Indiana Bat Recovery Plan - JAFNPP SEIS Reference.Donald E. Nilson, Member Indiana Ba t Recovery...
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Transcript of Indiana Bat Recovery Plan - JAFNPP SEIS Reference.Donald E. Nilson, Member Indiana Ba t Recovery...
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This is the c~pleted IndiaRa Bat Recovery Plan. It has been approved by the. U. SFish and Wildlife Service. It does not necessarily represent official positionsor approvals of cooperating agencie8 (and it does not necessarily represent theviews of aU recovery team aellbers/individuals, who played the key role in pre-paring this plan. ~is plan i8 8ubject to modification as dictated by newfindings and changes in 8pecies status and completion of tasks deseribed in theplan. Goals and objectives vi 11 be attained and funds e~nded contingent uponappropriations, priorities, and other budgetary constraints.
ACknowledgements should read as follows:
The Indiana Bat Recovery Plan, dated October 14.1983, prepared by the U. S. Fishand Wildlife Service in cooperation with the Indiana Bat Recovery Team:
John T. Brady, Leader (~980-Pre8ent)Indiana Bat Recovery TeamU. S. Army Corps of Engineers210 Tucker Boulevard NorthSt, Louis, Missouri 63101
Richard K. LaVal, Leader (1979-1980)Apt. 10165
.
San Jose, Costa Rica(Formerly vi th the Missouri Department
of Conservation)
~O8as H. Kunz, MemberIndiana Bat Recovery TeamDeparblent of 8i oloqyBoston Uni~r.lty2 CUIImi ngton StreetBoston, Massachusetts 02215
Merlin D. Tuttle, MemberIndiana Sa t Recovery TeamVertebrate Division, CUrator of MammalsHi lwaukee Public Museum800 West Wells StreetMilwaukee, Wisconsin 53233
Donald E. Nilson, MemberIndiana Ba t Recovery TeamNational Fish' Wildlife LaboratoryNational Museum of Natural HistoryWashinqton, D.C. 20560
Richard L. Clawson, MemberIndiana Bat Recovery TeamMissouri Department of ConservationFish and Wildlife Research Center1110 College A".nueColumbia, ~ 65201
i -
Additional cqpies may be obtained from:
Fish and Wildlife Reference Service
1776 E. Jefferson Street4th FloorRockville, Maryl'and 20852800-582-3421 .
~J~Approved:t>6put1 Director, U.f. Fish and Wildlife Service
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page No.
PREFACE i
PART I
Description 1
Distribution 1
Life History 1
Habi ta t Requi rements 4
Causes of Decline 5
CUrrent Status of Population and Trends 7
Associations With Other Listed Species 8
Cri tical Habitat for the Indi ana Bat 8
PART II
Step-down Outline 10
Recovery Plan Narrative 12
Literature Cited 17
PART III
Implementation 21
APPENDICES
I. Cave Priority Data 1-1
Acknowledgments 11-1
Cave Management 111-1
Hibernacula by State IV-l
v. Fact Sheet on Bats V-l
Guidelines for Banding and Census Taking VI-l
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Piqure No: .!!!!!. Page No.
1. Known and SUspected Range of theIndiana Bat 2
2. 3MYO~!S ,!odal,i8 cluster
3. Warning Sign used ~ the MissouriDepartment of Conservation 111-5
4. Photo of FeQc. Erected at Norris~ Cave, Tennessee, by the~nnessee Valley Authority 111-6
s. Pnoto of Fence Erected at HambrickCave, Alabama, by the Tennessee
Valley Authority 111-7
6. Photo of Gate Erected at Great ScottCave by the Hi ssour! Department ofConserva tiOn 111-8
'7 Photo of Gate Erected at Bear Caveby the Missouri Depart.nt ofConservation 111-9
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Title- . P!~ N2.Table No.
827283135
Appendix IV
1.2.3.4..S.67.8.9.
10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.
.""...""""........
Indiana Bat PopulationPriority l.Caves for indiana" Bats'Priority 2 Caves for Indi'ana-'BatsPriority 3 Caves for Indiana Bats, .' CPriority 4 Caves for Indlana BatsIndiana Bat Caves in AlabamaIndiana Bat Caves in Ark~nsas " ,
Indiana Bat Caves in Georgia:"Indiana Bat Caves in IllinoisIndiana Bat Caws in IndianaIndiana Bat Caves in KentookyIndiana Bat -Caves in'i4a'ryland"Indiana Bat Caves in MississippiIndiana Bat!Ca'ves in MissouriIndiana Bat Caves in New' York .,
,Indiana Bat Caves in North carolinaIndiana Bat Caves in OhioIndiana' Bat Caves It\' Oklahoma"
.'Indiana Bat Caves -in Penn,sylvariiaIndiana Bat Caves in Tennessee'Indiana Bat Caves in VirginiaIndiana Bat Caves in West YirginiaCaves with Both Indiana Bats and
Gray Bats present
v
PART I
De8cription
~e Indiana bat (MyoUs sodalis) is a medium-sized .-mber of the qenus with afor~arm lenqth of 3S to 41 mm. The head and body lenqth ranqes from 41 to 49am. This species closely resembles the little brown bat (Myotis lucifuqus),but differs in havinq a keeled calcar. The hind feet of the Indiana bat tendto be smaller and more delicate and hairs on the hind feet tend to be shorterThe skull has a small sagittal crest, and the braincase tends to be smaller,lower, and narrower than that of the little brown bat. Appendix V providesa comparison of characteristics useful in identifying Indiana bats from otherpotentially confusing Myotis.
Distribution
The Indiana bat is a monotypic species that occupies much of the eastern halfof the United States (Fiqure 1). Large hibernating populations are found inIndiana, Missouri, and Kentucky; however, populations and individual records
have been reported from Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia,Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, MiChigan, Mississippi, New Jersey,New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont,Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Some records from areas on the marginsof the range may represent occasional wanderers rather than viable populations.
Life History
The Indiana bat is known primarily from the caves in which it hibernates.Approximately 8S' of the entire known population winters in only sevenhibernacula, wi th almost half limi ted to two. Summer nursery colonies havebeen found beneath loose bark of trees, containing 100 bats or less percolony.
Most Indiana bats migrate seasonally between winter and summer roosts.Movement has been recorded between hibernacula in central Kentucky andsummer areas in Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, and Michigan (Barbour and Davis,1969), as well as between hibernacula in southern Missouri and summer areasin northern Missouri and southern Iowa (Myers, 1964; LaVal and LaVal, 1980;Bowles, 1980). On arrival at hibernating caves, swarming occurs. Swarmingis described as a phenomenon in which large numbers of bats fly in andout of cave entrances from dusk to dawn, While relatively few roost in thecaves during the day. (Cope and Humphrey, 1977). SWarming may continue-forseveral weeks. Fat supplies are replenished prior to hibernation. InMissouri, Indiana bats tended to hibernate in the same cave in which theyswarmed, although elsewhere (i.e., Indiana) swarming has occurred in cavesother than where they hibernated (LaVal et al., 1977b). Males tend to
1
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FIGURE 1
2
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~\'\PRIORITY #1 HIBERNACULA '-' - -
r_ain active over a ~onger period of tille .t cave ent~ances during theswarming' period than females (1.aVal and LaVal, 1980). Bats ate andfemales enter directly into hibernation, sorne as early as Octobe~. Nearlyall male. are hibernating by late November.
Presumably, adult females store sperm through the winter and bec~e pregnant8oon after emergence from hibernation. Hall (1962) noted limited Mtingactivity thr~ghout the winter and in late April a8 the bats :were leavinghibernation.
Females emerge in late March or early April, follCNed by males. Most IX>pulationsleave by late April, but some males spend the summer in hibernacula. Migrationis probably hazardous (Tuttle and Stevenson, 1977), especially in spring when fatreserves and food supplies are low. Consequently, adult mortality may be highestin late March and in April.
Females give birth to a single young in June or early July. At that time, theyjoin toget,her in nursery colonies beneath the loose bark of trees. Scatteredrecords indicate that ma'les disperse throughout the range in summer, but littleis known of their roosting habits. Known maternity colonies occupy home rangescontaining roost sites in riparian habitat. Loyalty for a particular reach ofstream has been documented (J.B. Cope, pers. comm.). Recent evidence suggeststhat colonies may also occur in upland habitat (Bowles, 1981).
The young are capable of flight within a month of birth. Flying young have beentaken as early as the first week in July in Iowa (Bowles, 1981), but an immaturetaken from beneath a concrete bridge in Indiana in late July appeared barely ableto fly (Mumford and Cope, 1964). They spend the latter part of the summeraccumulating fat reserves for fall migration and hibernation.
Habi tat Requirements
1. Winter Habitat. Depending on local weather conditions, Indiana batshibernate from October throuqh April (LaVal et al., 1977bJ Hall, 1962). Theyrequire 8pecific roost si tes in caves or aines that have stable temperaturesbelow 10°C, preferably from 4° to 8°C. Only a small percentage of availablecaves provide for this specialized requirement. Stable low temperatures allowbats to maintain a low rate of metabolism and conserve fat reserves until spring(Humphrey, 1978). Indiana bats usually hibernate in larqe, dense clusters ofabout 300 bats per square foot (3200/meter2, Fiqure 2) (Engel et al., 1976;Clawson et al., 1980). Relative humidity at roost sites during hibernation isusually above 74\ (Humphrey, 1978; LaVal et al., 1977b; Hall, 1962), althouqhMyers (1964) observed relative humidity as low as 54\. Specific cave confiqura-tions determine temperature and humidity aicroclimates required by these bats(Tuttle and Stevenson, 1978J LaVal and LaVal, 1980).
2. SUmJler Habitat. Little is kn<*n about Indiana bat sum.r habitat.Recent studies indicate that maternity colonies are formed mostly in riparianand floodplain areas of ..all to .dium-sized streams (Humphrey et al., 1977;Cope et al., 1978; Sparling et al., 1979; Gardner and Gardner, 1980). Batsa180 have been found along tree-lined drainage ditches in Illinois (Brack,
1979).
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A f.w Indiana bats have been captured in uplana sites (Easterla and Watkins,1969; Bowles, 1980). LaVal and LaVal (1980) 8U(Jgested that most reproductivelyactive f_ale Indiarta bats in northetn Missouri, southern Iowa, and Illinoisare found in riparian forests because this is usually the only forest remainingafter clearing for aqriculture. They hav. captured reproductively~ctive femalesat cave entrances in the OZarks and believe that they are foraqinq'in non-ripariansiti:lations, because extensive forest exists there. Another possibility is thatriparian foraginq habitat is optimal for the I~diana bat, but in areas where theyare sympatric with qray bats they may be forced, by competition, to forage awayfr~ etreams. To avoid using such suboptimal habitat, it is possible that somefemale Indiana bats leave areas near caves that are occupied by gray bats duringthe summer and miqrate to places Where gray bats do not occur (LaVal et al.,1977a).
The three maternity colonies that have been found ranged from 50 to 100individuals, including young (Humphrey et al., 1977; Cope et al., 1978).Humphrey et ale (1977), found a maternity colony under the loose bark ofa dead bitternut hickory tree (£!!l! cordiformis). This colony occasionallyused a livihg shagbark hickory tree (£. ovata) as an alternate roost.
Optimum Indiana bat foraging habitat appears to consist of streams lined onboth sides with mature trees that overhang the water by more than threemeters. Streams without riparian vegetation do not appear to be suitable(Cope et al., 1978). Bats forage at a height of two to thirty metersunder riparian and floodplain trees (Humphrey et al., 1977). Indiana batsappear to feed primarily on Lepidoptera and aquatic insects (LaVal and LaVal,1980; Brack and LaVal, in .anuscript; Whitacker, pers. comm; Belwood 1979).Population estimates in foraging habitat range from sixty to ninety batsper kilometer of sui table stream with an average of seventy-five bats perkilometer. Riparian habitat is occup~ed by Indiana bats from mid-May untilmid-September (Humphrey et a1., 1977).
Distribution. of males during the summer is not well known. A few individualshave been found in caves (LaVal et al., 1977b; Hall, 1962; Graves 1982;Brack, pers. comm.). Others have been observed feeding in floodplain andupland forests (LaVal et al., 1977a; Bowles, 1980, 1981; BraCk, pers. comm.).
Causes of Decline
1. Natural Hazards. Indiana bats are subject to a number of naturalhazards. In Bat Cave, Mammoth Cave National Park, an estimated 300,000skeletons were found, apparently victims of flooding from the nearby GreenRiver. A few other cases of hibernacula being flooded also have beenrecorded (Hall, 1962; DeBlase et a1., 1965).
Bats hibernatin9 in mines are vulnerable to ceilin9 collapse. This hasoccurred in Illinois (Hall, 1962) and is presently a serious concern at amine in Missouri that is the largest known Indiana bat hibernaculum (Bradyin press). Another potential hazard exists because Indiana bats hibernatein cool portions of caves that tend to be near entrances. Some bats sayfreeze to death during severe winters (Humphrey, 1978).
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2,. HumanCI\I;... .
a. Disturbance and Vandalism. The most serious cause of Indianabat decline is human di.turbance of hibernating bats. The bats enter hiber-nation with only enalgh fat reserves to last until spring. When a bat isaroused, it uses a portion of these reserws, a. auch as 10 to 30 days offat 8upply ~r average disturbance ('1\1ttle, pers. cosm.). Cavers orresearchers passing near hibernating Indiana bats cause arousal (Huaphrey,1978). If this happens often, the bats likely will leave the cave too soon
and .die.
Vandalism also has been documented. In 1960, an estimated 10,000 Indianabats were killed in Carter Cave State Park, Carter County, KentuCky, bythree boys Who tore masses of bats from the cei ling and trampled and stonedthem to death (Engel etal., 1976). ntere are many examples of suchtragedies. Bats often are misunderstood and are viewed by many people with
fear and repugnance.
b. Deforestation and Stream Channelization. Forest is beingdestroyed throuqhout auch of the range of the Indiana bat. Major destructionincludes both stream channelization for aqricultural drainaqe and surfacemining. Conlin (1976) reported that of the 18,737 kilometers of interiorstreams in Illinois (not includinq the larger rivers such as the Illinois,Mississippi, and Ohio), 5,566 kilometers (30') were channelized by 1976 andan additional 3,000 kilometers were proposed for channelization. If so modified,it would brinq the total to 8,520 kilometers or 45.5' channelized.
There are a number of variables and unknowns that complicate an evaluationof the effects of channelization. 'nle suitability of streams and theirassociated riparian forest for Indiana bat summer habitat is not known. Inaddition, channelization data for other states within the s~mer range ofthe Indiana bat are lacking. At least some channelized streams and drainagedi tches that, have riparian forest support Indiana bats (Brack, 1979).
The destruction of forest habitat could have a serious impact on Indiana batpopulations. Of particular importance is the increasing demand for use ofwood as fuel, which threatens dead standing trees that are potential roostsites. Further research is needed to identify optimal summer habitat and toevaluate the effects of forest destruction throughout the range of thisspecies. It is also important to restore riparian forest cover to channelizedstreams and ditches, as further discussed in the -Needed Recovery Actions"section.
c. Pesticide Poisoning. Although the effects of pesticides onIndiana ba~s have not been studied, pesticides have been implicated in thedecline of a number of insectivorous North American bats. (Mohr, 1972; Reidinger1972, 1976J Clark and Prouty, 1976, Clark et al 1978, Geluso et al., 1976,Clark, 1981).
d. Other. Other sources of decline include indiscriminate collecting,handling and banding of hibernating bats by biologists, commercialization ofhibernacula, exclusion of bats from caves by poorly designed gates, changes incave microclimate by opening of additional entrances or blocking of air flow bypoorly designed gates, and flooding of caves by reservoirs (Humphrey, 1979).
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These 8ource. are believed to be the leading factors of decline for x.ntucky
(Graves, 1982).
Current Statue of Population and Trends
Based on censuses taken at hibernacula, the total known Indiana bat populationi8 estimated to nUllber about 550,000. The moat recent population estimates fori8p'rtant hibernacu1a are included in Table 1.
Indiana bat populations wre first systematically censused in the late 1950's(Hall, 1962). Although the total known population has increased since thattime, due to newly located colonies, many known colonies have decreased in size.
The status of the Indiana bat in the three states with the largest hibernatingpopulations is reviewed below:
Missou~i: Due to its continuing collapse, the largest hfbernaculum (anabandoned iron mine) may become unsuitable for occupancy by Indiana bats. Thepopulation' in the third largest hibernaculum in the state has declined from71, SOD bats in 1960 to 33,000 in 1980. While the second largest hibernaculUDIinitially experienced a decline, recent censuses show an increase in the
population.
Although Missouri has done more than any other state to protect bat caves, someIndiana bat populations in gated hibernacula have continued to decline.Censusing in these caves is being reduced from yearly to every second year tosee if this will reduce adverse human impacts and allow an increase in thepopulations. This situation should be monitored carefully to determine ifgates are harmful in certain situations.
Indiana: The known population has increased greatly in recent years dueto the discovery of two large hibernacula. The population appears fairlystable.
Kentucky: Kentucky has had the greatest population decline of any statesince 1960. Populations in the two largest hibernacula dropped about 75\because of changes in aicrocliaate at hibernation sites due to poorly designedgates (Humphrey, 1978).
In summary, there are three major reasons for the Indiana bat's endangeredstatus (Brady, 1981):
(1) Hibernating populations in Missouri have shown a decline over the lastseven years despite an intensive cave management program.
(2) The largest known hibernating population, at Pilot Knob Mine, Missouri,continues to be threatened by subsidence (mine collapse).
(3) Kentucky hibernating populations are not protected adequately andcontinue to be depressed.
On the positive side, a. shown on Table 1, the ..jority of i.portant hibernaculaare now in public ownership and therefore easier to protect.
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TABLE 1
INDIANA BAT POPULATION
Population
(!980-81)~-Priority 2**Hibernacula-
Priority 1*HibernaculaState
(6)(1)(3)(1)(1)(0)(0)(0)(2)(1)
281,700144t600109,000
12,4005,200
3 (1)2 (2)3 (2)0000o.!0
Q,-- - .
64
124311121
2,000~
MissouriIndiana
KentuckyTennesseeArkansasIllinois
VirginiaWest VirginiaNew York
Pennsylvania
37 (16) 554,9008 (5)GRAND TOTALS
.
*Hibernacula vith a recorded population greater than 30,000 since 1960.
**Hibernacula with a recorded population greater than 1,000 but less than
30,000 since 1960.
( ) - Number of caves in public ownership or or protected under cooperative
agreements.
Detailed information on individual caves is presented in Tables 2-30.NOTE:
!~oc!!~ions with Other Listed Specie!
Bat hibernation caves sometimes contain environmental gradients suitable formore than olle federally listed species. Since management needs and protectionpriorities may differ by species, we provide a list of multiple use caves and
their assigned priorities in Table 22.
The following areas (exclusive of those existing man-made Rtructures orsettlements which are not necessary to the normal needs or survival of thespecies) are critical habitat for the Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis):
(1) The Blackball ~tinet LaSalle County.Illinois:
Big Wyandotte Cave, Crawford County; Ray's Cave, Greene(2) Indiana:
County.
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Bat Cave, Carter CO\luty; Coach Cave, Edmonson County.Kentucky:
(4) Missouri: Cave 021, Crawford County; Cave 009, Franklin Coimty;Cave 017, Franklin County; Pilot Knob Mine, Iron Co~nty; Bat Cave, ShannonCounty, Cave 029, Washington County (numbers assigned by Division ofEcological Services, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 6).
White Oak Blowhole Cave, Blount County.Tennessee:
Hellhole Cave, Pendleton County.West Virginia:
Pursuant to Section 7 of the Act, all Federal agencies must take suchaction as is necessary to insure that actions authorized, funded, orcarried out by them do not result in the destruction or modification of
these critical habitat areas.
a
PART II
6t.p~Down O~tUne
PRIME cmJECTIVE: TO ~OVE THE INDIANA BAT PROM ENDANGERED STATUS
1. Prevent Disturbance to Important Hibernacula
1.1 Prevent Entry
1.1.1 Erect Warning Signs
1.1.2 Gate or Fence Cave
1.1.3 Moni tor Hibernacula
1.1.4 Moni tor Caves by Law Enforcement Agencies
1.1.5 Discourage Human Access
1.2 Prevent Adverse Modifications to winter and Fall Roost Sites
1.2.1 Prevent Adverse Modifications to and Rehabilitate the Subsurface
1.2.2 Prevent Adverse Modifications to and Rehabilitate the SurfaceWa tershed Surroundi ng Important Roos t Si tea
1.2.3 Make Locations of Hibernacula Available to Appropriate Fishand Wildlife Service Offices and State Wildlife Agencies
1.3 Protect Winter and Fall Roost Sites
1.3.1 Identify all Indiana Bat Winter and Fall Roost Sites
1.3.2 Evaluate Roost Sit~s
1.3.3 Identify Roost Sites to be Protected
2. Maintain, Protect, and Restore Foraging and Nursery Habitat
2.1 Prevent Adverse Modification to Foraging Areas and Nursery RoostHabitat
2.1.1 Determi ne Habi ta t Requi remen ts
2.1.2 Preserve Water Quality
2.1.3 Restore and Preserve Forest Cover along Rivers and Streams
2.1.4 Moni tor Habitat
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3. Moni tor Population Trends
Monitor Statua of Populations in Bibernacula
Monitor Statu8 of Population. in Sua.r
3.3 Monitor Residues of Toxic ChelDical.
3.3.1 S..ple In..cta
3.3.2 Sample Bats
4. Public Education
4.1 Govern8ental Official.
x..nd~ers
Warning Signs at Cave.
4.4 Pamphlets
4.5 Slide proqru
4.6 Ranger-Naturalist Talks
5. Research Needs
SUmmer Habitat Requirements
Effects of Habi tat Destruction
5.3 Foraqinq Habitat and Prey Preferences
Effects of Winter Disturbance
Effects of Mater Pollution and Siltation
Effects of Pesticide ContaBdnation
5.7 Effects of Cave Modification.
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Recovery P lanW.rra ti ve
OBJETlVE: ro RDiOVE 'l'HE INDIANA BA'l' FRQ4. !:N~GDED S'l'ATUS
!!\e ~8t i8portant feature of thi. plan i. the protection of Indiana bats byvaining con~rol of i8portant hibernacula and protecting them from humandi.t\n'bance. We also believe that, as 8uch a8 ~ssible, foraging habitatincluding riparian forest vegetation and dead trees 8USt be aaintained,protected, and restored. Finally, in order to evaluate the 8uccess of ourefforts, a 8Onitoring program should be established to document changes inIndiana bat ~pulations.
.The atatus of the Indiana bat can be reclassified from endangered tothreatened following documentation of atable or increasing populationsfor three consecutive census periods and peraanent protection at sevenpriority one caves. The criteria for delisting are the above and protectionand documentation of increasing or .table populations for three consecutivecensus periods (aee 3.1) ~t fifty percent of the priority two caves in each
atate.
1. Prevent Disturbance to I.portant Hibernacu1a. A number of hibernaculadistributed throughout the range of the Indiana bat must be preserved if thespecie. i. to .urvive. Disturbance, especially from human beinqs, has beendocumented as a aajor factor in Indiana bat decline (LaVal et al., 1977biHumphrey, 1978).
1.1 Prevent Entry. Preventing unauthorized entry of humans into hibernaculai. the best way to curtail disturbance at these sites. Because Indiana bat usageof caves is ..asonal, protection efforts should be concentrated during the hiber-nation period. It i. best to avoid all disturbance between mid-August and earlyMay. Entry to hibernacula .hould be prohibited during the period of September 1to April 30.
1.1.1 Erect Warning Signs. Signs can be used at certain caves todi8courage entry. Signs also are used in conjunction with gates to inform thepublic about bats. Signs should not block bat aovement or air flow (SeeAppendix III). Piqure 3 shows a properly worded sign. Criteria for the selectionof caves Where signs should be used are in Appendix III.
1.1.2 Gate or Fence Cave. Place a structure such as a gate or fence
at the roost cave entrance to prevent unauthorized human access. The structure8U.t perai t Indiana bats to p&88 without danger (See Appendix 111). All plans toqate or fence a cave should be reviewed by the appropriate Regional Director,because i.proper construction can de.troy the gery bat colonies that they arewilt to p;otect.
1.1.3 Monitor Hibernacu1a. After hibernacula are protected, they8Ust be 8Onitored periodically to determine if the 88thod of protection iseffective and to deteraine if repairs or changes in 8&nagement are needed.
The inforaation .hould be .ent to the Region 3 Fish and Wildlife EndangeredSpecies Office. This office 8hould ..intain a file of this census information.
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1.1.4 Monitor Cave. by L8W 8nfor!!!ent Aqencies. ~e WW EnforcementDivision of the U. 6. Fish and Wildlife Service .hould request funds toinvestigate violation. at Indiana bat caves. State agencies 8hould cooperatein tili. effort..
1.1.5 Di8courag. Acc..s. After gating, fencing, or 8ign posting
1.2 Prevent Adver.e Modi f1cat1ons to Wi nter and Fall Roo.t 61 te8. To.preserve roo8t habitat for Indiana bat use, adverse modifications 8UBt beprevented.
Prevent Adverse Modifications to and Rehabilitate the Sub8ur--- - ---1.2.1
face.. A number ~C'-ve8 that fur.-riy _"impo-rtant~ roos-t -8~have been'modified adver8ely by 8uch means a8 partially blocking an entrance or creatingnew entrance.. Modifications such as the8e can greatly affect the air flowand, as a re.ult, the temperature and humidity regimes (Tuttle and Stevenson,1978). Any'roost sites that are identified for protection in item 1.3.3 andthat have been adyerse!y modified should be restored. Reference to Appendix111 and Tuttle and Stevenson (1978) .hould prevent additional adverse modifica-tion. In addition, any propo.ed modification to an important Indiana batroo.t aite aay require Section 7 consultation by the appropriate RegionalDirector of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Prevent Adverse Modifications to and Rehabilitate the Surface- --- - - - - --1.2.2Watershed Surrounding I.~rtant:-ROost S-i-tes. Caves are~rywlnerable tochanqes made to the surface areas above, including areas that drain into caves.For exaaple, deforestation can increa.e the amount of silt entering a cave orcause cave flooding.
1.2.3 Make Locations of Hibernacula Available to Appropriate Fish andWildlife Service Offices and State Wildlife Agencies. Ensure that appropriateu. S. Fish-end-Wi ld~lili Service offices and state wildlife agencies are providedwith locations of hibernacula, 80 that they can be used to identify p>tentialconflicts during Section 7 consultations and other planning activitie..
1.3 Protect Winter and Fall ROO8t Si te8. Becau8e Indiana bata hibernatealmost exclusively in caves and aine8, a sub8tantial eeasure of protection willbe afforded the 8pecies if at least the most important of these caves areprotected fr08 human disturbance or adverse modifications. In order to accomplishthis, qovernmental aqencies, and possibly private conservation orqanizations aswell, 8U8t afford SO8e deqree of protection over the caves. This may be by feeacquisition, lease, easement, cooperative aqreement, or 8~ other arranqe.ent,the critical factor beinq that the aqency can leqally take whatever steps arerequired to reduce or eliminate disturbance to the batao
1.3.1 !den'tify all Indiana Bat Winter and Fall Roost Sites. 1bei-.ediate objective 8U.t be to reduce human disturbance in occupied caves.First, the locations of Indiana bat caves .ust be aade known to appropriateFederal, .tate, and local aqencies, and private organizations, alonq with optionsrecommended for protection. Locations of .ost Indiana bat caves are known to batresearchers. Even those not yet known to researchers are usually known locally
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caves, roads or trail8 .hould be closed or obliterated to further d18Couraqeacc8.. to the caves.
to apelunkers. Access to 8uch location lists, however, should be restricted to
protect the sites.
1.3.2 Roost Site Evaluation. Certain caves that have been especiallyimportant to bat. in the recent past, rot are now abandoned due to heavydisturbance, probablY will be recolonized if protect.d. Cave protection ..yrequire one of the following easures: signposting, gating, fencing, andsurwillance by enforcement agents in addition to those identified in 1.1.2above. No gating or other entrance alteration of Indiana bat caves should beatt_pted without careful consideration of the ~tential impact up>n movement
of both bats and air (Tuttle and Stevenson, 1978).
1.3.3 Identify Roost Sites to be Protected. After all known Indiana batroost sites are identified, recommendations will be made on the sites to beprotected and final assigned cave priorities (Appendicies I and IV) will be
based on colony size and management needs.
2. Maintain, Protect, and Restore Fora in and Nurser Habitat. Indiana batspri8Arily forage over s.treaDS and rivers, and in adjacent riparian habitatWhere crepuscular and nocturnal insects occur in large numbers. Preferredforaging habitat appears to be ~treams with more than thirty meters of maturewoody vegetation on both sides (Cope et al., 1978). Indiana bat maternitycolonies located to date have numbered from fifty to one hundred females andyoung in recently dead trees where they roost in the space under loose bark(Humphrey et al., 1977). Populations where maternity colonies exist have beenestimated at sixty to ninety bats per kilometer of suitable stream.
2.1 Prevent Adverse Modification to Foraging Areas and Nursery Roos~Habitat. Destruction of forests and alteration of streams should be avoidedwhenever possible. Efforts also should be made to maintain large, dead treeswhich are potential nursery sites. Forest aanagement should reflect the needfor such trees as sites for maternity colonies. When a stream is diverted orchannelized, as much riparian forest as possible should be preserved.
2.1.1 Determine Habitat Requirepents. Additional data on summerhabitat requirements should be 9athered. Summer surveys to identify foragin9and nursery habitat should be encouraged. Land management agencies shouldmake an effort to locate iOtential summer habitat for Indiana bats.
2.1.2 Preserve Water Quality. Much of the insect fauna Which servesas a food base for the Indiana bat is affected adversely by water pollution.Streams and lakes near known roosts should be maintained or restored to naturalconditions. Individual states should insure that water quality standards are
met throughout the range of the Indiana bat.
2.1.3 Restore and Preserve Forest Cover alonq River~ and St!:eams.Where riparian forest i. removed, such as a stream diversion in a surface-mined area, both sides should be planted in a band at least thirty meters wide
with riparian vegetation.
2.1.4 Konitor Habitat. Additional foraging areas and nursery roostsshould be identified and all such sites monitored. A system should be developedusing U. S. Geological Survey infared photographs, LANDSAT images, wetlandsurveyor other sources to monitor habitat alteration within the range of the
14
1n~.na bAt. Adjaoent land u.. SAould be conaidered for po88ible detrimentaleffects. Survey data collected by state and federal agencies should be sent tothe nfS Region 3 office. Guidelines for sua~r habitat survey may be requested
fr~ the Region 3 Office of Endangered Species.
3. *nitor population Trends. In order to Masure the effectiveness of theactions recommended in this recovery plan, it will be nece8sary to monitor the8tatus of various populations on a regular basis. Decreasing populations vi 118ignal the need for remedial action, and increasing populations should be usedto measure progress towards the prime objective of removing the Indiana bat from
the endangered species list.
3.1 Monitor Status of Populations i~ Hi~~~acul~. '11\e Regional Director
(Reqion 3) of the Fish and Wildlife Service will coordinate a monitoring system
whereby each accessible Priority 1 hibernaculum and at least half of the Priority2 hibernacula are censused every two years between aid-January and !lid-February.Censuses will be conducted by e~erienced bat biologists to insure reliableestimates. (See Appendix VI.) Bats in small clusters 8aY be counted individually;bats in large clusters ~y be estimated ~ multiplying the area by the number
of bats per unit area (o300/ft2 according to LaVal and LaVal, 1980).
3.2 Monitor Status of Populations i~ S~~~. 'ftle Regional Dire.ctor(Region 3) of the Fish and Wildlife Service vill maintain an inforaation fileon the summer occurrence of Indiana bats. Survey data collected by state andfederal agencies should be sent to the Region 3 office. Guidelines for
summer habitat surveys may be obtained from that office.
3.3 Monitor Residues of Toxic Chemicals. The possible influence of-
pesticides in causing the decline of North American populations of insecti-vorous bats has been reported. Clearly, further investigation is needed.
3.3.1 Sample Insects. Where bat mortality has been demonstrated,insect samples from-known I~diana bat foraging areas should be collected andanalyzed for toxic chemical residues. Significant amounts should be traced
to their source, and reaedial action taken.
3.3.2 S!mple Ba~. If unusual numbers of dead bats are found, theyshould be examined for cause of death, as per methods described by Clark (1981).
4. Public Education. The public must be inforMed of the consequences oftheir actions When they disturb Indiana bat roosts. In addition, knowledgeof the beneficial qualities of Indiana bats should be promoted. Landowners inthe vicinity of known Indiana bat roosts should be urged to leave naturalforest corridors Wherever possible, especially along streams. The beneficial
effects of insectivorous bats should be stressed.
4.1 Governmental Officials. Governmental officials at all levels should
be educated regarding the ecological role of bats. Many officials, throughexaggerated fear of bats as disease vectors, believe that all bats should bedestroyed. Disease problems should be put in perspective, and officials andthe public should be informed that bats consume large quanti ties of insects,.any of which may be pests. Bats a180 may 8erve as bioloqical indicator for
environmental pollutants.
is
4.2 Landowners. Major e~fort. should be .-de to educate and ,ain thecooperation of landowner.. *ny would co(jperate if contacted by local wild-life officials or conservation qroups. Cave owners should be provided withan official written statement outlining the basic probl~, the valUe ofprotecting bats, and Federal and .tate lavs ~nd penalties for di8turbinq them.Additionally, Federal and state ~ncie. 8hould offer to po8t private1y-ownedIndiana bat caves with siqns, briefly outlining reasons for protection and.pacific times during Which entry is prohibited (.ee Appendix III). It isiaportant also to infora landowner. that a valuable and rare re.ource i. involvedand to generate a .enae of pride and 8tewardahip, aaking the protect! ve posturea positive step.
4.3 Warning Sign. at Caves. Signs can be used at certain caves to discourageentry. Signs are also used in conjunction with gates to inform the public.Signs should not bloCk bat movement or air flow (see Appendix III). Suchprocedures i.pre.s the landowner that protecting bats i. important enough towarrant his participation and lets hi. .off the hook. with neighbors and other.who aight otherwise think of him as unfriendly. Also, inforu.tive signs mayelicit coqparation even ,from would-be vandals, especially if a definite timeperiod is identified when bats are vulnerable.
4.4 Pamphlets. A carefully written brochure should be made available fordistribution by state and federal agencies throughout the range of the Indianabat. The purpose of the brochure should be to convince the public that thebats are worth protecting and that the public's cooperation is essential ifbats are to be protected successfully. The need to avoid disturbance ofIndiana bat caves should be emphasized. A sample brochure published by thestate of Missouri is attached (Appendix V).
4.5 Slide prograa. A color slide presentation should be prepared foruse in parks, nature centers, 8chools, etc., located within the distributionalrange of the Indiana bat. The National Speleological Society, Boy Scout andGirl Scout troops, and other organizations whose 8embers explore caves shouldreceive 8pecial e8Phasis in the8e efforts.
4.6 Ranger-Naturalist Talks. These talks, given at places 8uch as stateand national parks and forests, and Corps of Engineers and TVA reservoirs, caninclude appropriate infor8ation on the In~iana bat. All agencies conductingnatural history programs within the range of the Indiana bat should be urqedto include inforaation on the need for protection of In~iana bat habitat.
5. Research Needs. There are a number of areas of Indiana bat bioloqy thatrequire further inve.tigat~on in order to increase management efficiency.
5.1 Su8mer Habitat Require8ents. Although riparian forest i. uaed assuamer habitat for nursery colonies (Humphrey et al., 1977; Cope et al.,1978; Sparling et al., 1979; Gardner and Gardner, 1980), it is notknown to what extent other habitat types are used. laVal and LaVal (1980)and Bowles (1980; 1981) have captured reproductive Indiana bate in uplandfor.sts. Habitat types used by Indiana bats should be investigated andclarified as to iaportant environmental para..ters.
16
needs to be delineated and the habitaU characterized. Present andprojec~.d ra~8 of habitat destruction should be determined.
S.3 .!oragj,ngH.bitat ~ PrecY Preferences. Belwood (1919) st~iedthe feeding ecology of Indiana bats in Indiana. ~ere i8 still a ~eedto 8uppl..ent her data, especially in other parts of the range.
5.4 Effects of Winter Disturbance. Plans for further studies raisethe questi-onof potenuial res;arch-related disturbance. Indiana batsare ,especially vulnerable to disturbance during hibernation. Observationshould be limited to biennial censusing. Handling, banding or otherresearch-related activities should be avoided during this critical period
(see Appendix VI).
5.5 Iffects of Water Pollution and Siltation. Because Indiana batsare found in ri~rian habitat and ..y feed larqely on aquatic insects,water quality may be important to their continued existence. Studies areneeded to determine the effects of water pollution and siltation on theinsect prey base of thea~ bats. The impact of water quality deterioration
on food availability needs further study.
5.6 Effects of Pesticide Contamination. The accumulation of pesticideresidues in insectivorous bats is well documented (Clark, 1981). However,li ttle is known about this problem in Indiana bats. Studies should bedirected towards the amount and kind of pesticide poisoning in various parts
of the bat's range.
5.7 Effects of Cave Modifications. Indiana bat management is concentra-
ted on a variety of methods such as gating or fencing caves, erecting warningsigns, and attempting to preclude disturbance of hibernacula. In spite ofthese efforts, populations in some areas h~ve continued to decline. Studiesare needed to determi ne which cave management techniques are helpful or
harmful to these bats.
Literature Cited
Univ. Press, Kentucky,1969. Bats of America.BARBOUR, R.W., and W. H. DAVIS.Lexington, 286 pp.
BELWOOD, J.J. 1979. Feeding ecoloqy of an Indiana bat community with emphasison the endangered Indiana bat, Myoti. !odalis. Unpubl. M.S. thesis, Univ.
Florida, Gainesville, 103 pp.
BOWLES, J.B. 1980. Preliminary report, ecological studies on the Indiana batin south-central Iowa in sumaer 1980. Iowa Cons. Co... Des Moines, Iowa.
Final report, 1980-81. Ecological studies on the Indiana bat
Final Report to Iowa Cons. Comm., Des Moines, Iowa.1981.
in Iowa.
17
BRACK, V. 1979. DeteQinat1on of pre..nce and ~it.t auitabi1ity for theIndiana bat (Myoti8 sodalis) and gray bat (Myoti8 qri8e8cens) for portionsof three ditche8, Big Five Levee and Drainage District, Union and AlexanderCountie., Illino18., St. Louis Di.trict, CO~8 of Engineers.
Food habit. of the Indiana bat inand R.K. La~L. In manuscript.Missouri. Purdue University.
BRAdY, J.T. In Press. Status and Management of the Indiana bat (Myotis8odalis). Proceedings of the 1980 Cave MAnagement Symposium, MammothCave National Park, Kentucky.
1981. Letter to Harvey Nelson, Regional Director, U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, Twin Cites, Minnesota. Indiana/Gray Bat RecoveryTeam, St. Louis, Missouri.
CLARX, D.R., Jr. 1981. Bats and environmental contaainants; a review.U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Spec. SciRep. - Wildl. No. 235, 27pp.
and R.M. PROUTY. 1976. Orqanochlorine residues in three bat 8peciesfrom four localities in Maryland and West Virginia, 1973. J. Pestic.
Monit.,10:44-53.
CLARX, D.R., Jr. R.K. La~L, and D.M. SWINEFORD. 1978. Dieldrin-inducedmortality in an endangered species, the gray bat (Myotis qri8escens)Science, 199 (4335): 1357-1359.
CLAWSON, R.L., R.K. La~, M.L. La~, AND W. CAIRE. 1980. C1usterinqbehavior of hibernatinq Myoti...~a1i. in Missouri. J. Mamm.,61:245-253.
IllinoiaCONLIN, M. 1976. Stream channelization in Illinois - 1976 update.Department of Conservation, Springfield, Illinois.
Sprinq and autumn swarminq behavior inJ. MaJDDI. 58&93-95.
COPE, J.B. and S.R. HUMPHREY. 1977.the Indiana bat, Myotie aodelia.
--, A.R. RICHTER, and D.A. SEARLEY. 1978. A aurvey of bats in Bi9 BlueLake project area in Indiana. u.s. Army corps of Engineers. JosephMoore Museum, Earlhaa College, Richmond, Indiana., Sl pp.
18
DEBLASE, A.F., S.R. HUMPHREY, and K.S. DRURY.mortality in baa in Wind Cave, KentuCky.
1965. Cave flooding andJ. Mamm., 46:98.
EASTERLA, D.A. and L.C. WATKINS. 1969. Pregnant Myotis .cdalis in north-western Mi88ouri. J. Hamm., 50:372-373.
ENGEL, J.M., F.R. COURTSAL, R.L. MARTIN, J.R. MESSERLIS, T.H. HOOPER, R.E.MUMFORD, and L.E. TERRY. 1976. Recovery plan for the Indiana bat.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, washington, D.C., 34 pp.
GARDNER, J.E. and T.L. GARDNER. 1980. Determination of presence and habitatsuitability for the Indiana bat (Myotis 8odali8) and qray bat(~ qrisescen!) for portions of the lower 6.6 ailes of McKee Creek,McGee Creek Drainage and Levee District, Pike Co., Illinois. St. LouisDistrict, Corps of Engine.rs.
GELUSO, K.N., J.S. ALTENBACH, and D.E. WILSON. 1976. Bat mortality:poisoning and migratory stress. Science, 194:184-186.
pesticide
GRAVES, W.O. 1982. Letter to James C. Gritman, U. S. Fish and WildlifeService, Twin Cities, Minnesota.
HALL, J.S. 1962. A life history and taxonomic study of the Indiana bat (Myotis8odalis). Reading Public Mus. and Art Gallery, Sci. Publ., 12:1-68.
HUMPHREY, S.R. 1978. Status, winter habitat and management of the endangeredIndiana bat, Myotis sodalis. Florida Sci., 41:65-76.
._, A.R. RICHTER, and J.B. COPE. 1977.endangered Indiana bat, Myotis Boda!!!.
Summer habitat and ecoloqy of theJ. Hamm., 58:334-346.
La~, R.K., and M.L. La~L. 1980. Ecological studies and management ofMissouri bats, with emphasis on cave-dwellinq species. Terrestrial Series
. No.8, Missouri Dept. Conserv., Jefferson City, S3 pp.
'-, R.L. CLAWSON, M.L. LaVAL, and W. CAIRE. 1977a. Foraging behavior andnocturnal activity patterns of Missouri bats, with emphasis on theendanqered species Myotis qrisescens and Myotis Bodalis. J. Mamm.,58:592-599.
, R.L. CLAWSON, W. CAIRE, L.R. WINGATE, and M.L. LaVAL. 1977b. Anevaluation of the status of 8yotine bats in the prolX>sed Meraa.e-c ParkLake and Union Lake project areas, Missouri. U.s. Army Corps of Engineers,St. Louis Dist., 136 pp.
19
MOHR, C.E. 1972. The 8tatus of threatened species of cave-dwelling bats.Bull. Hatl. Speleol. Soc., 34:33-47.
MUMFORD, R.E., and J.B. COPE, 1964. Di.tribution and status of the Chiropteraof Indiana. Amer. Mid1. Nat., 72:473-489.
MYERS, R.F.Plateau.
1964. Ecology of three species of ayotine bats in the OZarkUnpubl. Ph.D. dissert., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, 210 pp
REIDINGER, R.F., Jr. 1972. Factors influencinq AriEona bat population levels,Unpubl. Ph.D. di88ert., Univ. Arizona, Tu8con, 172 pp.
1976.species.
Organochlorine residues in adults of six southwestern batJ. Wildl. Mgmt., 40:677-680.
SPARLING, D.W., M. SPONSLER, and T. HICKMAN. 1979. Liaited biologicalasses..ent of Galum Creek. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,Illinois.
TUTTLE, M.D. 1977. Gating as a means of protecting cave dwelling bats.pp 77-82 El National Cave Management Syaposi um Proceedings, 1976.(T. Aley and D. Rhodes, eds.), SpeleoboOks, Albuquerque, New Mexico,146 pp.
and D.E. STEVENSON. 1978. Variation in the cave environment and itsbiological implications. Pp 108-121, in National Cave ManageDent SymposiumProceedings, 1977 (R. ZUber, et al., e48.). SpeleoboOks Adobe Press,Albuquerque, New Mexico, 140 pp.
1911. An analysis of aiqration as a 8Ortality factor in the gray batbased on public recoveries of banded bats. Amer. Midland Nat., 91:235-240.
20
PART III
I_apleMntation
Pri6rities in column four of the following implementation schedule areassigned as follows:
1. Priority 1 - All actions that are absolutely essential to prevent
extinction of the species.
Priority 2 - All actions necessary to maintain the species' current
population status.2.
3. Priori ty 3 - All other actions necessary to provide for full recoveryof the species.
21
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APPENDIX I
CA VE ~IORITY DATA
1-1
The most important action recommended in the imple.entation schedule is theprotection of Indiana bat hibernacula. The following tables (2-5) contain alist of these caves, their location by state and county, an index number forcomputer purposes, priority levels (1-4) protection needs, and recommendedmanagement agencies. Priority levels were set based on the following criteria:
Hibernacula with a recorded population greater than 30,000
since 1960.Priority 1.
Hibernacula with a recorded population qreater than 1,000
but less than 30,000 since 1960.Priority 2.
Hibernacula that require further investiqation.Priority 3.
Other hibernacula of mar9inal si~ificance that require no
action.Priority 4.
1-2
ABBREVIATIONS tEED IN INDIANA BAT R~OVERY PIAN
Arkansas Game and Fish CoaDdssion
Missouri Departaent of Natural Re8ource.
Eligible Natural Land8ark
Georgia Departaent of Natural ResourcesGA DNR
IDNR Indiana Depart8nt of Natural Re8ourcea
mFWR Kentucky De~rtment of Fish and Wi Idlife Resources
Kentucky Departnent of Parks
KNK: Kentucky Nature Preserves Co8Ddssion
Mis.ouri Depart.ent of ConservationMIX:
MD DNR Maryland Departaent of Natural Resources
~ Nature Conservancy
National Natural Landmark
National Park Service
National Speleological Society
New York State Depart88nt of Environmental ConservationNYSDB::
Pennsyl vania Game ComDdssion
Pri vate Individual
Tennessee Heri tag- Proqraa
Tennessee Valley Authority
Tennessee Wi ldlife Resources Agency
U. S. Army Corps of EngineersUSA-CE
u. S. Depart8ent of DefenseUSADOD
U. S. Fore8t Service
USFWS u. S. Fiah and Wildlife Service
~IF Virginia Coaai..ion of Game and Inland Fisheries
WVDNR West Virginia Departaent of Natural Resources
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APPENDIX II
ACKNOWLmGEMEN'l'S
We Are especially indebted to those official consultants Who he~ed us preparethia plan: John Bowles, James Cope, Michael Harvey, Stephen Hu~hr ey andRalph Jordan.
The following persons, due either to their knowledge, experience, or position,have been contacted, or contributed in the Indiana bat recoYery effort. Thelist 1s not necessarily complete, and does not include team members. Namesare liated alphabetically.
Baqley, FredBarr, DOnaldBrack, VirqilCaire, Willi..O1i tvood, hnCUrrie, RobertDavis, WayneElder, WilliamEaqer, DanEstes, Jerry and BethGardner, GeneGriqsby, EverettGunier, WilburHatcher, RobertHensley, SteveHolsinqer, JohnJones, RickJordan, DennisLa Val, Marqaret L.Lucas, EldonMacGreqor, JohnMoss, ReedMyers, RichardRAbinC*'i tz, AlanRossi, DavidRussell, Donald R.Sauqey, DavidSheldrake, ~088S
Stadt, HollySullivan, Arthur L.
Tipton, VirginiaVisscher, LarryWarnock, JohnWilson, RonaldWoocly, JackZinn, Terry
11-1
APPENDIX III
CA VE MANAGEMENT
111-1
CAVE MANAGEMENT
Signs, fences and gates may be required to reduce or eliminate huaan di.turbanceat Indiana bat caves.
Signs
At a cave that ie infrequently vi8ited, or easily observed by its owner, a8ign alone MY be adequate to prevent disturbance. Under certain circumstances,a 8ign might call unneces8ary attention to a cave, in Which case the 8anager8ight opt for placement of the sign in.ide the cave. Signs aust be of durableconstruction and fixed .olidly in place to ainimize vandali8m. They should notbe placed where bat movement or air flow might be impeded. They must be locatedwhere the potential violators can see them, and should be placed just behind thegate or fence if such a structure ha. been erected.
Wording ~ill vary from cave to cave, depending on the history of use of thecave by both bats and. :People. If law enforceaent officials are to have a8trong case again8t violators, the sign must contain a warning 8essage .imilarto that of the upper half of the sign shown in Fiqure 3. If potential vandalsare undeterred by the warning message, they aight be more responsive to aninte~retive message, as exemplified by the one shown on the lower half of the8ign in Figure 3. This sign is used at Indiana bat hibernacula in Missouri.
At certain caves it 8aY be acceptable to perait entry of visitors durinq thesummer when bats are not present. A smaller siqn containinq that messaqe, plU8
inforaation on how to obtain a key to a qated cave or other pertinent details,aiqht deter potential vandals, and encourage the cooperation of spelunkers.
Fences
Although fences may not afford the sa8e level of protection as steel gates, thepresence of a fence makes it clear that unauthorized entry is illegal. Fencesmay be less expensive than gates, but are easier to climb or cut. Nevertheless,8ome caves are impractical to gate, due to .ize or confiquration of entrances,or because gating would result in probable abandonment of the cave by bats.Chainlink, barbed wire-topped fence. (Figure 4), with posts .et in concrete arebest. Barbed wire should not extend into flight space required by bats. Severalfences have proven highly effective in reducing human disturbance. Fences havebeen used successfully to protect gray bat caves with flooded entrances adjacentto reservoirs (Fiqure 5).
Gates
Gates must be used only with extreme care to avoid detrimental effects. Theyshould not be horizontal or used in entrances ..aller than six feet in diameter.Gates in small entrances are most likely to restrict air flow or increase batvulnerability to pcedation (Tuttle, 1977; Tuttle and Stevenson, 1978), leadingto abandonment by the bats.
111-2
Welded steel bar gates provid~ the 8Ost 8ecure means of preventing human entryinto a cave. Even the best-designed and well-built gate can be vandalized.Routine inspections wi 11 identify damage 80 that repairs can be ..de promptly.
Bach gate must be designed specifically for the cave to be protected, consider-ing numbers of bats, air flow, and entrance .i~e and shape. In .pite of thenumber of variables involved, certain generalizations about gate design can be
_de.
Gat.. .hould be con8tructed of .teel bars of 8ufficient .iEe to be inwlnerableto bolt cutters. Steel bars 3/4 inch to l-inch in diameter (ASTM* A 242) arerecom88nded. All welds 8hould be .-de carefully, u8ing .rc welding equipment.
Access openings in gates .hould be constructed to the same standards with themost durable hinges, hasps, and locks. In a 8ituation where vandalism seemslikely, weak-link design aay be employed. The lock, hasp, or some other ea8ilyreplaceable portion of the gate 8hould be relatively weak so that vandals wi 11not try to breach the main body of the gate. Locks should be chosen with carea8 .any c~n types are extreae ly easy to force open.
Free ends of all bars should be grouted into solid rock. In 8088 caves, it maybe necessary to pour a concrete footing (a~though it should not rise aboveoriginal ground level), or to dig through a deep clay or gravel fill to reach
the underlying floor.
Openings in gates through which bats are expected to fly should be approxisatelysix inches vertically and at least twenty-four inches horizontally. Lengthsgreater than twenty-four inches between vertical bars increase the probabilitythat the bar. can be spread by the use of hydraulic jacks.
A si.ple vertical gate (Fiqure 6) .ay be inappropriate at caves with saall or8inkhole entrances. Horizontal gates have two serious drawbaCks: (1) Bats arereluctant to fly up through such a gatel (2) A horizontal gate may becomeblocked with debris, preventing entry and ex! t by bats, as well a. blockingnormal air flow. A 8o1ution is provided by a .cage. gate siailar to thatshown in Figure 7. Cage gates should be constructed with at least a five-foot
height.
Restrict Approach to Cave
People often locate caves with the aid of trails and roads. Obliteration ofjeep and foot trails aay greatly reduce human traffic to the caves. TheTennessee Valley Authority has blocked boat approaches to two of its caves,preventing access. Other opportunities for restricting approach may presenttheaselves at 8pecific cave sites.
Resource Grwpa and Aqencies
The following groups and agencies have had experience with bat cave management,and can be consulted for advice when management actions are being planned:
tAmerican Society of Testing Material
III-]
(1) The Recovery Team
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Reqion 4
Missouri Department of Conservation
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District
Tennessee Valley Authority
111-4
FIGURE 4:
FIGURE 5: FENCE ERECTED AT HAMBRICK CAVE} ALABAMA BY THE TENNESSEE
VALLEY AUTHORITY (PHOTO CREDIT) TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY).
FIGURE 6: GREAT SCOTT CAVE GATE ERECTED BY THE ~ISSOURI DEPARTMENT
OF CONSERVATION (PHOTO CREDIT~ R. CLAWSON).
j~I
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FIGURE 7:
APPENDIX IV
HIBERHACUlA BY STATE
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APPENDIX V
F Acr SHEET ON BATS
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- J .i -Copyript e 18) Miaouri Department of ConservatiODUsed with permission
Only in the last 50 years has man learned muchabout bats and their life history. Their nocturnal habits.affinity for Mrie pl~ like caves. and silent. dartingflight have made them the subjects of a great deal offolklore and supentition through the years. Active at atime when most people prefer to be Indoors and able tofunction when and where man's most Important sense.sight. is denied him, it is no wonder that bats SMID super-natural. Actually, bats are superbly adapted creatur~that have evolved to e%plolt resour~ such as night-flyinginsects and dark caverns that are unavallable to diurnaland sight-dependent animals.
Bats are the only mammals capable of true flight.".Their fore limbs have the same general configuration as
other mammals', but the bons of the fingers are greatlyelongated to support membraneow wings, The hindlimbs are modified to allow them to alight and hang,head-down, by their tos.
Bats feed at night. Most locate their food andnavigate by uttering a continuow seri~ of ultrasoniccri~ that return as ~h~ when the cri~ hit solid objects.In the daytime they seek shelter in a wide variety ofplaces: cavs, min~, buildings, rock crevices, under tr~bark and amid foliage. When r~ng or hibernating, batscan lower their body temperature to nearly match the en-vironment and thw lower their metabolism and conserveenergy.
Most bats oongregate in nursery oolonim in the
Gray bats live underground year-round and thus arefound only in areas with suitable cav~ (mostly thesouthern half of the state). Their summer cav~ are easilyrecognized because of the huge mounds of guano that ac-cumulate beneath the bat roosts. The roosts themselvesusually are evident as brown stains on the cave ceiling. InJune and July, when flightless young are present, distur-bance can lead to mass mortality as frightened femalesdrop their young in the panic to flee from the intruder.Such clusters of gray bats are usually noisy, so if you entera cave with a strong guano smell and hear bats, pleaseturn around and leave immediately. Gray bats areknown to hibernate in four caves in Missouri; three ofthem have pit (vertical) entrances that make human ac-cess difficult thus limiting disturbance. One of thesecav~ Is commercialized, but the owners are taking stepsto prot~t the bats.
Indiana bats hibernate in a few cold caves in theOzarks, and more than half of the entire world popula-tion winters in Missouri. They form dense clusters of hun-dreds or thousands of bats on cave ceilings, usuallywithin or just beyond the twIlight zone near the cave'sentrance. At this time they are highly susceptable todisturbance by cave explorers. In summer, Indiana batsdisperse and form small colonies. They live under treebark and are not likely to be seen. Relatively little Isknown about their summer ecology because they are. sodifficult to locate.
Uttle brown bats hibernate in small numbers inmany caves in Miuouri. In summer, they sometimes formcolonies in barns and attics. K~n's bats hide in crevicesin caves and are rarely seen even though numbers of themcan be trapped at cave entrances at night.
Eastern pipistrelle bats are pale in color and can befound hiberpating singly in most caves in the state. Bigbrown bats hibernate in cold sites just inside cave en-trances. They sometimes form colonies in barns and atticswhere their guano may create an odor problem. When asingle bat is found inside a house, it is most likely a bigbrown that entered looking for a place to roost for theday.
spring. The young are born in Mayor June. MostMissouri bats produce one young per year; several speciesproduce two, and one produces up to four. The young arefed on milk until they are capable of foraging on theirown. Summer colonies disperse in July and August, whenth~ bats begin migration to hibernation sites. A variety ofsites are used for hibernation-caves, mines, buildingsand hollow trees. Before hibernating, bats accumulatefat reserves to last throughout the foodless winter.
Bats are an important part of the natural system.They help control nocturnal insects, some of which areagricultural pests or annoying to man. Many forms ofcave life depend upon the nutrients brought in by batsand released from their guano (feces). And bats have con-tributed much to man's knowledge through scientificstudies of their echolocation abilities, their biology andcertain aspects of their physiology.
Bat populations "have been declining at an alarmingrate in recent years. Some of the more important causesof this decline are destruction of habitat, pesticides anddisturbance. Loss of roosting and foraging habitat has~ulted from reservoir construction, watershed develop-ment, forest convenion, urbanization and cave commer-cialization. Lethal levels of pesticides have been found indead bats in several studies. Vandalism and disturbancehave eliminated or greatly reduced bats in a number ofcaves. Three species of bats in Missouri are on the federalEndangered Species List and are protected by the En-dangered Species Act of 1973. All bats are protected bythe Wildlife Code of Missouri.
All of the bats that occur in Missouri are insec-tivorous. They can be divided into two groups-thosethat roost only in trees and those that spend at least a por-tion of the year in caves.
Among the tree bats, red bats and hoary bats roostamid the leaves while silver-haired bats roost under loosebark and evening bats prefer cavities. Red bats are prob-ably the most commonly seen species in the state. Occurr-ing statewide, they emerge at dusk to forage alon~ woodsedges, over streams, along roads and frequently aroundstreet lamps in towns. In winter, they may be seen onwarm afternoons foraging in forest openings. The hoarybat, so named because of white tips on its rich, darkbrown fur, is the largest Missouri bat, weighing over anounce and having a IS-inch wingspan. Silver-haired batsare primarily a northern species while evening bats raiseyoung in Missouri but migrate south for the winter.
The remaining species occupy caves all or part of theyear. Gray bats, Indiana bats and Ozark big-eared batsare on the federal Endangered Species Ust. Gray batsand Indiana bats are threatened with extinction largelybecause of their habit of amassing in very large numbers(up to hundreds of thoUsands) in only a few caves. Thusthey are extremely vulnerable to disturbance (each timethey are awakened from hibernation they use up vital fatreserves), destruction from natural catastrophes such asflooding or wanton slaughter by people, and loss of im-portant caves to commercialization, inundation by reser-voirs, or other causes. There now may only be a few hun-dred Ozark big-eared bats in existence. They are knownfrom only a very few caves in southwest Missouri, north-west Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma.
Eastern and Ozark big-eared bats occur in smallnumbers in Missouri. They are easily recognized as theyhave huge ears that are nearly as long as the rest of theirbody. Least bats have been found in a few caves in thestate, and free-tail bats were identified from a couple oflocations.
At present, bat management consists primarily ofprotecting habitat. Some of the caves known to be 0c-cupied by endangered species have been acquired orleased. Caves that ue especially critical to the survival ofthese species are being gated with welded steel bars set inconcrete or rock. However, during the times of the yearwhen the endangered bats are not present, these cavscan be visited without harm to the bats. Many cavs usedby endangered specis are posted with signs that explainwhich species is present and at what time of year en-trance into the cave would disturb the bats. They alsogive some information on why the bats need prot~tion.Entering a bat cave could lead to prosecution under theEndangered Specis Act and bring a fine of up to$20,(XX).
a. Fur on back pale yellowish or pale reddish-brown PipistrelleBat
b. Fur on back dark glossy brown
Ean long(about3/4"). . . . . . . . . . . Keen's Bat
Ears shorter (usually 518" or less)LittJeBrownBat
A MORE DETAILED GUIDE TO IDENTIFICATIONAND HABITS OF MISSOURI CAVE BATS
Gray Bat (Myotu grisescen.t) - ENDANGERED -Medium size: grayish color; usually in large activeclusters; in absence of bats. evidenced by pil. ofbat guano and reddish-brown ceiling stains: in manycaves in summer. few in winter.
Indiana Bat (Myotil sodalil) - ENDANGERED -Small size; grayish brown color. grayish ears andmembranes; torpid clusters (often large) in coldc.:aves in winter; no guano piles; mostly in a few cavesin eastern Ozarks.
Uttle Brown Bat (Myotis luciJugw) - Small size;brown, glossy fur; blackish ears and membranes,as singles, pairs or small clwters; in most caves inwinter, often near twilight.
Keen's Bat (Myotis keenii) - Small size; much like littlebrown bat, but much longer ears; roosts in crevices,so rarely seen, but a few do roost in the open on lowceilings.
Big Brown Bat (Eptuicw jwcw) - Much larger thanothers listed here; brown color; dark ears and mem-branes; noisy and belligerent; singles and smallgroups in most caves, near entrance.
If you have bats in your house or other building andwish to evict them, the best method is to block all accessholes when the bats are out so that they cannot return.The best time is in the fall or winter after the bats haveleft for hibernation. Alternatively, you could wait untilthe bats have left to forage at dusk and then block up theholes. However, don't do this betw~n May 15 and July15 when flightless young might be pr~nt as they woulddie and create an additional odor problem. Killing thebats without stopping up their access holes may alleviatethe problem for the time being, but the conditions thatattracted the bats in the first place would still exist andother bats probably would use the site in the future. Ithas recently been found that spraying pesticides on a batcolony is not a good method of control, for severalreasons-(I) not all the bats are killed, (2) dying bats fallnear the treatment site and are likely to come in contactwith humans and their pets, and (3) as above, the condi-tions that initially attracted the bats are not changed.
Appendix I gives a simple key and descriptions of thecave bats most likely to be encountered in Missouri. Italso has identification tips to help distinguish the two en-dangered Myotil species from other, similar bats. Also at-tached is a page of drawings that depict several keycharacters to separate bats of the genus Myotiof inMissouri. If you encounter endangered species or findany bats with numbered plastic bands on their wings,please send the number, color of band, date, locality andany other pertinent information to Richard Clawson,Fish and Wildlife Research Center, 1110 CollegeAvenue, Columbia, Missouri 65201.
Bats need friends. They have suffered from misinfor-mation and superstition for many years. As we learnmore about these furry little "angels of the night" werealize their importance in the natural scheme of things.An enlightened public, realizing that the system is com-pQSed of many parts and that each has a role to play inmaintaining the balance, will ultimately prove to be thebat's best friend.
This publication is made possible by the 1/8 of 1 %sales tax dedicated to conservation in Missouri.
APPENDIX I
Eastern Pipistrelle Bat (Piputrellw mbjlavw) - Small-est of our cave bats; pale color and very small sizemake it easy to recognize; singles in winter, some-times also in summer; most caves in state, well pasttwilight in constant temperature zone.A SIMPUFIED KEY TO MISSOURI CAVE BATS
A.IDENTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL
BATS IN THE HAND
Usually roosting in large clusters (hundreds orthousands)1. Fur on back gray; guano piles under cave roosts;
bats usually seen only in spring, summer or fall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gray Bat
2. Fur on back brownish gray; no guano pilesunder roosts; bats usually seen only in cold cavesin late fall, winter and early spring
Identification of individual bats in hand can be dif-ficult. The key to Missouri cave bats may prove ade-quate, especially if roosting conditions were observed.Otherwise the following drawings will be very useful.They use the color of the fur, as revealed by blowing inthe center of the back to part the fur; the position of at-tachment of the tail membrane; the length and density ofdistribution of hairs on the toes; and the degree ofdevelopment of a fleshy keel on the calcar, which is a car-tilaginous supporting structure on the rear edge of the tailmembrane. These are the characters used by batbiologists to distinguish among these species.
Indiana Bat
Bo Usually roosting singly or in very small clusters(fewer than 20)
1. Large size (total length 4" to 5"); fur on backdark brown .Big Brown Bat
2. Small size (total length 1- than 4")
~
i ~ ,.F)Co
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;: .b ~;:-~ t~ '. ( ':J~i";~ : :~:
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..' I~'(/ ,---~~ \r,p Li~:;;~~:~!
Myot1s lUC~BU~tHairs longand dense
~~. (f~~~.' \!
~J.
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)
j.vGray Bat v~
Myatt. ,rlse.censHBirI medium
long and sparse
Indiana BatMyotis sodalis
Hairs short'. and sparse
Keen's BatMyotis keenH
~~~, ~:';~~;" . ~.' ,,'
Hairs mediumlong and sperae
-..'~'..-.-.
WiDg. .ttached alon,. I ~ side of foot
--",~, .,'"
,
Wing attachad alongside of foot
~
" ,
1","" I '~ '"
~:~ Poorly developed
¥.;:: keel on calcar~!. I',.
f/~~"'" ""'Well developedkeel on calcar
:(
WiDI attacheclto ankle
IA~)'" .I
""'-'I}-
No keel JI ~o :: c~an calcar 1/1 Y
. y .
Tips contrasUD,with bale.
'npa not contruttDgwtthba888
WiDI a.ttached. along .side
: of foot
~'1~~~ I ~~';i; J
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i L...
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.
APE ND IX VI
Guidelines for Banding
and Census Taking
VI-l
RECOMMENDED BANDING GUIDELINES
Banded Indiana bats rarely are recaptured away from the original banding site.Far less than one percent are ever seen again at another location. Therefore,even when uny thousands of bats are banded,. the re.8ulting data on move.ntpatterns are llinimal. Also, large numbers can be cauqht only at hibernatinq-caves, where the disturbance is maximally stressful and often a cause ofqreatly increased mortality. For these reasons, banding of Indiana bats shouldbe prohibi ted except in cases When liai ted nU8bers are used in studies of
Bummer foraqing behavior.
Bate netted in areas Where they forage can be marked with reflector tape-covered bands for later recognition, using a spotlight or night vision scOpeand infrared light source. Colored banda applied to the left or right wingperm t recognition of individuals or eMll groops and MY greatly facilitateinvestigations of Indiana bats foraging behavior.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INDIANA BAT CENSUSES
Censuses should be conducted between January 15 and February 15 and 8hould notbe repeated more often than once every other year in any qiven cave. They8hould be conducted ~ a well trained individual, accompanied by at least oneand rarely .ore than two assistant8. After the initial census it is essentialfor consistency and speed of censusinq that each subsequent teaa include atleast one .ember who participated in the la8t census in that cave.
Each Indiana bat hibernating cave to be censused should be aapped by the censustakers during the bats' summer absence. Assistance from local cavers may beespecially valuable at that ti8e. During the next winter census all Indianabat roosting areas should be described and numbered with reference to the map,such that future censusers can easily locate and determine the boundaries ofeach nuabered roosting area.
Those conducting Indiana bat censuses aust be faailiar enough with the bats'appearance and roosting behavior so that only an occasional bat need be handledto confira identification. Where few bats are found they may be countedindividually, but where there are many clustered bats only the area covered byeach cluster should be determined. A s teel tape may prove useful. Numbers ofbats or the areas covered by clusters should be recorded for each numberedro08t. After leaving the cave the areas covered by clusters can be summed intoa total square foot figure and aultiplied ~ 300 (the aYerage number of IndianabatSjft2, 8ee LaVal and LaVal, 1980) to obtain 8sti.ate8 of total bats present.
Since di8turbance i8 a major cause of Indiana bat decline, it is imperativethat di8turbance during censusing be ainimized. Li~ting the cen8using tea~to two or three individuals, prior exploration and mapping, uae of nuaberedsites, and calculations ba8ed on 8quare feet covered by clusters all serve toaccaaplish this end. Additionally, bright headlights 8hould not be 8hineddirectly on the bats .ore than neces8ary, and all hu8an 8ounds 8hould be keptto . ainiau.. Non-essential data taking, 8uch a8 deteraining the 8ex ratio8,should be eliainated, and census taker8 8hould leave roosts as soon as possible.
VI-2
When an accurate, quick reading, digital thermO8eter is available, a singleair and a single wall temperature should be recorded at an easily locatableplace in the .oat iaportant roost area. The exact location and height abovethe cave floor aust be recorded, and the therao88ter must be calibrated if8uch readings are to be useful and coaparable over time. Also, care aust betaken to record the teaperature 8OOn after errival and well away from thepotential influence of huaan body heat.
Bach cen8US report 8hould include date of cen8US, tiDe of cave entry and exi t,n...s and affiliations of all those who participated, the number of Indianabat8 present at each numbered roost, and a copy of the cave ..p (withdescription of nuabered roosts). Hotes on nuaber. of other species observed,air, wall, and outside temperatures (with time of day taken), and any noteson gates and evidence of hu.an or other disturbance, should be included whenpos8ible. Hopefully, consistence of cen8US taker8, techniques and reportingwill greatly increa.e the validity of future cenSU8es.
..
.
VI-3
~e Wildlife SOCietycepartRent of &\erqyFederal Highway ~nistrationIllinoi8 Department of TransportationEnvironDentAl Protection AgencySOil ~rvation Servi~cepart8nt of DefenseCOrps of ~irwer8
&o.1th Atl8)tic biviliCX\li)rth Atlantic DiviliCX\..." E~larx! Divisi~Q1io River Divisionli)rth Central Divi.iooLower Mississippi Valley Division8a1t!Mstern Divi8i~Mi88OUl'i River Divi.ionM81P1is DistrictVicksbJrg Districtc..ha DistrictKanSas City Di8trict1\1laa DistrictO\icatjO District~troit DistrictRock Isl~ DistrictSt. Paul DistrictLittle ~k Diatricta.1ti~t~ DistrictID.1isville Diatr ictNashville DistrictPittsOOrgh DiatrictQ)Arlest~ DiatrictJacksonville Districttk)bile Distr ictSavannah DistrictWilmi~ton DistrictBaIti8)re Diatrict~ York District .~rfolk DistrictRlilDlphia DistrictaJffalo District
Civil WOrks, CO~a of E~ineer8Fort Lea1ard ~, MissouriO£ark ~r9roond ~ooratory~ Center for Action on Erdangered ss-cies~e Nat~e Conservarq, Arli~ton, virginia'D1e Nature Ca'lservancy, Bloc-.ington, IndianaNational ~SeI.In of Natural Historyli)rth Carolina State )t18e\JII of Natural HistoryMilwukee P\.t>lic ~Be\Dtk\iveraity of Temessee~ia State It\iversity
.~ipient.-Draft Indiana Bat Recovery Plan
.Region 2, FftS, Al~r~, titR83ion 4, ~, Atlanta, ~~ioo 5, FWS, Newton Corner, MA~iCX'1 6, ~, DelWer, a>'Area Offices, FWS, Annapolis, MD
Pierre, SDA&.8tin, TXE. Lansirq, MIJackson, MSAshev 111 e , tI::Barr i.burg, PA
1011a Conservation CallnissionIlli~is ~parbl8nt of ConsetVationMissouri Departnent of Conservation1ooiana ~partment of Natural ReSQ1rces0klahaIIa cepartnent of Wildlife CCW\servatiooWisconsin ~parClent of Hatur al Re~rcesKansas Fish w G8De CannissiooState Biological SUrvey of RansasGeorgia Departnent of Natur al Resour~s .Virginia Comndssion of GBme and Inland FisheriesTemessee Depara.nt of ConservationArkansas G8ne and Fish CallnissionAlabana ~partJlent of Conservation and Natural
IWICMJrce8Hissour i t8parClent of Natur al ResourcesMississippi ~partment of Wildlife Conservation!e" H8npshire Fish and Game c.parbllentNew Jersey Divisioo of Fish, Game, W wildlifeNe..r York DeparbDent of Envir~ntal ConservationComecticut Depar tJlent of Dtvirorwental Protection(l\io ~partJllent of Natural Resour~sPennsylvania Galle CaJllliuionScutn Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources neparbDentMarylw Depara.nt of Natural ResourcesTeM888ee Wildlife Resour~s AgerLYver~t Fish ard G8Ie tlepartJl8ntWest Virginia Department of Natural Resources~adhusetts Department of Fisheries, Wildlife~~ Recreational Vehicles
M~~igan ~para..nt of Natural lesourcesFlorida Game and Fresh water Fish Commission.ientuckY Department of Fish and Wildlife ResourcesRa~!onal Park Servicerorest Servicebeau of t.OO Man83_ntTenl;-'sae Valley Authority .
Temea.ee wildlife Resour(»s AgenCJ~feMers of Wildlife
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