Indicators and Methods · Attribute Core qualitative indicators Core quantitative indicators...
Transcript of Indicators and Methods · Attribute Core qualitative indicators Core quantitative indicators...
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CORE CONCEPTS: Attributes and Indicators
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Broader need
• Describe landscapes and make decisions about them
Managing Landscapes
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Objectives
By the end of this lesson each students should be able to:
• Explain the importance of assessment, inventory, and monitoring.
• Identify the key features of assessment, inventory, and monitoring.
• Explain the importance of attributes, indicators, and methods for determining rangeland health.
• Identify attributes, indicators, and methods of/for determining rangeland health.
• Give examples of attributes, indicators, and methods of/for determining rangeland health.
• Describe the characteristics/give examples of a core indicator(s).
• Describe how qualitative and quantitative data collection work together
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Outline
• Monitoring, assessment, and inventory
• Attributes, indicators, and methods
• Qualitative and quantitative data collection
• Additional Learning and Resources
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Monitoring, Assessment, and Inventory
• How is the resource changing over time?
• What is the condition of the resource compared to a threshold or reference condition?
• Where is the resource and how much of it do I have?
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Monitoring
• Consistent data collection, analysis, and interpretation
• Indicator change over time
0
5
10
15
20
25
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
% B
are
Gro
un
d
Year
How is the resource changing over time?
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Assessment
• One point in time
• Compare an indicator or attribute to a threshold or reference condition
Stream Canopy Cover
None to Slight
Moderate
Extreme
Departure from Reference
What is the condition of the resource compared to a threshold?
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Inventory
• Systematic
• Can include monitoring and assessment data
• Describe the amount, location, and condition of a resource
How much of the resource do I have? Where is the resource located?
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Broader need
• Describe landscapes and make decisions about them
Attributes, Indicators, and Methods
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Attributes
Component that provides information about the functional status of the ecological processes
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Attribute: Soil/Site Stability The capacity of an area to limit redistribution
and loss of soil resources (including nutrients and organic matter) by wind and water. (NRC 1994 Rangeland Health Report)
Desert grassland- good stability
Desert grassland- loss of stability
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Attribute: Hydrologic Function The capacity of an area to capture, store, and safely release
water from rainfall, run-on, and snowmelt (where relevant), to resist a reduction in this capacity and to
recover this capacity when a reduction does occur. (NRC 1994 Rangeland Health Report)
Sagebrush “captures” snow
Grasses have reduced ability (structure) to “capture” snow
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Attribute: Biotic Integrity The capacity of a site to support characteristic functional
communities (above and below ground) in the context of normal variability, to resist loss of this function and structure, due to
disturbance, and to recover following such disturbances. (NRC 1994 Rangeland Health Report)
Joshua tree/blackbrush site
Integrity diminished by exotic grasses and increased fire
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How can we easily and economically describe how ecological processes are
functioning?
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Indicators
• Index of an ecosystem attribute or process that is too difficult or expensive to measure directly.
• What you are measuring
• May be more than one indicator for an attribute
Bare ground
Flow Pattern
Compaction Layer
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Core Indicators…
…are classes of indicators that are informative of many aspects of range health and are useful for answering many other resource management questions.
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Core Indicators…
….are based on land health concepts
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Core Indicators…
….are based on land health concepts
….can be measured consistently in all rangeland ecosystems
Arctic Tundra Mojave Desert
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Core Indicators…
….are based on land health concepts
….can be measured consistently in all many ecosystems
….are scalable
….apply to many
different objectives
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Supplemental Indicators
• Additional indicators to evaluate when needed
EXAMPLE:
In the Colorado Plateau, biological crusts may be a useful supplemental indicator to help evaluate soil and site stability and biotic integrity.
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Choosing Supplemental Indicators
Vegetation Height Canopy Gaps
Bare Ground
Vegetation Composition
Plants of Mgmt. Concern
Nonnative Invasive Sp.
TERRESTRIAL
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Choosing Supplemental Indicators
Vegetation Height Canopy Gaps
Bare Ground
Vegetation Composition
Plants of Mgmt. Concern
Nonnative Invasive Sp.
TERRESTRIAL
Plant Density
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Methods
• Technique for measuring an indicator
• How to measure an indicator
• May be more than one method for an indicator
• Qualitative or quantitative
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Quantitative & Qualitative Methods
• Quantitative
–Objective
–Measure features
“Cheatgrass cover is 85%”
“Cheatgrass is rated as abundant”
• Qualitative – Observations
– Describe, rate, or rank features
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• Quantitative methods are more precise
• Either qualitative OR
quantitative methods can be more accurate
Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection
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Compaction layer
Soil surface
NOT a compaction layer*
Soil surface
*Even though it has a high (quantitative) bulk density
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How much bare ground?
10% 20% 50%
19%
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Attribute Core qualitative indicators Core quantitative indicators Selected measurements and references
Soil and site stability
Rills Water flow patterns Pedestals/terracettes Bare ground Gullies Litter movement Wind-scoured, blowouts and/or deposition areas Soil surface resistance to erosion Soil surface loss or degradation Compaction layer Litter amount
Bare ground Line point intercept (1, 2) Litter amount
Proportion of soil surface covered by canopy gaps longer than a defined minimum
Canopy gap intercept (2)
Proportion of soil surface covered by basal gaps longer than a defined minimum
Basal gap intercept (2)
Soil macroaggregate stability in water Soil stability kit (2)
1. Elzinga et al. 1998 (Measuring & Monitoring Plant Populations) 2. Herrick et al. 2005 (Monitoring Manual for Grassland, Shrubland, and Savanna Ecosystems)
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Next Learning Steps
• Watch the IIRH Indicators and Attributes videos: http://www.ntc.blm.gov/krc/uploads/415/IndicatorsOfRangelandHealth.html
• Watch the core quantitative methods videos on the Landscape Toolbox: http://www.landscapetoolbox.org/training/resources/
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Indicators and Attributes Resources
• Monitoring Manual for Grassland, Shrubland, and Savannah Ecosystems, 2nd Edition http://www.landscapetoolbox.org/manuals/monitoring-manual/
• Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health, version 4
http://www.blm.gov/nstc/library/pdf/1734-6rev05.pdf
• BLM Core Terrestrial Indicators and Methods, Technical Note 440
http://www.blm.gov/nstc/library/pdf/TN440.pdf
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Conclusion
Each student should be able to:
• Explain the importance of assessment, inventory, and monitoring.
• Identify the key features of assessment, inventory, and monitoring.
• Explain the importance of attributes, indicators, and methods for determining rangeland health.
• Identify attributes, indicators, and methods of/for determining rangeland health.
• Give examples of attributes, indicators, and methods of/for determining rangeland health.
• Describe the characteristics/give examples of a core indicator(s).
• Describe how qualitative and quantitative data collection work together
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