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stributed Generation

centralized Generation - Distributed Generation and Micro Grid

en energy is generated and distributed using small scale technolog ies closer to itsend users, it is termed

Decentralized Generation. These generations are based on the technologies, mainly renewable, including

not limited to, wind turbines, photovoltaic cells, geothermal energyand micro hydro power plants. Onsite

wer generation has many benefits over the centralized power generation systems, as it eliminates the costsociated with the transmission and distribution of power over long distances. These small scale

hnologies can yield power from 1KW to as much as 100MW.

Figure 1 Centralized vs. Decentralized

neration (Source: www.jcwinnie.biz)

centralized generation can take place at two scales. At a local level, site specific energy sources are used

generate electricity, constituting a Micro-Grid which is a cluster of generations serving a limited number of

sumers. It can be either connected to the grid at a single point or can be totally independent of it. At the

ond level, the same technologies are used at much smaller scale and are installed by an individual energy

sumer. Such a system is called Distributed Generation. These sources can be individually connected to

d, so that they can supply power to the grid when required creating a prosumer, i.e., a producer and a

sumer of electricity.

nefits of Decentralized Generation

ecentralized generations are small and offer numerous benefits in comparison to the conventional

tralized systems. Few of its benefits are discussed as follows:

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No high peak load shortages - Distributed generation systems can reduce the peak demand and offer

an effective solution to the problem of high peak load shortages.

Reduced high transmission and distribution losses - It can greatly reduce the losses during

transmission and distribution of power from central location and hence improve the reliability of the

grid network. In India, the current losses amount to about 35% of the total available energy.

Linking remote and inaccessible areas -Distributed generation can play a major role in providing

power to remote and inaccessible areas. For a country like India, it offers a solution towards rural

electrification.

Faster response to new power demands The micro-grid systems are small scaled and often require

lower gestation periods, it enables faster and easy capacity additions when required.

Improved supply reliability and power management - With independence from utility grid systems,

distributed generation systems offereasy maintenance of power, voltage and frequency. It also offers

the possibility of combining energy storage and management systems, with reduced congestion.

chnolog ies fo r Decentralized Generation

ecentralized generation system is very flexible, as it can be based on renewable or non-renewable energy

rces. The decentralized generation technologies include but are not limited to the following:

ciprocating Engines: Reciprocating engines can be fueled either by diesel or natural gas, with varying

ssion outputs. Almost all engines used for power generation are four-stroke and operate in four cycles of

ake, compression, combustion, and exhaustion. Reciprocating engines are manufactured in various size

ges. Their typical usage is in providing continuous power supply or backup emergency power.

croturbines: Microturbines are an emerging class of small-scale distributed power generation system in

size range of 30-400 kW. Microturbines consist of a compressor, combustor, turbine, and a generator. The

mpressors and turbines have radial-flow designs, and resemble automotive engine turbochargers. Most

igns are single-shaft and use a high-speed permanent magnet generator producing variable voltage,

able frequency alternating current (AC) power. Most microturbine units are designed for continuous

ration with higher electric efficiencies.

mbustion Gas Turbines: Simple cycle combustion turbine units start at about 1MW. These turbines can

o be configured as combined cycle power systems to achieve upto 15MW, also called as industrial

bines or miniturbines. Combustion turbines have relatively low installation costs, low emissions, and

uire infrequent maintenance. However, their low electric efficiency has limited turbines to primarily peaking

t and combined heat and power (CHP) applications. Cogeneration DG installations are particularly

antageous when a continuous supply of steam or hot water is desired.

el Cells: There are many types of fuel cells currently under development in the 5-1000+ kW size range,

luding phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane, molten carbonate, solid oxide, alkaline, and direct

thanol. Fuel cells have very low levels of NOx and CO emissions because the power conversion is an

ctrochemical process.

otovoltaics (PV): Photovoltaic systems are most commonly known as solar panels. Photovoltaic solar

els are made up of smaller cells connected together that convert light radiation into electricity. The PV

s produce direct-current (DC) electricity, which must then be inverted for use in an AC system. Photovoltaic

tems produce no emissions, are reliable, and require minimal maintenance to operate.

nd Turbines: Wind turbines utilizes wind to produce electricity and require no additional investments inting up large infrastructure such as new transmission lines, and are thus commonly employed for remote

wer applications.

e of Decentralized Generation in Smart Grid

centralized Generations are natural extensions of smart grids. Their ability for on-site decentralized power

eration helps in reducing peak loads and hence better system management of the central grid. In future,

h smart micro grids and smart decentralized generations will be able to sell their generation back to the

ities from whom they buy the power thus providing additional revenue stream. This will help utilities to

uce the need for massive investments in building new high-voltage transmission lines to carry renewable

wer from far-off plants to towns and cities. Locally based solar, wind, biomass generators, fuel cells and

er decentralized generation systems are much more convenient sources of power, thereby cutting down on

line losses associated with long-range transmission.

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ey feature of a micro-grid is its ability to separate and isolate itself from the utility seamlessly during a

ity grid disturbance with little or no disruption to the loads within the micro-grid. The micro-grid can

omatically resynchronize itself when the utility grid returns to normal functioning, and reconnects itself to

grid, in an equally seamless fashion. Additionally, it reduces carbon emission and thus supports

tainable livelihood.

centralized Generation in India

ndia, many renewable energy technologies are being employed in a number of decentralized generation

jects. The figure below illustrates the technology options for decentralized power generation.

Figure 2: Technology options for Decentralized Generation

ypical Indian rural areas, smart micro-grids can provide clean, reliable, affordable, and scalable electrical

wer. For Indian economy rising fuel costs, under investment in old infrastructure and climate change are

me of the biggest challenges being faced by the energy industry today. A Micro-Smart Grid can deliver

efit by use of renewable energy sources, while improving the reliability, security, and useful life of

ctrical infrastructure. The development of basic smart grid technologies can be accelerated by bring

ether all stakeholders namely, state and local governments, utility companies, public electricity

ulators, and IT companies towards a common goal.

vernment Policy

e Government of India has adopted an integrated energy policy which aims to provide energy security to all

citizens through conventional as well as alternative sources of energy. Some of the policies adopted by the

ian Government are as follows.

The Electricity Act, 2003 has given a thrust to distributed generation particularly in the context of

rural electrification. The Act specifies distributed generation and supply through stand-alone

conventional and renewable energy systems.

The National Electricity Policy notified on 12 February 2005 recommends under the Rural

Electrification component, that to provide a reliable rural electrification system, wherever

conventional grid is not feasible, decentralized distributed generation facilities (using conventional or

non-conventional sources of energy) together with local distribution network be provided.

Two specific schemes, the Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojna and the Remote Village

Electrification Scheme, will provide up to 90% capital subsidy for rural electrification projects using

decentralized distributed generation options based on conventional and non-conventional fuels.

ference

www.dg.history.vt.edu/ch1/introduction.htmlhttp://www.distributed-generation.com/technologies.htm

http://www.commercialsolardesign.com/solar-farm/154-examining-the-top-seven-benefits-of-a-

http://www.commercialsolardesign.com/solar-farm/154-examining-the-top-seven-benefits-of-a-smart-microgrid.htmlhttp://www.distributed-generation.com/technologies.htmhttp://www.dg.history.vt.edu/ch1/introduction.html

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smart-microgrid.html

http://certs.lbl.gov/certs-der-micro.html

http://www.galvinpower.org/resources/microgrid-hub/microgrid-companies-organizations

http://smartgrid-for-india.blogspot.in/2012/03/echelon-implements-microgrid-in-india.html

http://www.indiaenergyportal.org/subthemes.php?text=dis_gen&themeid=14

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