India's Struggle for Independence - Timeline
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Transcript of India's Struggle for Independence - Timeline
Revolt of 1857 Viceroy Date / Place Event Points to Remember
Lord Aukland
1838-42 First Afghan War British Suffered Losses
Lord Hardinge/ Lord Dalhousie
1845-49 Punjab Wars British Suffered Losses
Lord Dalhousie
1854-1856 Crimean Wars British Suffered Losses
Lord Dalhousie
1855-57 Santhal Rebellion British Suffered Losses
Lord Canning
1857 Revolt of 1857 Economic
Peasants – heavy taxation/money lender high rates
Artisans – loss of patronage/ Indian handicraft discouraged vs British goods /no development of modern industries
Zamindars – quo warranto/ loss of land/ cant beg, work
Political
EIC greedy policy of self aggrandizement & broken oaths
Policies of ‘Effective Control’, ‘Subsidiary Alliance’, ‘Doctrine of Lapse’
Mughal Prince Faqiruddin’succesor had to renounce title post his death in 1856
Socio Religious
Racial overtones/ Superiority Complex
Christian missionaries – proselytisation
Social reforms
Religious Disability Act 1876,
Tax mosque and temple lands Discontent among Sepoys
Restrictions on wearing caste and religious symbols
General Service Enlistment Act 1856 – Bengal Army recruits to serve anywhere – undertaking
Emoluments discrimination
No foreign service allowance when serving in Singh & Punjab
Annexation of Awadh
Rumor of bones in atta and cartridge of new Enfield Rifles (Greece containing
cow and pig fat)
Feb, 1857 / Berhampur
19th Native Infantry broke into Mutiny
Disbanded in March 1857
March 1857 / Barrackpore
34th Native Infantry – Mangal Pandey shot at a Sergeant Major
April 6 – Mangal Pandey executed May – Regisment disbanded
May 1857 / Awadh
7th Awadh Regiment defied its officers
May - Disbanded
April 24, 1857 / Meerut
3rd Native Cavalry – 9 men refused to accept greased cartridge
May 9, 1857 / Meerut
3rd Native Cavalry 85 dismissed and sentenced to 10 years rigorous imprisonment
May 10, 1857/ Meerut
3rd Native Cavalry Sepoys released comrades/killed officers/unfurled revolt banner
May Delhi Local Infantry killed own European Officers
Simon Faser Killed
Lt. Willoughby put some resistance but was overcome
Bahadur Shah Zafar was proclaimed Emperor of India
Delhi General Bakth Khan led the revolt of the soldiers in Bareilley
He ran the court with 10 members – 6 from army and 4 from civilian – in the name of the emperor
Delhi captured in Sep 20, 1857
John Nicholson, leader of siege, wonded and dead
Lt. Landon – Butchered princes on spot at point blank
Emperor exiled to Rangoon in 1862
By 1859 – Bakth Khan dead
June 27, 1857 / Kanpur
Nana Saheb Expelled the English from Kanpur and declared himself Peshwa
Nana Saheb, adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II was refused official titles
Sir Hugh Wheeler surrendered
Sir Colin Campbell occupied Kanpur in Dec 6, 1857
Nana Saheb escaped to Nepal
Tantia escaped into jungles. Captured and killed in April 1858
By 1859 – Rao Sahib (bro of Nana) dead June 4, 1857 /
Lucknow Begam Hazrat Mahal took reigns
Son Birjis Qadir declared Nawab
Sir Henry Lawrence and some europeans lake shelter in the residency. Sir Henry killed
Brigadier Inglish held on against heavy odds
Attempts by Sir Henry Havelock & Sir james Outram has no success
Sir Colin Campbell evacuated the Europeans with Gorkha Regiment
March 1858, Lucknow recovered
Begam forced to hide in Nepal
Bareilly Khan Bahadur He was a descendent of a former ruler of Rohilakhand
Not enthusiastic about the pension
By 1859 – Khan Bahadur dead
Bihar Kunwar Singh Zamindar of Jagdishpur
Britishers had taken his land
Faizabad Maulvi Ahmadullah Native of Madras
Had moved to Faizabad
By 1859 – Maulvi dead
Jhansi Rani Laxmi Bai Lord Dalhousi had refused to allow her adopted son to ascend to the throne after the death of Raja Gangadhar Rao
She was assisted by Tantia Tope an associate of Nana Saheb after the loss of Kanpur
Marched towards Gwalior
Gwalior captured in June 1858
Jhanshi captured by Sir Hugh Rose
Banaras Colonel Neill put to death all suspected rebels and disorderly sepoys
Lord Canning
Nov 1, 1858 Lord Canning announced “Queens Proclamation”
Great Britain took over Government of India from East India Company
1858-1905 Skipped: Revolutionary Terrorism (92)
Political Associations before INC
1836/Bengal Bangabhasa Prakasika Sabha
Founded by raja Ram Mohan Roy in Bengal
1840’s/Bengal The Zamindari Association or Landholder’s Society
Founded to safeguard the rights of the landholders
1843/Bengal The British Bengal India Society
Collection and dissemination of information to people of british india
Employ lawful and peaceful means to secure rights
1851/Bengal Zamindari Association & British Bengal India Society merged
British India Association formed after merger
Sent recommendation for Charter of Company – separate legislature of popular character/reduction in salaries/abolition of salt duty, abkari & stamp duty
1853 Charter Act 6 additional members included in governor general’s council
1866/London East India Association
Dadabhai Naroji – to discuss Indian Question with influential public in London to promote India’s welfare
1867/Bombay Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
Mahadeo Govind Ranade
Serving bridge between government and people
1875/Bengal Indian League Sisir Kumar Ghosh – Simulate sense of nationalism and political education
1876/Bengal Indian Association of Calcutta
Superseded Indian League
Surendranath Banerjea and Anand Mohan Ghosh
Discontented by pro landlord and conservative policies of British India Association
Create public opinion on political questions/unify Indian people on political programme
1884/Madras Madras Mahajan Sabha
M Viragaraghavchari, B Subramaniya Aiyar, P Anandacharalu
1885/Bombay Bombay Presidency Association
Badruddin Tyabji, PherozshahMehta,K T Telang
Factors in growth of Modern Nationalism Understanding of contradictions in Indian and colonial interests – economic exploitation
Political, administrative and economic unification
Western thoughts and education
Role of press and literature – in 1887 there were 169 vernacular newspapers
Rediscovery of India’s past
Progressive character of socio religious reform movements
Growth of middle class intelligentsia
Impact of contemporary movements world wide
Reactionary policies and racial arrogance
Lytton (76-80)
1876 Reduction of Maximum age limit from 21 to 19
1877 Grand Delhi durbar when country was severe grip of famine
1878 Vernacular Press Act
1878 Arms Act
Ripon (80-84)
1883 Ilbert bill controversy
Ripon had sought to abolish “judicial disqualification based on race” allowing Indian judges to try British offenders
Ripon had to modify the bill and it was enacted in a severe compromised state in 1884
1883/1885 Conferences of Indian National Conference
Surendranath Banerjea and Anand Mohan Ghosh – architects of Indian national Conference
Dufferin(84-88)
Dec 1885/ Bombay
Indian national Congress
A O Hume mobilized intellectuals and conducted the first session of the Indian national Congress. ‘Safety Valve’ theory – platform for intellectuals to release discontent. Hume convinced Dufferin.
First session attended by 72 delegates
Presided by Womesh Chandra Bonnerjea
Hereafter congress met in December every year
Aims of Congress:
Found democratic, national movement
Politicize/ politically educate
Establish a headquarters for the movement
Promote friendliness amongst nationalists
Develop anti-colonial nationalist ideology
Formulate and present popular demand to the government
Develop and nurture feeling of nationalhood and unity
1887 Fallout with British India Government
Congress increasingly critical of colonial Rule
Dufferin – stick to social questions
“Sedatious Bramhins” , Duffer – “factory of sedition”
1890 Kadambini Ganguly first woman to graduate from Calcutta College
Addressed INC par
1890 Session of INC in London
To be held in 1892
Postponed due to british elections in 1891
Plan of setting up a British Committee of INC in London in 1899
Dadabhai Naroji was the anchor
Contribution of Moderates
Economic Critique ‘Drain Theory’ – Dadabhai Naroji, R C Dutt,Dinshaw Wacha
1892 Constitutional Reform
Indian Council’s Act of 1861 toothless - disguise official measures as being passed by a representative body/wealthy loyalists selected (exceptions Syed Ahmad Khan, Kristodas Pal, V N mandalik, K L Nulkar, Rashbheri Ghosh)
1885-92 demands – expansion of council/ more powers to council (control on finance) – power to veto or amend budget
Indian Council’s Act 1892
Imperial legislative council of governor general to have 10-16 (instead of 6-10) members / Officials retained majority
Some members to be indirectly elected (element of election) / Reformed council met 13 days/ year, unofficial team present 5/25 average
Budget could be discussed / Could not be vetoed or amended
Questions could be asked / Supplimentaries not allowed
1904/1905/1906 Self Government like Canada and Australia
Naroji/Gokhle/Tilak
Administrative Reforms
Indianisation of services
Separate judicial and executive
Critique – Tyrannical Bureaucracy & time consuming judiciary
Critique aggressive foreign policy – Afghan wars/ Burma wars
Increase in expenditure on welfare
Better treatment of labor abroad
Defence of Civil Rights
Speech , thought, association, free press
1905-1918 Skipped: New forces, revolutionary forces
Why Militant Nationalism Grew Recognition of true nature of British Rule
Growth of Self Confidence –Tilak, Bipin, Aurobindo appealed to national character
Growth of education
International influence –Progress of Japan post 1868, Italy defeated by Ethopia (1896), Boer War (1899-1902) where british faced reverses, Japan’s Victory over Russia (1905)
Nationalist movements in – Ireland, Egypt, Russia, China, Turkey, Persia
Reaction to westernization – Swami Vivekananda/ Bankim Chandra Chatterjee/ Dayanand Saraswati
Dissatisfaction with moderates – Pray/ Petition/ Protest
Reactionary Policies of Curzon
1892 Indian Council Act Criticized
1896/1900 Severe famine Killed 90 lakhs
Bubonic Plague in Dacca
1897 Tilak Arrested/ Nathu Brothers deported
1898 Repressive Laws IPC 124A augmented with 156A
1899 Calcutta Corporation Act
Number of members in Calcutta cooperation reduced
1904 Official Secrets Act
1904 Indian Universities Act
Swadeshi and Boycott Movement
December 1903 Govt. decision to partition Bengal
Government announce decision to partion Bengal
Bengal (78 million people) – difficult to admin
Bengal – Nerve Center of nationalism to be weakened
On language (17 million Bengali and 37 million Oriya Hindi) – 42/54 Hindu (Western Half), Eastern Half (18/24) - Muslim
1903-1905 Surendranath Banerjea, Prithvishchandra Ray, K K mitra
3P Method
July 1905 Partition of Bengal announced ignoring public opinion
Aug 7,1905 Boycott Resolution Passed in Calcutta Townhall
Proclamation fo Swadeshi Movement – Boycott Manchester Cloth/ Lanchester Salt
Oct 16, 1905 Partition came into force
Bath in Ganga/ Sing Bande Mataram/ fast/ Peaceful Demonstration
Surendranath & Anand Mohan addressed huge gatherings
Tilak – Poona Bombay, Lala Lajpat Rai & Ajit Singh – Punjab, Syde Haider Raza – Delhi, Chidambaram Pillai - Madras
Dec, 1905 / Benaras
INC session under Gokhle
Condemn partion of Bengal and Curzon’s policies
Support Swadeshi Movement
Tilak/ Rai/ Bipin/ Aurobindo – wanted to take the movement outside Bengal and make it a full fledged national movement in line with attaining swaraj. But moderate were not willing to go that far and were in favor of constitutional methods
Dec,1906/Calcutta INC session under Dadabhai Naroji
Extremists wanted Tilak as president but Naroji proposed
Swaraj or self government declared to be goal of congress
Embolden by this the extremist called for passive resistance – boycott of school,colleges etc
Council reforms had been announced – moderates didn’t want that screwed
Extremists thought this was an
opportunity which could not be missed
Dec, 1907/ Surat INC session under Rashberi Ghosh
Extremists wanted this to be held in Nagpur but it was held in Surat so that Tilak doesn’t become president
1907 Al India Muslim League Formed
Anti Congress body under Nawab Salimullah (reactionary element) encouraged, Waqar-ul-Mulk & Mohsin-ul-Mulk
Government Strategy Government’s “rallying them”, Carrot and Stick strategy
Extremists repressed moderately to scare the moderates/ moderates placated with concessions/ Extremists subdued
1907 Seditious Meetings Act
1908 Indian Newspapers (Incitement of Offence) Act
1908 Tilak sent to Mandalay for 6 Years
Biping Pal and Aurobindo retire from active politics
Lala Lajpat Rai leaves for abroad
Tilak Back in 1914
1909 Morley – Minto Reforms
1906 – Shimla Delegation by Aga Khan for separate electorates for Muslims. This group took over Muslim League.
Clonial self government as demanded by congress is not for india – Morley
Aimed at using Moderates vs Extremists and Muslims vs nationalism
The Reforms:
Members in Imperial & Provincial Legislative Councils increased. Non official majority introduced, non elected majority retained.
Imperial Legislative Council – 68 total – 32 non official – 5 nominated / 27 elected – 8 muslims, 6 british capitalists, 2 landlords (reserved), 13 general electorate
Elected members indirectly elected – Local Body – Electoral college – Provincial Legislature – Central Legislature
Besides separate electorates for muslims, representation in excess of
strength. Income qualification lowers than hindus.
Power of legislature increased – recommendations (which may not be accepted), ask supplementary, vote separate items of the budget but not the whole.
1910 Indian Press Act
June 1914 Tilak Back
1914 First World War Moderates supported as a matter of duty
Extremists supported in the hope that retain would repay with gratitude of self government
Revolutionaries – opportunity to overthrow with Japanese or German support
Revolutionaries
1913 Ghadr established Ramdas Puri, G D Kumar, Taraknath Das, Sohan Singh Bakhna, Lala Hardayal reached in 1911
‘Swadesh Sevak Sangh’ – Vancouver & ‘United India House’ – Seattle
Sep 1914 Komagata Maru Ship carrying 370 Punjabi Muslim & Sikh from Singapore to Vancouver returned by Canadian Authorities. People refuse to alight in Calcutta – 22 people die in police action.
Kartar Singh Saraba, Raghubar Dayal Gupta left for India
Bengal revolutionaries contacted – Rashberi Bose, Sachin Sanyal
Feb 21, 1915 Armed revold by Ghadarites in Ferozpur, Lahore, Rawalpindi
Foiled by Treachery
Regiment disbanded, leaders arrested – depoeted & killed, 45 hanged
Rashberi Bose fled to Japan
Sachin Sanyal transported for life
March, 1915 Defense India Act
1915 Berlin Committee for Indian Independence
Virendranath Chattopadhayay, Lala hardayal, Bhupendranath Datta – help of German under ‘Zimmerman Plan’
Feb 15,1915 Mutiny in Singapore Punjabi Muslim 5th Light Infantry
36th Sikh Battalion
Jamadar Chisty Khan, Jamadar Abdul gani, Jamadar Daud Khan
Aug 1914 Bengal & Punjab Revolutionaries
Rashberi Ghosh & Sachin Sanyal with Ghaderites
Bengal groups were organized by Jatin Mukherji
Home Rule League Organized on the lines of Irish Home Rule Leagues
Annie Besant and Tilak were the pioneers
Section of nationalist felt that popular pressure was needed to attain concessions
Moderates disillusioned with Morley-Minto
War time miseries – high tax, high prices – people ready for aggressive action
Inter imperialist war & propaganda exposed supremacy myth
Tilak had toned down stand – ready to assume leadership
Both Tilak and Annie Besant realized that a unity of Moderates and Extremists was imperative for the movement to succeed
December, 1914 INC session Failure to reach Moderate-Extremists rapproachment, Tilak and Besant decide to revive political activity on their own
1915 Annie Besant has launched a campaign to demand self government for India
Campaign through News papers New India and Commonwealth
Dec, 1915 INC Session Extremists decided to be admitted to congress
Annie Besant’s Home Rule League not approved
Congress agrees on educative propaganda and local level congress committees
Annie Besant puts condition that if the congress does not implement its recommendations, she was free to set up her league
April, 1916 Tilak’s Home Rule League
Maharashtra (Excluding Bombay), Karnata, Central Province, Berar
Swaraj, Linguistic States, education in vernacular
Sep, 1916 Annie’ Home Rule League
Rest of India (Including Bombay)
George Arundale – secretary, main work done by B W Wadia, CP Ramaswamy
Muslims and Anglo Indians didn’t join as they felt it was a Hindu majority high caste thing
Dec,1916/Lucknow Session of INC under Ambika Charan Majumdhar
Extremist readmission – pitched by tilak & annie, relisation that unity imp, Gokhle & pherozshah Mehta had died
Lucknow pact congress & Muslim league – Britain refusal to help turkey, annulment of Bengal partition 1911, outgrow in outlook from Aligarh (Muslim League Calcutta session 1912– self governance for India if doesn’t hurt muslim interest)
Joint statement – self governance asap, increase size of legislature, 50- % Indians
Congress League diff identities – milestone in 2 nation theory
Home rule Program Aim – self government through political education and discussion through public meetings, conferences etc
Russian Revolution helped
1917 Government Suppression
Case instituted against Tilak, rescinded by high court
June 1917 – Annie, wadia, Arundale arrested – leaqds to nationwide protest
Sir S Subramaniya Aiyar renounces knighthood
Tilak follows passive resistance
Sep 1917 – Annie released
Why it faded Communal riots 1917-18
Lack of effective organization
Moderates who had joined after Annie’s arrest pacified by release and Montagu Reforms
Tilak had to go out for a case; Anie was unsure – lack of leadership
Aug,1917 Montagu Statement Recognises self governance
1918-1939 Skipped: Evolution of 2 nation theory(153), Page 169 (other upsurges)
1894 - 1915 Gandhi in Africa Born – Oct 2,1869, Porbandar, Gujarat
Went to Aftica for his client Dada
Abdullah
1894 – 1906 – Found Natal Indian Congress and Indian Opinion to unite Indians in Africa
Satyagrah Against “Registration Certificates” -1906
Campaign Against registration of Indian Migrations
Setting up Tolstoy Farm
Campaign against poll tax and invalidation of Indian marriages
Gokhle, Viceroy Lord Hardinge influenced judgements in his favor
Jan 1915 Gandhi Comes to India
Decides to understand things for a year
1917 – champaran – civil disobedience - first invited by Rajkumar sukhla to champaran in bihar against the tinkanthia system of indi planters/accompanied by rajendra parsad, mazhar ul haq, mahadeo desai, narhari parekh, j b kriplani
1918 – ahmedabad mill strike – first hunger strike – 35 % increase in wage by owners
1918 – kheda satagrah Gujarat – first non cooperation –peaants asked to withhold revenue/ Britishers challenged as per Revenue Code/ Youngsters like Sardar Patel & Indulal Yagnik be
Came followers
July,1918 Montagu Chelmford (Montford) Reforms and Government of India Act 1935
Provincial: Executive
Dyarchy
“reserved “ & “transferred” list
Sectary and viceroy can interefere in reserved but restricted in transferred
Legislative
Expanded – 70% to be elected
Communal & class electorate further consolidated
Women could vote
Legislature could initiate legislation - -Governor’s assent needed/ he can veto
Central: Executive
Provincial & Central lists Legislature:
Bicameral arrangement
Legislative Assembly – 144 – 103 elected – 52 general, 30 muslims, 2 sikh, 20 specials
Council of State – 60 – 34 elected – 20 G, 10 M, 1 S, 3 Europeans
75% budget still not votable Page 117
March 1919 Rowlatt Act Authorized govt to imprison without trial and conviction in court
Habeus Corpus repealed
Feb 1919 Satyagrah against Rowlatt Act Declared
First mass satyagrah
April 6, 1919 Satyagrah Launched
April 13, 1919 Jalianawal bagh massacre
Unaware of prohibitory orders
Protest against arrest of leaders Saiffudin Kitchlew & Satyapal
Tagore renounced knighthood in protest
April 18,1919 Satyagrah Called off
Khilafat & Non Cooperatation Rowlatt Act, Martial law in Punjab & Jallianawala Bagh Massacre
Hunter Commission report
Turkey Issue with Muslims
Early 1919 Khilafat Committee formed
Ali Brothers (Shaukat Ali, Muhammad ali), Maulana Azad, Azmat Khan, Hasrat Morani
Nov 1919 All India Khilafat Conference calls for boycotting foreign goods
Tilak was opposed to alliance on a religious issue with the Muslims as well as to satyagraha as a political movement
Some were against some provision of non cooperation like the boycott of councils
Gandhi was able to get congress approval
Feb 1920 Hindu Muslim delegation sent to viceroy to address issues
Mission abortive
May 1920 Treaty of Severes with Turkey
Turkey Dismembered
June 1920 All party meet approves boycott of schools, colleges etc
Aug 1,1920 Tilak dies
Aug 31,1920 Non Cooperation movement Launched
Sep, 1920 Congress session approved non cooperation till Punjab & Khilafat wrongs corrected
Boycott schools, colleges,law courts,foreign clothes
Legislative councils – CR das not in favor
Renunciation of govt titles
Dec, 1920 INC session Nagpur Self govt thrugh constitutional means replaced by swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means
CWC setup, provincial congress committees setup
Dec, 1921 INC session Ahmedabad
Gandhi Under pressure to launch civil disobedience
CR Das presides from Jail – Hakim Azmal Khan acting president
Feb 1,1922 Gandhi threatens to launch civil disobedience from Bardoli
Political prisoners to be released
Press controls to be removed
Feb 5,1922 Chauri Chaura incident
Gorakhpur,UP
22 policemen killed by protesters when they were fired on while they had come to protest in front of the police statio
Feb, 1922 INC meets at Bardoli Decides to stop all activity
March, 1922 Gandhi arrested and sentenced to 6 years
Nov, 1922 Turkey issue non existant
People rose under Mustafa Kamal Pasha and deprived the sultan of his political power. European style judicial system put in place.
Dec, 1922 INC Gaya Session, Congress Swarajya Khilafat Party
Swaragists – Motilal Nehru, CR Das, Azmal Khan – wanted to end boycott of council entry
No Changers – Vallabhai Patel, C Rajgopalchari, Rajendra Prasad, M A Ansari – continue constructive work
Swarajist proposal defeated, Motilal Nehru and CRDas resigned for presidentship and secretaryship respectively. President & Secretary of the new party
Dec 1923 Both side consulted with Gandhi
Compromise was reached and the Swarajists joined back with the understanding that could entry wuld be allowed to them
Nov 1923 Elections Swarajists won 42/141 elected seats
1924 Communal Riots and division of swarajists on communal lines
Split amongst Swarajists – responsivists and non-responsivists, furher weakened by death of C R Das in 1925
Responsivists – Lala Lajpat Rai, Madan Mohan Malviya, NC Kelkar – stay in office and further hindu interests. These guys joined Hindu Mahasabha.
Non Resposivists – Motilal Nehru -advocated not staying in office and mass civil disobedience – withdrew from legislature in 1926
Responsivists went to elections and did badly – 1926. Resigned post Lahore session for Civil Disobediance Movement.
1925 Vithal Bhai Patel – Speaker of central Legislative Assembly
Swarajist Achievement
1928 Public Safety Bill Defeated
Swarajist Achievement
Nov 8,1927 7 member Indian Statutory Commission appointed under Chairmanship of John Simon
Whether India was ready for Further consti tutional reforms and on what lines
Constitutional reforms were due in 1929, conservative party did not want to leave the question of India to labour party
Appointed by conservative secretary of state Lord Birkenhead
Dec,1927 INC session under MA Ansari
Boycott the commission at every stage and in every form
Complete Independence was declared as the Goal - Managed By Nehru
Feb 3, 1928 Simon landed in India Nehru & Subhash emerged as new leaders
Nehru and GB Pant Beaten
Lala Lajpat Rai Beaten –Oct, 1928/ dies in Nov 1928
Birkinhead challenges Indian Politicians to come up with an agreed constitution acceptable to everyone
Feb 1928 All Party Conference – Sub Committee to draft constitution
Motilal Nehru
Finished by Aug 1928
Consensus on majority except – “dominion status” or “complete independence”
Page 160
Dec 1927 Delhi Proposals by Muslim League
Hindu Mahasabha opposes
Some concessions made my Nehru
Dec 1928 All Party Meet Jinnah proposes Amendments to the updated Nehru report and gives his 14 point demands
Nehru and Congress reject ‘Dominion Status’ as goal and setup “Independence for India League”
Dec 1928 INC session, Calcutta Subhash & Nehru reject “Dominion Status”
Gandhi and Motilal Nehru reason that the consensus over dominion status has been built over years, 2 years grace period be given to government to accept the demand; reduced to 1 year
If government doesn’t accept, adopt complete independence as the goal and launch civil disobedience
1929 Meerat Conspiracy
1929 Bombing by Bhagat Singh and B K Dutt
May,1929 Labour government under Ramsay McD comes to power
Oct,1929 Irwin’s Statement Page 164 – Montagu Statetement – non committal dominion status (in time)
RTC after Simon Submits Report
Nov 2, 1929 Delhi Manifesto Purpose of RTC to formulate scheme for Dominion Status
Congress to have Majority
Dec 23,1929 Irvin Rejects Delhi Menifesto
Dec ,1929 INC session in Lahore under Nehru
Nehru declared president due to Gandhi’s backing – 15/18 congress provincial committee had opposed Nehru
Decisions
RTC to be boycotted
Complete independence declared to be aim of congress
Civil disobedience to be launched
Jan 26,1930 fixed as the first Independence Day
Dec 31,1929 Tricolor hoisted at banks of River Ravi
amongst Inqalab Zindabad
Jan 26, 1930 Civil Disobediance Launched
Public Meetings all over India
Independence Pledge read out Page 166
Jan 31, 1930 Gandhi’s 11 Demands
Page 166
Feb 1930 No reply from govt – Gandhi authorized to launch Civil Disobediance Movement
March 12- April 6, 1930
Dandi March Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi
April 1930 Nehru Arrested
May 4, 1930 Gandhi Arrested When he announced raids on Darshana Salt Works
July 1930 Viceroy suggested RTC and reiterated goal of dominion status
Tej Bahadur Sapru / M R Jayakar to explore possibilities of peace
August 1930 Motilal and Jawaharlal Nehru taken to Yeravada Jail to Gandhi to discuss possibility of settlement. Nehru Gandhi Reiterate
Right of secession from Britain
Complete national government with control over finance and defense
Independent tribunal to settle britain’s financial claims
Talks broke
Nov – Jan 1930 Round Table Conference
Congress Boycotted
Britain and India as equals
Muslim League/ Hindu Mahasabha/ Liberals & Princes attended
Everyone reiterated that a discussion was impossible without congress
Jan 25,1931 Gandhi and everyone else released unconditionally
Feb 14, 1931 Delhi Pact/ Gandhi Irwin Pact Signed
Irwin agreed to - Page 174
Gandhi agreed to – suspend civil disobedience movement and participate in 2nd RTC
March, 1931 To Endorse Gandhi Irwin pact
March 23, 1931 – Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev hanged
Gandhi showed black flags on his way to
Karanchi
Resoluion of National Economic Programme and Fundamental Right Adopted
Dec 1931/London 2nd Round Table Conference
Talks Fail – Page 177
Ramsay Macdonald announces – two muslim majority province etc – Page 177
Dec 31, 1931 Willington refuses to meet Gandhi
Jan 4,1932 Gandhi Arrested Civil Martial Law imposed
Congress organization at all levels banned
Leaders, sympathizers arrested/properties confiscated
Press Gagged
August, 1932 Ramsay McD announces Communal Awards
Depressed classed recognized as minorities and to be given separate electorates
Sep 20,1932 Gandhi Indefinite Strike to blackmail Ambedkar
Poona Pact signed between Ambedkar and Gandhi in Sep, 1932
April 1934 Gandhi withdraws the Civil disobedience movement
Passive resistance all over the country but tempo could not be sustained
Masses were not prepared
1934-35 Three perspectives Constructive Work
Constitutional Struggle – elections in 1934 – M A Ansari, Asaf Ali, Bhulabhai Desai, S Satyamurty, B C Roy
Continue Civil Disobedience – Nehru - his opposition to Struggle-Truce-Struggle strategy vis Struggle-Victory Strategy
Nationalist with apprehension & Britishers were hoping for a split
Gandhi goes in favor of council entry
May 1934 All India Congress Committee met at Patna to set up a parliamentary committee to fight elections
Oct 1934 Gandhi resigns from congress
He was in disagreement with parliamentary politics
Ppl were perplexed w3ith his obsession for charkha
Socialists including Nehru had issues with Gandhi’s STS strategy
Nov 1934 Central Legislativ Assembly elections
Congress captures 45/75 seats
1932 Admist struggle of 1932 - Third RTC
Congress did not participate
Government of India Act 1935 formulated – Separate Electorates based on Communal awards made operational
Page 186
1935 Government of India Act, 1935
Act of 1935 to be Opposed
Socialist led by Nehru – Not to contest provincial elections or swarajist strategy to stall council
Proponents of office acceptance – fight legislature elections and oppose act
Gandhi – opposed but by 1936 became favourable
1936, Lucknow INC session Congress decides to fight elections
1937, Fizapur INC Session Congress decided to fight elections
Congress manifesto totally rejected Act of 1935
1937 Provincial Elections Congress contested 716/1161 seats
It got a majority in all provinces except Bengal, Assam, Panjab, Sindh NWFP, Single largest party in Bengal, Assam, NWFP
Nehru Conceded to S-T-S strategy
1938 National Planning Committee
Setup under Subhash Bose
Oct 1939 World War breaks out
Congress resigns
1939-1947 Skipped: Parallen Government (210), INA (216), 3 - Upsurges (221)
Sep 1, 1939 Germany attacks Poland
Second world war starts
Sep 3, 1939 Britain attacks Germany
Declares India’s Support India’s Offer to cooperate in War efforts:
After the war, a constituent assembly will be convened to determine political structure of free India
Some form of genuinely responsible
government to be setup at center
Offer Rejected by Linlithgow
Sep 10-14,1939 INC session Wardha Gandhi – unconditional support
Subhash – take advantage of situation
Nehru – No support even though its democracy vs fascism until India was free
Congress – 1) India will not be a party to a war for democracy when its own democracy is denied 2)Govt should declare its war aims 3) if Britain is fighting for democracy it should set india free
Oct 17,1939 Linlithgow’ Response Tried to use Muslim League & Princes vs congress
Did not define war aims
Received support from Conservative PM Churchill & Secretary Zetland
Oct 23,1939 CWC meeting Rejected viceregal statement as reiteration of imperial policy
Refused to supportthe war
Asked ministers to resign from legislature (top block ending)
Jan 4,1940 Linlithgow Statement “Dominion Status of the Westminster variety is the goal of the british policy I India”
March,1940 INC session Ramgarh Congress was not ready for a mass struggle / mass not ready for struggle/ allies cause just/ hindu muslim unity issue could result in riots
So, congress would launch civil disobedience when it was ready or when circumstance precipitates
Leftist group (subhash bose) supported an all out mass struggle
March, 1940 Pakistan Resolution Muslim League – Geographically contiguous muslim majority areas to become independent states
August 1940 August Offer by Viceroy
Hitler’s success and fall of Belgium , Holland and France prompted Britain to make an offer
Dominion status/constituent assembly/expansion of executive council/ veto to minorities
Congress – rejected dominion status
League – appreciated veto, reiterated partition
July 1941 Viceroy’s executive council enlarged
8/12 given to Indians
Defence, Finance, Home with Britishers
National Defense Council formed
End of 1940 Individual Satyagrahas
Delhi Chalo
Vinoba Bhave 1st person followed by Nehru
By May 1941 – 25000 convicted of Civil Disobedience
Dec 1941 Congress leaders released
Anxious to defend India
Overrode Gandhi and Nehru’s objection and CWC decided to go to Allied aid – full independence after war, substance of power transferred immediately
Gandhi designates Nehru as successor
March 1942 Cripps Mission Stafford cripps – left wind labourite and leader of house of commons
Reverses suffered by Britain and Japan threat imminent
Pressure from Allies
Indian nationalists agree to support if substance power transferred immediately
Nehru and Maulana Azad – Oficial Negotiators Proposal: Dominion status/ constituent assembly/province not willing could constituate a separate dominion Talks failed (Page 206)
July 14,1942 Gandhi Called for British withdrawal and non violent non cooperation movement against Japanese invasion
Aug 8, 1942 INC session Gowalia Tank, Bombay
Quit India Resolution ratified
Do or Die
Aug 9, 1942 All senior leaders arrested in a Sweep
Public passive resistance, Gets violent at places
Government suppression severe
Usha Sharma – Ran a radio
Feb 1943 Gandhi goes on Fast against government
repression
Mar 23,1943 Pakistan Day celebrated by League
1943 Famine Southwest Bengal – 1.5 to 3 million dead
Rajgopal Chari Formula
Page 213
Desai Liaqat pact Page 214
Put leaque and congress on equal footing
May 1945 Europe war ends but Japanese threat on India still there
Churchill keen to reach a constitutional solution
Lord Wavell sent to negotiate
June 1945 Wavell Plan, Shimla Page 215
League wanted to be representative of all Muslims and congress objected to being designated a Hindu Party
Wavell announced a breakthrough – giving the League a Veto – this would have far reaching consequences in the elections of 1945-46
It failed to break constitutional deadlock
June 1945-Feb 1946
Upsurges Negotiations involving govt, congress, muslim league ending in freedom or partition
Sporadic localized often militant violances
July 1945 Labor party came to power, Clement Atlee PM, Patrick Lawrence Secretary
Aug 1945 Election to Central & Provincial legislatures announced
Sep 1945 Constituent Assembly would be convened & Govt would work according to spirits of cripps plan
Announced by government
Sep 1945 INC Session Bombay Strong resolution in support of INA
Bhulabhai Desai, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Asi Ali, Nehru, Katju – Defense of the convicts
Nov 1945 INA trials In redfort of Prem Kumar Sehgal, Gulbaksh Singh DHillon,Shah Nawaz
Khan
Election Results Congress 52/102
Muslim League 30 reserved seats
May 1946 Cabinet Mission Page 226
Feb 20,1947 Atlee’s Statement Page 233
June 3,1947 Mountbatten Plan Page 235
June 18,1947 India Independence Act
Page 236
Reforms Sati Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Bengal Regulation 1829
Female Infanticide Bengal regulation 1795,1804 – tantamount to murder
Act 1870 – child to be registered
Widow Remarriage Brahmo Samaj
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar – Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1856
Widow Remarriage Association – Pundit Vishnu Sashtri, 1850
Satya Prakash – Karsondas Mulji, 1852
Indian Women’s University, Bombay 1916– D K karve – he married a widow in 1893, became president of Widow Remarriage Association
Child Marriage Native Marriage Act/ Civil marriage Act, 1872
Age of Consent Act, 1891 – prohibit marriageof girls < 12 – B M Malabari
Sarda Act, 1930 – Marriageable age 18 and 14 for boys and girls
Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1978, age increased 18 to 21, 14 to 18
Women Education Calcutta Female Juvenile Society 1819, Calcutta Missionaries
Bethune School – JED Bethune in 1849, Calcutta
Pundit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar – 35 girls’ schools Bengal
Charles Wood’s dispatch 1845 – stress on women education
Women’s Medical Service – 1914, training as nurses
Indian Women’s University – 1916, Karve
Lady Hardinge Medical College, 1916, Delhi
Sarojini Naidu – Congress President 1925, Governor of United Province 1947-49
All India Women’s Conference – 1920
Legislative Measures in Free India
Special Marriage Act, 1954 – intercaste/religious marriages
Hindu Marriage Act,1955 –abolished bigamy, dissolution marriage on special grounds
Hindu Succession Act,1956 – discrimination w.r.t inheritance abolished
Hindu adoption and Maintenance Act – enhanced status of women in matters of adoption
Maternities Benefits Act,1961 – amended to included women not covered under ESI Act 1948
Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 – no discrimation in payment
Factories(Amendment) Act – establishment of crèches where 30 women are employed
Supression of Immoral Traffic Act in Women and Girls Act,1956 – Renamed to Immoral Traffic Act,1986
Dowry Prohibition Act,1961
1987 – Act – glorification of sati a cognisible offence
Caste 1932-All India Harijan Sangh – Gandhi
All India Schedule Caste Federation – Ambedkar
Jyotiba Phule
All India Depressed Classes Association – other leaders
Government of India Act,1935 – special representation
Self Respect Movement – EV Ramaswamy Naiker
Maharajah of Kolhapur – Encouraged anti – Brahmin movement
Sri Narayan Guru & Sahadaran in Kerala
Brahmo Samajh Raja Ram Mohan Roy – Gift to Monotheist, 1809/Atmiya Sabha,1814/Precepts of Jeasus,1820
1818 – Anti Sati movement resulted in Bengal regulation 1829
1817 – Supported David Hare’s efforts to setup Hindu College, Calcutta
1825 – Setup Vedanta College
1828 – Brahmo Samaj Found
1833 – Death
1842 – Maharishi Debedranath tagore joined Brahmo Samaj – he was founder of Tatvabodhini sabha
1858 – Kesab Chandra Sen made acharya of Brahmo Samaj
1865 – Kesab dismissed from acharyaship – radical views on caste system and support for inter caste marriage
1866 – Kesab founded Brahmo Samaj of India/ Debendranath – Adi Brahmo Samaj
1878 – Kesab got his 13 year old daughter married to a maharaja – Split and formation of new Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
Prarthna Sabha 1863- Kesab Chandra Sen
Young Bengal Movement 1826-31 – Henry Vivian Dorazio
Bal Shastri Jambekar Reform Hinduism/ attack Brahmin orthodoxy /darpan, 1832
Students Literary and Scientific Societies
Gyan Prasarak Mandalis
1848 – organize lecture on scientific topics and popular questions
Param Hansa Mandalis 1849 – one god/break caste rule/women education and widow remarriage
Satyasodhak Samaj Jyotiba Phule
Sarvajanik, Satyadharma,Gulamgin
Gopalhari Deshmukh ‘Lakahitawadi’
Rationalism and attach on hindu orthodoxy
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Humanism
Servants of India Society 1905 – Gopal Krishna Gokhle
Train missionaries to serve india by constitutional means
1915 – died / took over by Srinivasa Sashtri
Social Service League Gokhle follower Narayan Manohar Joshi
Secure for masses beter conditions of life and job
1920 - Also found AITUC
Ramkrishna Mission Objective – 1)band of nmonks to spread universal message of Vedanta 2)lay principles to carry preaching, philanthropic and charitable work looking upon all men as veritable menifestations of divine
Objective 1 – Ramkrishna Paramhans found Ramkrishna Math
Objective 2 – Vivekananda (Narendranath Datta 1862 to 1902) found Ramkrishna Mission, 1897
Arya Samaj 1875 – Arya Samaj first unit at Bombay, later headquarter shifted to Lahore
Dayanand Saraswati or Mulsankar (1824 – 83). Received education of Vedanta from blind teacher Swami Virajnanda in Mathura
Criticised puranas and hindu orthodoxy
Samaj Fixed marriageable age at 25 for boys and 16 for girls
Caste system – not by birth but by occupation
Inter caste marriages encouraged
1886 – Dayanand Anglo Vedic school established at lahore
1902 – Swami Shraddhanand start Gurukul at Hardwar
Dayanand criticized hindu escapist attitude of Maya
Encouraged Vedic Study and Vedic Purity – Call for revival of vedic study and not times
After death work carried by Lala Lajpat Rai, Swami Shradhanand, Lala Hansraj, Pundit Gurudatt
1920 – In zeal to protect hindu society – shuddi – communal tension
Seva Sadan 1885 – B M Malabari Parsi – women education, medical and welfare
Deva Samaj 1887 – Shiv Narayan Agnihotri in Lahore – eternity of soul/supremacy of guru/ need for good action
Deva Shastra
Dharma Sabha 1830 – Radha Kant Dab – Orthodox society – status quo in hindu matters
Counter Brahmo Samaj
Bharat Dharma Defend Orthodox Hinduism against Arya samajist, ramkrishna
Mahamandala mission, theosophists
1902 founded at Varanasi
Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya important figure
Radhaswami Movement 1861 – Tulsi Ram or Shiv Dayal Saheb founded the movement
Believe in one supreme being/supremacy of guru/company of pious people/simple social life
Sri narayan Guru Dharma Pripalan Movement
1902 - SNDP Movement
Right of admission to schools/recruitment fo govt services/temple entryand political representation for backward castes
Vokkaliga Sangha 1905 – Anti Brahmin Movement in Mysore
Justics Mvement CN Muriladhar, T M nair, P thyagaraj – non Brahmin representation in legislature and jobs
Self Respect Movement E V ramaswamy Naicker – renounce Brahmin religion
Arravi ppuram Movement 1888 – Narayan Guru installed a siva idol in aravippuram in Kerala
Temple entry Movement 1924 – Vaikon Satyagraha – K P Keshava – open temples and roads to untouchables
1931 – Subramaniyam Tirumambu led a group of 16 volumteers to Guruvayur
1936 – Maharaja of Travancore threw open all temples to all hindus
1938 – C Rajgopalchari govt took actions in Madras
Indian Social Conference Founded by M G ranade and Raghunath Rao in 1887 in Madras
‘Pledge Movement’ against child marriage
Inter caste marriage, opposed polygamy
Wahabi /Wallimullah Shah Walimullah (1702 – 62) – inspired this revivalist approach against western influence on Indian muslims
Shah Abdul Aziz / Syed Ahmed Barelvi – carried forward the teachings
Darul-ul-harb to Darul-ul-Islam through Jihad
Directed against Punjab but post 1849 annexation to british
1870 – fizzled out
Titu Mir Mir Nithar Ali – disciple of Syed Ahmed Raebarelvi – founder of Wahabi Movement
Organized muslim pesants against hindu landlords and british indigo planters
1931 – killed in action
Faraizi Movement Founded by hazi Shariat Allah
Emphasis on Islamic pillars of faith
Eradication of social innovations among muslims
1840 – became revolutionary under dudu mian – haji’s son
Target hindu landlords and even police
1862 – dudu mian died
Ahmadiya Movement 1889 – Founded my Mir Gulam Ahmed
Muslim version of Brahmo Samaj – humanism and anti jihad
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan & Aligarh Movement
1875 – Mohmeddan anglo oriental college, Aligarh
Wanted to aligh the teachings of the quaran with modern nationalism
Allow govt. partonate to simulate growth in Indian Muslims through education and employment opportunities
Social reforms in muslim society
In his Zeal to promote muslim interest got played up in british hands
Deoband School 1866 – Qasim Nanatovi & Rashid Ahmed Gangohi
Moral and religious regenation of muslims – revivalist movement
1888 – issues fatwa against Syed Ahmed’s organization United Patritic Association & Mohammedan Anglo Oriental Association
Supported Congress
Shibli Numani – Favoured inclusion of English and sciences – founded Nadwatlal Ulema and Darul Ulum in Lucknow in 1894-96 – believed in cooperation of Hindus and Muslims as a state
Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha
Parsi reformist movement
Dadabhai Naroji, Naoroji Furdonji, K R Cama, S S Bengalee
Rast Goftar – Newspaper
Women education/ uplift women/ purdah
Sikh Reform Singh Sabha founded in 1873 Amritsar– counter proselytisation by Christians and hindus/ modern education to Sikhs (khalsa schools established)
Akali movement was an offshoot of Singh Sabha Movement – to make sikh gurudwara free from control of Udasi Mahants
1921 – Non cooperation non violent protests
1922 – Sikh Gurudwara Act – Control of sikh given to sikh masses through the Siromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee
Theosophical Movement Blvatsky, Olcott inspired by Indian cultures
1875 – Theosophical Society founded in US
1882 – Shifted to Adayar
Promoted hindu culture etc
1907 – Olcott dies, annie besat becomes president
1898 – Central Hindu College founded in Calcutta – both hindu and western sciences taught
1916 – benarus hindu university founded