ESTIR September 2002 Small Hydropower

Scientific and Technological References 1

2

Energy Technology Indicators 3

4 Area: ELECTRICITY GENERATION 5

Sector: Hydropower (incl. Small) 6 7 A. State of the art 8 Advances in Research Achieved (facts) Target By (year) 9 10 Performance indicators 11 Efficiency (best reported) (turbine Cp max) 92 % …. ….. 12 Load factor (low – high – average) 40 - 60 % related to 8760h/year 13 Energy recovery factor (Average Cp over year) 80-82% ….. ….. 14 15 Technological and scientific development 16 Water is diverted through a pipe (penstock) into a turbine from where it discharges usually through a draft tube 17 or diffuser back into the river at lower level. 18 Hydropower plants 10 – 15.000 MW 19 Small hydro plants 1 - 10 MW 20 Mini hydro plants 100 - 1000 kW 21 Micro Power plants < 100 kW 22 Impulse turbines (Pelton) 23 • Mechanically guaranteed efficiency 88 - 94% 24 • Cross flow 70 - 80% 25 Reaction turbines (notably Francis and Keplan) 26 • Mechanically guaranteed efficiency 80 - 90% 27 Micro turbines (efficiency): 75 - 85% 28 29 Technology related available indicators (for demo and commercial units) 30 Commercial produced rated power: 0.030 to 25 MW 31 Typical falls: 3 - 600 m 32 Time at Max. power needed to compensate for manufacturing :… months 33 34 Performance indicators (for demo and commercial units) 35 Efficiency (commonly reported) (electric power) 75 - 80% 36 Economic life time 15 - 20 years 37 Design life time Control & Monitoring 10 years 38 Mechanical equipment max. 30 years 39 Electrical equipment max. 20 years 40 Civil works max. 50 years 41 Technical availability : best reported max. 95% 42 Common 80 - 90% 43 44 45 Economic indicators (for demo and commercial units) 46 Electricity production at (kWh manufacturing cost): 0,05 – 0,15 €/kWh 0,02-0,08 €/kWh 2010 47 Typical turn-key investment costs 48 • for small hydro 1 MW – 10 MW 600 – 2000 €/kW …. €/kW 2010 49 • for small hydro 500 –1000 kW (mini hydro) 1300 – 4500 €/kW 1000-3000 €/kW 2010 50 • for small hydro 100-500 kW (mini hydro) 1500 – 6000 €/kW 900-3500 €/kW 2010 51 • for micro hydro <100 kW 1500 – 6000 €/kW 900-3500 €/kW 2010 52 Typical turn-key investment costs (for small hydro): 1500 – 6000 €/kW 900-4000 €/kW 2010 53

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Typical operating and maintenance ratio1 3 - 5% 54 Typical pay-back time on investment 10 - 25 years (based on 5% for 20 years) 55 Typical time frame between order and industrial operation (without permits) 12 - 24 months 56 idem (with permits) 24 - 120 months 57 Decommissioning cost 150 - 350 €/kW 58 Typical externalities (based on EXTERNE study) 0.03 – 1.0 c€/kWh 59 Typical land requirements depends on the type and size of the power plants 60 61 Market size and industry related indicators 62 Total EU installed capacity: >12.621 MW and >14.000 MW in Europe (autumn of 2001) 63 Total world-wide installed capacity: 37.000 MW corresponding to … TWh/a 64 Actual installation rate (EU/World-wide): 100 MW/a 1000 MW/a (worldwide) 65 Average turbine size: … kW in 2001 (est.) 66 Manufacturing capacity (approx.) …….units per year 67 Manufacturing capacity (approx.) ….. MW/a 68 69 Target 2005: ESHA target 1-2 GW in small hydro 70 Target 2020: ESHA target …. GW in small hydro 71 72 Social indicators 73 Production employment …….. jobs/a 74 Total employment 10.000 jobs/a 75 Probability of event (accident) based on LCA ….. 76 Severity of consequences of event ….. 77 Human risk (probability of event x severity of event) ….. 78 79 Environmental and other specific indicators 80 System’s overall recyclability …. % 81 Cost of system’s recyclability …. €/kW 82 Manufacture process: 83 Waste produced …. % 84 Recyclability of waste …. % 85 Manufacture related toxicity involved …. 86 Cost of recyclability …. €/kW 87 Operation process : 88 recyclability of wastes produced …. 89 involved toxicity of wastes …. 90 Cost of recyclability …. €/kW 91 Fish friendlier turbine shaping 92 93 - Kyoto: Small hydro alone is expected to lead to …. % less CO2 by 2010. 94 95 96 B. Headline indicators draft - to be agreed 97 Technical or scientific bottlenecks or impediments 98 • electricity production: limited by constraints to exploitation of extremely low heads 99 • typical turn-key investment costs: limited by electromechanical equipment costs and related maintenance 100

costs 101 • efficiency of simplified turbines: limited by lack in fluid-dynamic experience of the small manufacturers 102 • durability: limited by erosion problem (high head) and inadequacy in the mechanical design. 103 • delivery time: to be reduced to 8-10 months (10 percent less than 12 as average) 104 • efficiency assessment: to state standard simplified test to get a good reliability at low costs (related to the 105

investment cost of a Small Hydro installation) 106 • desilting: to avoid erosion problems the desilting structure efficiency must be improved, promoting a 107

research to find a set of small, simple, low cost and efficient desilting structures. 108 109

1 ie the ratio between the average O&M annual expenses -including provisions for big repairs- and excluding fuel costs to the initial investment cost

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110 Headline indicators actual target limited by by 111 Electricity production: 0,05 – 0,15 €/kWh 0,02–0,08 sites’ availability 2010 112 Specific energy output per installed capacity …. kWh/kW/a …. kWh/kW/a 2010 113 Specific energy output per height fall ….kWh/m/a ….kWh/m/a 2010 114 115 C. Further R&D work focus (national and/or FP6) 116 117 Technology Development: 118 - develop cost effective and ultra low-head SHP systems 119 - definitive evaluation of the real environmental effects and impact of SHP compared with fossil fuelled and 120

nuclear power plants 121 - development of standard specifications at the European and at the international level for design and 122

installation “packages” for export to developing countries 123 - refurbishment of old sites: >10.000 obsolete or abandoned hydro plants with over 3GW potential 124 - use of variable speed turbines at low heads 125 - use of submersible turbo-generators and syphon turbines 126 - use of new materials 127 - computer optimisation of small systems 128 - development of low fish-mortality turbines 129 - systemisation 130 - head enhancement 131 - improved electrical and control systems: 132 - use of permanent magnet generators 133 -use of electronic and telemetry 134 -compact multi-pole generators 135 - avoiding the use of cofferdams during installation 136 - improvements in ancillary Equipment 137 - simplification and improvement of trashracks 138 - improvement of water intakes 139 - improved techniques to avoid interference or damage to fish 140 - aeration 141 - development of multipurpose schemes (waste, drainage, potable, irrigation water…) 142 - development of multi RES power plant for isolated area (islands) or not (for instance wind and hydro 143

turbines) 144 - efficiency assessment: investigate for standard, simplified tests able to get a good reliability at low cost 145

(related to the investment cost of a Small Hydro installation) 146 - avoid the erosion problems improving the desilting efficiency of structures, by means of a research program 147

having the goal to find standard, at least in the design, desilting structures, which would be compact, simple, 148 low impact, low cost and efficient. 149 150

151 D. Monitoring 152 153 World Installed capacity : 678 GW produced over 22 % of the world’s electricity 2564 TWh/a 154 (1998). 155 Western Europe : 134 GW produced 19% of EU electricity, 520 TWh/a, avoiding 70 mio tons 156 of CO2/a 157 158 Non-technology related bottlenecks/Actions that could facilitate market penetration: 159 - authorisations and administrative procedures 160 - environmental impact 161 - identification and promotion of acceptable solutions to environmental objections, especially concerning 162

residual flow levels and fish protection 163 - visual impact 164 - sites availability 165 - resource assessment in target markets 166 - awareness campaigns targeting decision makers, users, contractors, utilities, regulators and the public 167

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169 Small Hydro Power Installed capacity 170 N° of plants Capacity MW Planned MW Target by 171 I 1510 2229 236 172 FR 1350 2018 7 173 ES > 982 1652 70 2230 2010 174 D 6000 1514 100 175 S 1615 1050 40 176 A 1700 866 100 177 FIN 204 320 N/A 178 P 74 286 N/A 350 2010 179 UK 110 162 4 180 B 38 96 0 181 GR 10 50 88 182 NL 14 40 15 183 L 13 39 0 184 IRL 34 33 5 185 DK … 11 0 186 Total > 13654 > 10366* MW 665 MW > 16.800 MW by 2015 187 *source: ESHA, EurObserv’ER 2001, including latest figures 188 189 1995 2020 190 North America 4.861 6.150 - 12.900 191 Latin America 1.992 5.750 - 6.550 192 Western Europe 8.822 12.580 - 21.690 193 E.Europe & the CIS 2.801 3.990 - 4.200 194 Middle East/N. Africa 81 230 - 266 195 Sub-Saharan Africa 324 935 - 1.065 196 Pacific 124 170 - 300 197 China 6.963 20.100 - 22.900 198 Rest of Asia 614 1.770 - 2.020 199 Totals 26.582 MW 51.700 -71.900 MW 200 201 China : Three Gorges plant: 18.000 MW by 2009 while another 20.000 MW of SHP to build by 2009. 202 203 Total world-wide > 37.000 MW > 55.000 MW by 2010 204 205 • shared cost research / development ratios (?) 206 • Job creation: 10.000 jobs within last 10 year 207

208 • Price small hydro electricity 0.025 – 0.05 €/kWh (targets 2005) 209

210 • Overall small hydro share in EU : 19 % of EU electricity consumption (data of 1998) 211

212 CO2 emission reduction : 3.200 t/a/MW 213 SO2 emission reduction 20 t/a/MW 214 Replacement of fossil fuels : 280 t/a/MW 215 1MW installed typically produces electricity for 1000 families 216 217

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LITERATURE 218 BlueAGE, 2000, Final Report, Strategic study for the development of Small Hydro 219 Power in the European Union, ALTENER programme 220 EUREC Agency 1996, The Future for renewable energy, Prospects and Directions, 221 London: James & James 222 EUREC Agency, 2002, The future for renewable energy 2, Prospects and Directions, 223 London: James & James 224 European Commission, DG TREN, ELVIRE Evaluation guide for renewable energy 225 projects in Europe, FEDARENE 226 European Commission, DG TREN, Layman’s guidebook on: How to develop a small 227 hydro site, Part 1, ESHA 228 European Commission, DG TREN, 1998, Export markets for European renewable 229 energy technologies, Luxembourg, OPOCE 230 European Commission, DG TREN, 2000, General Information: Environmental 231 Impacts, From the use of renewable energy technologies, Greece, Elfores 232 European Commission, DG TREN, 1999, Overview 1995-1998:Renewable Energy 233 Systems, New solutions in Energy Supply, Luxembourg, OPOCE 234 European Commission, DG TREN, The impact of renewables on employment and 235 economic growth, ALTENER programme 236 European Commission, EUROSTAT, Renewable energy sources statistics in the 237 European Union, Data 1989-1998 238 European Commission, 1999, ExternE: Externalities of Energy, Brussels 239 European Commission, 1997, White Paper on Renewable Energies, Brussels 240 ESHA, based on information provided by ESHA, 2002 241 Hydropower, Energy and the Environment, IEA, Stockholm Sweden, 14-16 June 242 1993, Vattenfall AB, Conference Proceedings 243 IEA, 1997, Indicators of Energy Use and Efficiency, Paris 244 Integration of renewable Energy sources and distributed generation in energy 245 systems, 25&26 September 2001, Conference proceedings 246 J. Bard, N. Froslo, L. Papetti, V. Denis, European Strategy Document for Research 247 Technological Development and Demonstration in Small Hydropower, March 2002, (not 248 yet published). 249 Observ’ER, EurObserv’ER 2002, European Barometer of Renewable Energy Sources, 250 2nd Report, 2002. 251 Renewable Energy Newsletter, October 1999, Issue 3/99 252 Renewable Energy World, Vol 4, N° 5, Sep-Oct 2001, James & James 253 World Atlas and Industry Guide, 1998, International Journal of Hydropower and 254 Dams 255 256

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 257 The valuable contribution of the following people is greatly and graciously acknowledged 258 Christine Lyns ESHA BE 259 260 261

Legal Notice 262 Although every effort was made to accurately reflect the present state of knowledge with respect to 263 the enclosed information, neither the European Commission or any agency thereof, nor any of their 264 employees, makes any warranty, express of implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility 265 for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process 266 disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to 267 any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or 268 otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favouring by 269 the European Commission of any agency thereof. The views and opinions of contributors expressed 270 herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the European Commission or any agency or any 271 other institution thereof. 272 273