becomes interest-ing to know the precious experience du-ring the implementation of the develop-ment as a means for our enlightenment.The following article tries to bring for-ward the experiences related to collect-ing of fines (Pakistan), development ofnew norm (Guatemala); Egypt, Benin,Cameroon, Uganda.

The redline identified from experi-ence of the foreign countries are (a) localwisdom in the format of traditional rulethat can be adopted and effectively usedlike the case of Pakistan. If at one timethe existing rule is not sufficient anymore, a new set of rule might be formu-lated through public consultation such asthe case in Guatemala; (b) the communi-ty and the clean water supplier can co-operate. The format is the supplierassumes the responsibility up to themain distribution point and then thecommunity will continue it with homeconnections. This is the case with Egypt;(c) women involvement is still quite limi-ted in management and in traditionalpositions such as treasurer and sanitari-an, this case is in Benin; (d) land is thedetermining factor for WSS developmentin urban areas because of the high price,the case of Cameroon; (e) NGO can playa role in expanding the level of activitiesbut is constrained by a limited capacity,the case of Uganda.

PAKISTANWASEP (Water Supply and

Sanitation Extension Programmeof the Aga Khan Planning andBuilding Service)

Traditionally they have a fine collec-tion system. The community employs anindividual whose work is to collect fine,and he is called a Zatoon. If a familyfails to participate in a community workthe Zatoon is sent to collect a fine fromthe family. This system is adopted inwater supply program by sending theZatoon each time a family breaks a rule.

If the family refuses to pay the manage-ment will cut his supply of water.

The fine comes in various differentforms. A fine for someone who does notrepair a broken connection, a fine for afamily who fails to attend a communitymeeting. A portion of the fine collectedis given to the Zatoon as a salary, therest goes to O&M fund.

GUATEMALAThe Aguacatán Case Study. A

Participatory Action Research pro-ject to support community watersupply management in rural com-munities was implemented in 1994.

In Guatemala the authority in watersupply management has been arranged.The state government is responsible inprovision the basic service system. Itdecides the regulation and responsiblefor investment in villages. The local go-vernment must provide its support, con-duct monitoring and evaluation. Even ifthe local government does provide thecommunity will assume the responsibili-

ty in supporting the provider.Community health center employs a sa-nitarian who takes the responsibility inmonitoring the water quality and othermedics regularly conduct hygiene beha-viour education. The role of an NGO isto provide input in determining strategicobjectives in WSS development policyand in finding participatory model, themost suitable technology choice and co-verage expansion. NGO is also instru-mental in the improvement of humanresources capacity in the community.NGO does not do construction work norits expansion. It is not a substitute ofthe local or a state government, rather itis a facilitator to guarantee that eachinstitution is functioning in accordancewith its specialization and the user getshis right in the proper manner.

Water supply management isgiven to the community associations thatare operating every day. Their responsi-bility includes O&M, financial manage-ment, repair works, etc. After operatingfor some time, there is a desire from

E S S O N S L E A R N E D F R O M A B R O A D

Empowermentin Other Countries

L


Source:www.catholicrelief.org

within the community to manage thesystem in a businesslike manner. Theywant to have a community-managedcompany supplying quality drinkingwater at a cheapest possible price.

What is interesting in Guatemala isthe norm and regulation pertaining towater supply management system. Theexisting traditional norm is insufficientto cover the whole aspects. Some of thenorms and regulations are consideredtoo technical so that adjustment andimprovement should be made. The pha-ses in participatory formulation of normsand regulation are as the following:

Introduction the problems and issuesrelated to water supply;Problem analysis and identificationof key problem;Finding alternatives to solution;Agreement to a new set of norms andregulationCommunity acceptance of the newnorms and regulation through publicconsultation.

EGYPTExperience indicates that relinquish-

ment of authority and increasing com-munity involvement in water supply sys-tem management takes a long and gra-dual process. The introduction of de-mand responsive approach and commu-nity-based management in a semi-urbanareas is possible but it takes a long timeand requires a revision to governmentpolicy and management authority. Inthe future, the water supply authoritywill only be responsible in constructionand conveyance to the main distributionpoint, from there on the community willbe responsible for the home connectionincluding the collection of subscription.

BENINActive community participation in

each phase results in a strong sense ofbelongingness. Voluntary managementis difficult to motivate. While the in-volvement of women is increasingthough the indicator does not showwomen involvement in the entireprocess. Women are involved in themanagement; this is indicated from 30%of the members of management teamconsists of women, especially in posi-

tions which are favourite for women:treasurer and sanitarian.

The intensity of visit made by donor-funded NGO is an assurance that theO&M management will be functioningwell. In the long run there is a possibilitythat the quality of management isdecreasing. Now and in the near futurethe fund in the bank is relatively suffi-cient, but later on the community willbecome less regular in making deposit.They don't see the importance of havinga big amount of fund in the bankbecause they don't know the importanceof maintenance.

CAMEROONThe community is not free from

internal conflict. One way to prevent itis through enhancing transparency andcommunication.

Many development programs areconstrained by land availability. Themain reason being land tenure system.

Land price becomes so high because oflandowners take the opportunity tomake a big profit.

A lot of violation or disobediencemade by community members againstthe mutually-agreed regulation cannotbe legally followed up because most ofthe management units are not the legallyregistered organizations so that it is dif-ficult to take legal action against them.

UGANDARelinquishment of authority to the

community to manage its own watersupply system means giving an opportu-nity for NGO to play its role. In manycases, NGO plays a big role in expandingthe coverage of a community basedactivity. The constraint being faced isthe limited capacity.

Source: Summary of severalarticles in IRC website

E S S O N S L E A R N E D F R O M A B R O A DL


UGANDARelinquishment of autho-rity to the community tomanage its own water sup-ply system means giving anopportunity for NGO toplay its role.

Source:www.ifad.org

1.

2.

3.4.

5.

Pursuant to the principle in theNational Policy on CommunityBased Water Supply and

Environmental Sanitation, by placing thecommunity in the highest position indecision making process means offeringtechnology choice to the community.

The choices are assembled into oneinformed choices comprising technical,financial, socio-cultural, and institutio-nal aspects. The offered choice must as

much as possible contain a completeinformation enable the community tochoose the best one in accordance withthe geographical, socio-cultural, and eco-nomic condition of the locality.

Some sanitation projects of the pastindicates that a sustainable sanitationsystem can be achieved if the facility isbuilt in accordance with prevailing con-dition of the community and the localgovernment.

One of the projects that offerinformed choices is SANIMAS (SanitasiMasyarakat). In compliance with thescope of project, SANIMAS offers sanita-tion management, beginning from toilet,collection, treatment, disposal, and de-sludging. The informed choices varywidely, but in this edition we only pre-sent to you a rough sketch of few ofthem.

I S C E L L A N E O U S

Technology ChoiceAlternative Choicesfor the Community

M


TOILET

Flushing toiletoutside house

Simple flushing toiletoutside house

Flushing toiletinside house

I S C E L L A N E O U S M


TREATMENT

DISPOSAL

DE-SLUDGING

Septictank

Multipleseptictank

Main treatmentand supported

Open channel

Condominial system

Combinationpiping system

Manual drain

River outlet

Collectedby sludge truck

MPA is a methodology designed toenable the policy makers, program

managers, and the local community to

assess the sustainability of their facilityand plan for a corrective action as neces-sary. MPA can strengthen the capacityof poor community to plan manage andmaintain the quality of service of theirown water supply and sanitation facility.The methodology has been used in vari-ous countries and produced a goodresult in Asia, Africa and Latin America.In this book, WSP and IRC(International Water and SanitationCentre) attempt to assemble the experi-ences from the various countries.

This book consists two parts. First,explains what MPA is about especially asit relates to sustainability, poverty reduc-

tion, gender equity, and communityempowerment. Second, presents casestudies in the application of MPA in se-veral countries. There are 7 case studieson various stage of project implementa-tion, from project planning, evaluation,monitoring and design; policy relatedresearch, project regulation, and com-munity based project; and an illustrationof MPA application as a catalyst to socialchange at community level. Thestrength of this book lies in the casestudies that enable it to shed a wholepicture of how MPA is translated toimplementation. One of the case studiesis a project located in Flores.

T his report represents the initialeffort by UN-HABITAT which is the

extension of UN hands for monitoring,analysis, and reporting of the implemen-tation of Habitat Agenda especially sus-

tainable hygienic human settlement sys-tem. At the same time this report alsoconducts review on the need of interna-tional community in MDGs achieve-ment.

This report basically discusses fourmain topics, (i) inaccuracy from the partof the government and internationalorganizations in anticipating the totalpopulation of cities who have no accessto water supply and sanitation service;and its consequence to health conditionto hundreds of million world population;(ii) ignorance from the government andinternational organizations to the abovecondition, though various studies indi-cate that the main cause lies with institu-tional and political aspects; (iii) therequirement for water supply and sanita-tion must be based on the local condi-tion, including community priority and

environmental condition; (iv) satisfac-tion of drinking water and sanitationrequirement must be undertaken withinthe framework of good governance.

The above topics are combined inseveral orderly successive chaptersbeginning from provision of water sup-ply and sanitation in cities; the impact ofshortage in water supply and sanitationsystem; changes in perspectives relatedto provision of water supply and sanita-tion; regulation related to provision ofwater supply and sanitation. All the to-pics become very interesting becausethey are complemented with comparisonof conditions in various nations inclu-ding Indonesia, so that we get the pic-ture how Indonesia look like in compari-son with other nations.

O O K I N F OB


Sustainability Planning and Monitoring in Community water Supply and Sanitation. A Guide on the Methodology for Participatory Assessments (MPA) for Community-Driven

Development ProgramsAuthor: Nilanjana Mukherjee, Christine van WijkPublishing: Water and Sanitation Program (WSP).

Water Supply and Sanitation on World Bank, Washington 2003.xii + 157 pages

Water and Sanitation in the World’s Cities.Local Action for Global Goals

Author: United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)Publishing: Earthscan Publication Ltd, London, 2003

xxv + 274 pages

Donor Countries/Institutions and International Organizations

1. AusAID in Indonesia. http://www.indo.ausaid.gov.au/ and http://www.indo.ausaid.gov.au/sectors/watersupplysanitation.html

2. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UH HABITAT): http://www.unhabitat.org

3. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF): http://www.unicef.org/wes/index.html

Government agencies1. Bappenas: http://www.bappenas.go.id/2. Depkes: http://www.depkes.go.id3. Kimpraswil: http://www.kimpraswil.go.id

Programs and Activities1. Water Supply and sanitation Policy Formulation and Action Planning Project (WASPOLA)

http://www.waspola.org2. Handwashing

Clean Hands Campaign: http://www.washup.org

E B S I T E I N F OW


This website is one of busiestand most complete in theworld that contains news

and information, suggestions andtraining related to low cost watersupply and sanitation in the deve-loping nations. A lot of experience,case studies, and articles about theimplementation of WSS develop-ment from all over the world canbe downloaded here. What is moreimportant is that this website pro-vides information about water sup-ply and sanitation organizations allover the world.

IRC http://www.irc.nl/

List of Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Websites Additional information related to articles contained

in this edition can be obtained from the following websites:

Indonesia Water Supply and Sanitation Magazine. 'PERCIK' 2nd Edition October 2003

Technology

Transcript of Indonesia Water Supply and Sanitation Magazine. 'PERCIK' 2nd Edition October 2003