Indigenous & Community Conserved Areas -...

Grazia Borrini-FeyerabendGrazia Borrini-Feyerabend(([email protected]@cenesta.org ) )

Ashish Kothari (Ashish Kothari ([email protected]@cenesta.org ) )

Indigenous & Community Conserved AreasIndigenous & Community Conserved Areasfrom from ““oldest secretoldest secret”” to crucial policy and practice to crucial policy and practicefor the conservation of biodiversityfor the conservation of biodiversity……

–– Durban Accord and Action PlanDurban Accord and Action Plan

–– Recommendations about Recommendations about governance of governance of PAsPAs(governance types and (governance types and ““good governancegood governance””),),Community Conserved AreasCommunity Conserved Areas, , mobilemobileindigenous peoplesindigenous peoples and conservation, and conservation,transboundarytransboundary PAsPAs, , cultural and spiritualcultural and spiritualvalues of values of PAsPAs, management categories, , management categories, PAsPAsand and povertypoverty, and much more, and much more……))

VthVth World Parks CongressWorld Parks Congress Durban Sept 2003Durban Sept 2003

ConservationConservationneeds needs thethecapacities,capacities,concerns &concerns &engagementengagementof society asof society asa wholea whole,, not notof expertof expertprofessionalsprofessionalsonlyonly

key messageskey messages

ConservationConservationneeds to payneeds to paymore attention tomore attention tothe crucial the crucial tiestiesbetweenbetweenbiological andbiological andcultural diversity,cultural diversity,and to theand to theconditions thatconditions thatallowallowcommunities communities totobebe empowered empoweredfor conservationfor conservation


ConservationConservationneeds needs equityequity: a: afair sharing fair sharing ofofthethe costs costs andandbenefitsbenefits of ofpreservingpreservingbiodiversity andbiodiversity andmanagingmanagingnaturalnaturalresources in aresources in asustainable waysustainable way


ConservationConservationneeds to needs to respectrespecthuman rights:human rights:

““do no harmdo no harm”…”…&&have a positivehave a positiveimpact onimpact onlivelihoodslivelihoodswhereverwhereverpossible.possible.


CBD Programme ofCBD Programme ofWork on ProtectedWork on Protected

AreasAreas

COP 7 COP 7 Kuala Lumpur 2004Kuala Lumpur 2004approved the approved the CBDCBDProgramme of Work onProgramme of Work onProtected Areas, Protected Areas, whichwhichespouses these espouses these ““keykeymessagesmessages”” throughout its throughout itstext but in particular in itstext but in particular in itselement No.2:element No.2:Governance,Governance,participation, equityparticipation, equityand benefit sharingand benefit sharing

By 2008, the CBD parties will make sure that indigenousBy 2008, the CBD parties will make sure that indigenouspeoples and local communities peoples and local communities participate fully andparticipate fully andeffectively in identifying, implementing and managingeffectively in identifying, implementing and managingnew new PAsPAs

Specific CBD TARGETS

... signatory... signatorycountries shouldcountries shouldrecognise andrecognise andsupportsupportCommunityCommunityConservedConservedAreaArea……..

IUCN matrix of protected areas IUCN matrix of protected areas categoriescategories and andgovernance types (latest IUCN Guidelines draft )governance types (latest IUCN Guidelines draft )

VI VI –– Managed ManagedResourceResource

V V –– Protected ProtectedLandscape/Landscape/SeascapeSeascape

IV IV –– Habitat/ Habitat/SpeciesSpeciesManagementManagement

III III –– Natural NaturalMonumentMonument

II II –– National NationalPark (ecosystemPark (ecosystemprotection;protection;protection ofprotection ofcultural values)cultural values)

I - Strict NatureI - Strict NatureReserve/Reserve/Wilderness AreaWilderness Area

CommunityCommunityConserved AreasConserved Areas- declared and- declared andrun byrun bytraditionaltraditionalpeoples and localpeoples and localcommunitiescommunities

Indigenous bio-Indigenous bio-cultural areas &cultural areas &Territories-Territories-declared and run bydeclared and run byIndigenous PeoplesIndigenous Peoples

……by forby forprofitprofitorganisatorganisations (e.g.ions (e.g.corporatcorporate land-e land-owners )owners )

……bybynon-non-profitprofitorganisatorganisations (ions (e.g.e.g.NGOsNGOs,,univuniv..etc.)etc.)

DeclaredDeclaredand runand runbybyindividuindividual land-al land-ownerowner

JointJointmanagementmanagement(pluralist(pluralistmanagementmanagementboard)board)

CollaborativCollaborativeemanagemenmanagement (varioust (variousforms offorms ofpluralistpluralistinfluence)influence)

Trans-Trans-boundarboundaryymanagemanagementment

GovernGovernment-ment-delegatedelegateddmanagemanagementment(e.g. to(e.g. toan NGO)an NGO)

Local/Local/municipmunicipalalministryministryororagencyagencyininchangechange

FederaFederal orl ornationnationalalministrministry ory oragencyagency

D. Indigenous Peoples &D. Indigenous Peoples &Community GovernanceCommunity Governance

C. PrivateC. PrivateGovernanceGovernance

B. Shared GovernanceB. Shared GovernanceA. Governance byA. Governance byGovernmentGovernment

GovernanceGovernancetypetype

CategoryCategory((managmanag..objective)objective)

Indigenous &Indigenous &CommunityCommunityConserved AreasConserved Areas((CCAsCCAs))“…“…natural and modifiednatural and modifiedecosystems including significantecosystems including significantbiodiversity, ecological servicesbiodiversity, ecological servicesand cultural values and cultural values voluntarilyvoluntarilyconserved by indigenous andconserved by indigenous andlocal communities throughlocal communities throughcustomary laws or othercustomary laws or othereffective meanseffective means…”…”

Oldest form of conservationOldest form of conservation……at timesat timesrecognised by the state, most often notrecognised by the state, most often notrecognised recognised ……many many ICCAsICCAs in jeopardy in jeopardytodaytoday………… but exciting work on but exciting work on ICCAsICCAs is ishappening in a number of countrieshappening in a number of countries……

threethree defining definingcharacteristics of characteristics of CCAsCCAs

Specific Specific indigenousindigenouspeoples or localpeoples or localcommunitiescommunities(sedentary or mobile)(sedentary or mobile)are are closely closely ““concernedconcerned””about an area (relatedabout an area (relatedto itto it culturally and/orculturally and/orbecause ofbecause oflivelihoods)livelihoods)……

Such communities Such communities holdholdpowerpower de factode facto -- if not -- if notalso also de de jurejure -- -- inindeciding, implementingdeciding, implementing& enforcing& enforcingmanagementmanagementdecisionsdecisions……

The voluntary management decisions and efforts of suchThe voluntary management decisions and efforts of suchcommunities communities achieve conservationachieve conservation resultsresults—— although their although theirmain intention may not be necessarily related to conservation.main intention may not be necessarily related to conservation.

range of community conserved areas...range of community conserved areas...

sacredsacredspaces andspaces and

speciesspecies’’habitatshabitats……

Sacred lake, Indian Himalaya

Chizire sacred forest, Zimbabwe

Sacred crocodile pond, Mali

Forole sacred mountaign Borana/ Gabbra Ethiopia/ Kenya

indigenous territories and culturalindigenous territories and culturallandscapes/seascapeslandscapes/seascapes……

Paruku Indigenous PA, Western Australia

Caribou crossing

site in Inuit territory, Canada


Alto Fragua Indi-wasi National Park, Colombia

territories & migration routes of nomadicterritories & migration routes of nomadicherders / mobile indigenous peoplesherders / mobile indigenous peoples

Wetlands in Qashqai mobile peoples’ territory, Iran


sustainablysustainably-managed wetlands,-managed wetlands,fishing grounds and water bodiesfishing grounds and water bodies

Lubuk Larangan river, Mandailing, Sumatra Coron Island, Philippines

Temporarily and/or permanently forbidden sites (manjidura), Bijagos biosphere reserve,Guinea Bissau


Rekawalagoon,

Sri Lanka

sustainablysustainably-managed-managedresource reservesresource reserves(water, biomass,(water, biomass,medicinal plants,medicinal plants,

timber and non-timbertimber and non-timberforest productsforest products……))

Jardhargaon forest, Indian Himalaya


Natural Community Reserves & Pastoral Units of Ferlo, Sénégal

Parc Jurassien Vaudois, Switzerland

Qanats, Central Asia

Rekawa lagoon, Sri Lanka

range of community conserved areas...

particularly sensitive ecological settingsparticularly sensitive ecological settings……“sacred” areas on the mountain andhill tops & close to the villages in allTibetan villages, Song Pan County

(China)… the local villagersmanaged to preserve their forest

cover even from the timber cuttingspree of the State Forest

Enterprise…

“sacred” island next to a major townin North Madagascar— perfectlyconserved as it is strictly forbiddeneven to set foot there…

sacred species and their habitats andsacred species and their habitats andmeans of survivalmeans of survival……

Kheechan village, Rajasthan, India


examples from India

community-establishedcommunity-establishedand managed protectedand managed protected

areas in industrialisedareas in industrialisedcountriescountries


Ancestral territory of the Regole di Cortina d’Ampezzo (today Regional Park), Italy – 1000 years of recorded history

What is the worldwideWhat is the worldwidesignificance of significance of ICCAsICCAs??

Conserve a wide range ofConserve a wide range ofecosystems, habitats and speciesecosystems, habitats and species

Maintain ecosystem servicesMaintain ecosystem services

Are the Are the basis of livelihoods andbasis of livelihoods andcultural identity for millions ofcultural identity for millions ofpeoplepeople, securing resources, securing resources((energy, food, water, fodder,energy, food, water, fodder,soil) forsoil) for survival and revenues survival and revenues

Are built on Are built on sophisticatedsophisticatedecological knowledge systemsecological knowledge systems,,including sustainable use, whichincluding sustainable use, whichhave stood the test of timehave stood the test of time

Are managed through Are managed through institutionsinstitutions““tailored to the contexttailored to the context””, usually, usuallyskilled at adaptive managementskilled at adaptive managementand capable of flexible responsesand capable of flexible responsesto interveaning changeto interveaning change

Are Are context and culture specificcontext and culture specificand can enhance ecosystemand can enhance ecosystemresilienceresilience Walalkara Indigenous PA, Australia

Shimshal CommunityConserved Area,Pakistan

Setulangriver,Indonesia

Key question: statusKey question: status Basics Basics —— origin, extension, type (old and new), size,origin, extension, type (old and new), size,

governance settings, key governance settings, key objectives, objectives, ““alliesallies”” and and““enemiesenemies””, , ““namename””, demarcation, governance , demarcation, governance insitutionsinsitutions

Value, effectiveness, sustainabilityValue, effectiveness, sustainability —— demonstrateddemonstratedconservation & livelihoods values?conservation & livelihoods values?, robust community, robust communitysupport?, management effectiveness & efficiency?support?, management effectiveness & efficiency?

Key question: threatsKey question: threats Governance institutionsGovernance institutions ——

Erosion of traditions? alienationErosion of traditions? alienationfrom natural resourcesfrom natural resources……??

Relationship with stateRelationship with stategovernmentgovernment —— Imposition of Imposition ofmanagement and control?management and control?

““DevelopmentDevelopment”” —— Imposition of Imposition ofdestructive projects (mining,destructive projects (mining,logging, damslogging, dams……)? Cooption of)? Cooption ofresources?resources?

Global changeGlobal change —— Major Majorunsettling population dynamics?unsettling population dynamics?Sensitivity to climate change?Sensitivity to climate change?

EquityEquity —— Power dynamics Power dynamics……political, social, economicpolitical, social, economicinequities?inequities? At what level? At what level?

Local recognition Local recognition —— LocallyLocallysupported? supported? ““legitimatelegitimate””??

Formal recognition Formal recognition ——RecognisedRecognisedunder national law or only throughunder national law or only throughcustomary law? Recognised for itscustomary law? Recognised for itsbiodiversitybiodiversity conservationconservation value? If value? Ifnot should be recognised?not should be recognised?

Consequences of recognition?Consequences of recognition? ——Advantages? Disadvantages?Advantages? Disadvantages?Recognised as protected areas?Recognised as protected areas?Legal and policy developmentsLegal and policy developmentsrelated to CBD related to CBD PoWPAPoWPA? H? Howow should shouldit be done?it be done?

Listing into World Database ofListing into World Database ofProtected Areas? Protected Areas? —— opportunity oropportunity ordanger?danger?

Key question: recognitionKey question: recognition

Tailored supportTailored support —— Mapping,Mapping,demarcation, flora & faunademarcation, flora & faunainventories, conflict resolution,inventories, conflict resolution,tackling external and internaltackling external and internalthreats; innovative economicthreats; innovative economicinitiatives for livelihoods and IP/initiatives for livelihoods and IP/community?community?

NetworkingNetworking—— AnyAny need toneed toconnect connect IPsIPs and communities and communitiesrelated to related to ICCAsICCAs so they can so they cansupport one another and learnsupport one another and learnlessons of common interest? Atlessons of common interest? Atwhat level (local, regional,what level (local, regional,national, international)? Whatnational, international)? Whatthematic focus?thematic focus?

Key question: needsKey question: needs

Main lessons so far?Main lessons so far? Main opportunities andMain opportunities and

needs to safeguard/needs to safeguard/revitalise/ develop revitalise/ develop ICCAsICCAsin specific contexts?in specific contexts?

Controversies? ProblemsControversies? Problemsto solve?to solve?

Conditions for success &Conditions for success &sustainability?sustainability?

Strategic directions forStrategic directions foraction?action?

This workshop:This workshop:

Indigenous & Community Conserved Areas -...

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