Indian Space Programme

&

Some Reflections On Collective Security In Space

Indian Space Research Organisation

April 23, 2007

1947 : The Independence of India Developmental Issues Vast resources running to waste

In short, Rich country inherited by developing society

Formidable challenge to the builders of NationNo wonder, Socio-economic concerns form the nucleus

of the Indian Space endeavour

THE BIRTH OF INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME

" ….. we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society, which we find in our country. …

- Dr. Vikram A. Sarabhai Frank Admission : Existence of abundant

down-to-earth problems of development. Prudent assertion : Science &Technology

being crucial apparatus for development. Commitment : Science &Technology for

socio-economic benefits in preference to display of grandeur.

• Military Superiority• Technological Dominance• Display of Grandeur

Indian Space Program is very different. Very deeply rooted to the society

SPACE POLICY

Space for Development– Abundance of Problems of Development

Shaped the Indian Approach to Space

– Two Crucial Sectors of Space Applications• Remote Sensing• Telecommunications & Meteorology

Self Reliance 

Against a possible alternative of reliance on foreign cooperative or commercial arrangements, self reliance was targeted since " ···· large scale benefits can accrue to a large country like India only when we have our own space segment specifically tailored to meet our requirements"

Commercial Procurement Quick & Effective

Self Reliance• Huge Investments• High Risk• Large Gestation Periods

INDIAN APPROACH TO SPACE

India is now self-reliant in space even though it does not mean producing all technological systems

Most technologies are mastered and absorbed though not all of them are put in mass production.

Immunity against "Technology Denials"

Remarkable benefits to common man in timely & Cost- effective manner

DID IT WORK ?

INDIAN SPACE ENDEAVOUR

BUDGETRs 3,200 Crore

US $ 700 m

SPACE COMMERCE

IRS

LAUNCHERSINS

AT

LARGE USER BASE

ACADEMIA & INDUSTRY

HUMAN RESOURCES16,500 strong

INTERNATIONALCOOPERATION

Space Assets -Remote sensing &

Telecom satelliteConstellations

STATE OF THE ART TECHNOLOGY

INFRASTRUCTUREEnd – to - end capability

November 21, 1963

SLV-3 ASLV

TODAY, 2007

PSLV GSLV

ARYABHATA19.04.75

GSAT-208.05.03

KALPANA-112.09.02

INSAT-2E03.04.99

INSAT-3B22.03.00

INSAT-3A10.04.03

IRS-1D29.09.97

RESOURCESAT-117.10.03

INSAT-3E28.09.03

TES22.10.01

INSAT-3C24.01.02

IRS-P426.05.99

Self reliance in launching

Self reliance in building satellites

47+ 6 Spacecraft Missions 10 4L

AU

NC

H V

EH

ICLE

SA

TELLIT

EA

PP

LIC

ATIO

NS

22 Launch Vehicle Missions

EDUSAT20.09.04

HAMSAT05.05.05

CARTOSAT-105.05.05

FOUR DECADES OF INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME

CARTOSAT-210.01.07

INSAT-4A22.12.05

ORGANISATION CHART

EE

Z -

2 M

km

2

Fis

her

ies

; C

oas

tal

: 2

.8 M

T

In

lan

d :

2.8

MT

EE

Z -

2 M

km

2

Fis

her

ies

; C

oas

tal

: 2

.8 M

T

In

lan

d :

2.8

MT

700 M. Indians depend on Natural Resources for their Livelihood and Marketable SurplusLoss to 4.5% of the GDP due to Degradation of Natural Resources

India's Annual Soil Loss 5334 Mt

1

2

3

4

5

6

1947 1967 1987 2007 2027 2047

*000 m3

Declining availability of water per capita

Space Perspectives:• Efficient Land and Water

Resources Management• Empowering People for

Sustainable Development

Productivity (1635 kg/ha) Land Degradation (182 M ha)

Productivity (1635 kg/ha) Land Degradation (182 M ha)

Net sown / G. Irrigated area : 143 / 75 M ha Food grains : 211 MT (2003-04)

Net sown / G. Irrigated area : 143 / 75 M ha Food grains : 211 MT (2003-04)

Long Term Average Rainfall : 88 cm (+/- 85 mm)

Glaciers : 8500 km3

Long Term Average Rainfall : 88 cm (+/- 85 mm)

Glaciers : 8500 km3

Depletion of ground water tableGlacier retreat >10 meters/ year Depletion of ground water tableGlacier retreat >10 meters/ year

Flora / Fauna : 46000 (7.0%) 81000 (6.5%)

Flora / Fauna : 46000 (7.0%) 81000 (6.5%)C

oast line : 7500 km

(Coral reefs / M

angroves)

Wetlands

: 7.6 M ha

Coast line : 7500 km

(Coral reefs / M

angroves)

Wetlands

: 7.6 M ha

Y

P

C

L(ha)

0.28

0.14

1950 2000

P

C

L(ha)

0.28

0.14

1950 2000

De

mo

gra

ph

icp

res

su

reD

em

og

rap

hic

pre

ss

ure

Disaster VulnerabilityDisaster Vulnerability

NATIONAL PRIORITIES

Forest: 64 M haForest: 64 M ha

Closed forest : 11%Closed forest : 11%

EARTH OBSERVATION – APPLICATIONS

WATERWATER Potential Drinking Potential Drinking

Water ZonesWater Zones Command Area Command Area

ManagementManagement Reservoir Reservoir

SedimentationSedimentation

OCEANOCEAN Potential Fishing Potential Fishing

Zone (PFZ)Zone (PFZ) Coastal Zone Coastal Zone

MappingMapping

DISASTER SUPPORTDISASTER SUPPORT Flood Damage Flood Damage

AssessmentAssessment Drought MonitoringDrought Monitoring Land Slide Hazard Land Slide Hazard

ZonationZonation

FOREST, ENVIRONMENT, BIO Forest Cover & Type

Mapping Forest Fire and Risk

Mapping Biodiversity

Characterisation Environmental Impact

Studies

AGRICULTURE & SOILAGRICULTURE & SOIL Crop Acreage & Crop Acreage &

Production Production EstimationEstimation

Soil & Land DegradationSoil & Land Degradation MappingMapping

Watershed DevelopmentWatershed Development Horticulture Mission for Horticulture Mission for

North-EastNorth-East

LAND Landuse/Land Cover

Mapping Wasteland Mapping Urban Sprawl

Studies Large Scale

MappingWEATHER & CLIMATEWEATHER & CLIMATEExtended Range Extended Range

Monsoon ForecastingMonsoon ForecastingOcean State ForecastingOcean State ForecastingRegional Climate ModelRegional Climate Model

Development of spatial information system on ground water covering problem states

More than 90% success rate in drilled sources (more than 2,00,000 in 7 states)

Ground Water Prospect Mapwith Sites for Recharge

Implementation and Feedback status

A milestone application towardsbuilding social infrastructure

Wells Drilled Success Rate (%)

Kerala 7,730

92

KAR 34,688 93

AP 35,139 93

MP 22,006 90

RAJ 67,775 90

CHG 34,413 93

RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL DRINKING WATER MISSION

WASTELAND INVENTORY

February 1996February 1996

February 2002February 2002

1986-2000 2003 Reclaimed

Ecologically Degraded Land - 64 Mha - 55 Mha 9 Mha Culturable with interventions - 45 Mha - 41 Mha

Categorisation for development� A: Sands, Barren…(High capital investment)� B: Marginal Agril. (Intervention needed)� C: Saline, Aklaline.. (Second Generation Issues)

Village & Watershed overlayNatural Resources Census (NRC)

to monitor the changes

B2 Category

Wastelands

National perspective

plan

Districts having more than 30%

Districts having 5% to 30%

• Watershed Development Programme

• Creation of Rural Employment/Assets

• Targeting Poverty & Eco-degradation

POTENTIAL FISHINGZONE – PFZ (IRS P4 OCM

DERIVED)

OFF GOA COAST

0.1 mg/m3 5.03.0

POTENTIAL FISHING ZONES

Fish catch (Kg/operation) increased by 1.5 to 2 times

in West & East coast

OPERATIONAL COMMUNICATION SATELLITES

48

74

GSAT-2

93.5

83

KA

LP

AN

A

INS

AT-

3C

INSA

T 4A

INSAT-

2E

INSAT-

3B

55

INS

AT

-3E

GS

AT

-3

INSA

T-3A

Transponder Capacity

C Band 95Ex C Band

42

S Band 04

Ku Band 29

MSS 04

Total 174

BROADCAST Television Broadcasting Direct To Home (DTH) TV & Radio Networking

METEOROLOGICAL Meteorological Imaging Data Collection Platform Disaster Warning

OTHERS Mobile Satellite Service Search and Rescue Satellite Navigation

Speech Circuits On Trunk Routes

VSAT Connectivity

COMMUNICATION

INSAT SYSTEM APPLICATIONS

Tele-health Tele-education Emergency

Communication

DEVELOPMENTAL

Video+

Audio

Teaching-End Class Room-2

Class Room-1

Audio

TELE EDUCATION

EduSat

5 Spot Beams in Ku Band1 National Beam in Ku Band 1 National Beam in Ext C Band (6 Channels)

Video+

Audio

180 Hospitals 146 Dist/ Rural Hospitals 34 Super Specialty Hospitals

Reaching the un-reached

A M B U L A N C E

Panel of Doctors

Video Conferencing

Health Specialist Centre

Pathology

Cardiology

Video Conferencing

TELE MEDICINE VIA SATELLITE

Referral Hospitals

Panchayat Panchayat PlanningPlanning

Watershed

Tele-Tele-medicinemedicine

TrainingTraining

Tele-Tele-educationeducation

WeatherWeather

Drinking Drinking WaterWater

InformatioInformationn

VILLAGE RESOURCE CENTRE (VRC)

Space-based Services for CommunityCommunity Outreach

SPACE SCIENCE

ASTROSAT

Chandrayaan-1India’s First Lunar Mission

PSLVPSLV GSLVGSLV GSLV GSLV MkIIIMkIII

Weight (T) 294 400 629

Payload (Kgs) 1,500 SSO 2,250 GTO 4,000 to 4,500 GTO

Flights 9 (1993-07) 4 (2001-06) --

ISRO LAUNCHERS

Pre 1992 ScenarioIntense Technology

GenerationEnormous AdvancementFair Share of failures

By 1992IRS-1AIRS-1BINSAT-2ASLVASLV

Commercialization of Space : A new dimension to Space Policy

ANTRIX was born

OPERATIONALIZATION OF INDIGENOUS INSAT-2A

&

ASLV LAUNCH SUCCESS

SPACE COMMERCE

An Instrument for Socio-Economic Benefit Enhancements

Customer ProfileHUGHES SPACE COMMUNICATIONS,

MATRA MARCONI SPACE, CNES, DLR, BRASILIAN INDUSTRY etc., SPACE IMAGING, MDA, ALENIA, RESTEC….

Korea : KITSATGermany : TUBSAT & BIRDBelgium : PROBAIndonesia : LAPAN-TUBSATArgentina : PEHUENSAT

International Launch Service Customers

ANTRIX CORPORATION

Reaching Indian Space Excellence to the Global Markets…...

EARTH OBSERVATIONS

DATA & SERVICES

REMOTE SENSING SATELLITES

TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE

LAUNCH SERVICES

MISSION SUPPORT

CONSULTANCY & TRAINING

SATELLITE COMPONENTS AND

GROUND SYSTEMS AND OTHER SERVICES

Antrix Portfolio

ISRO SPENT AROUND $ 700 M in 2005-2006

Billions of $Source : World Market Prospects for Public Space Programs by Euroconsult 2002

Comparison with other Space Faring Nations (2001)

Space Health Care Education

Comparison within India

8 cent out of $ 100 GNP

Space Agencies Spend world over spend over $23b in a year.Indian Spending : Around 2 Cents in a dollar• A fleet of 10 Geostationary Satellites

(INSAT- 2E; 3A; 3B; 3C; 3E; Kalpana-1; GSAT-2; Edusat; 4A & 4B)

• A fleet of 7 Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS – 1C; 1D; P4; TES, Resourcesat-1, Cartosat 1&2)

• Two operational Launchers – PSLV & GSLV• End-to-end capability in Remote Sensing &

Telecommunication arena• A wide spectrum of applications benefiting the

society• A reasonable success in commercialisation efforts

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

US

ES

A

JAP

AN

FR

AN

CE

ITA

LY

GE

RM

AN

Y

IND

IA

CA

NA

DA

CH

INA

BR

AZ

IL

AT WHAT COST ?

57% on access to space and 56.4% on bringing down benefits of space to earth

INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS

AUSTRALIA

BRAZIL

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

CANADA

CHINA

ESA

EUMETSAT

FRANCE

GERMANY

HUNGARY

INDONESIA

ISRAEL

ITALY

MAURITIUS

MONGOLIA

NORWAY

PERU

RUSSIA

SWEDEN

SYRIA

THAILAND

NETHERLANDS

UK

UKRAINE

USAVENEZUELA

BILATERAL

SPACE SCIENCE

Satellite Aided Search & Rescue System

Some Reflections On Collective Security In Space

Some Reflections on Collective Security in Space

All the opinions expressed herein belong to the author and do not represent

those of the employer or the country.

Security of this infrastructure, their renewal and expansion as needed, and the continuity of the operational services form the core of the Indian concern about security of space.

What Space Security Means to India?

Space Security

“Secure, sustainable and denial-free access to and use of space for peaceful purposes for one and all”.

Space Power

“The term ‘spacepower’ is used normally with the meaning of might. However, here it is appropriate to describe it as the demonstrated ability to use the power of space for human welfare.”

What Space Security Means to India?

International consensus based approach

Space Debris

Sharing of dataSharing of information on threats

Mitigation Guidelines•voluntary measures through national mechanisms”

•a practical demonstration of the rules based approach

A Few Positive Developments

US Space Policy (October 31, 2006)

Recognises the risks posed by orbital debrisSeeks to minimise its creationPromises exchange of information Improved debris mitigation practices

Threat of Asteroid Strike on Earth & of Near Earth Object Impact

A Few Positive Developments

Global Exploration Strategy

• Innovation in approaches• Open mindedness• Willingness to learn from the past

experiences

Whether these participating space faring nations would be able to see

beyond their own interests and address the interests of the less space capable nations and in fact the entire

humanity?

A Few Positive Developments

Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

1. Self Reliance

Self reliance is an instrument to harden national technological capability and space systems against the perils of “shutter control” to serve foreign policy objectives or vested commercial interests under the guise of “security” concerns.

Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

“technology denial” and “control of export” to state actors is viewed as intentional threat against access to and use of space for peaceful purposes and also against the spirit of international cooperation embedded in the Outer Space Treaty

Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

2. Sustained National ConsensusSustained support of the society for the space policy and programmes is a prerequisite for a meaningful long term security in space.

On the contrary, the fragility of or the narrowness of the public support for the space activities and its policies, irrespective of the technological dominance & economic prosperity of a state, might shake the very foundations of its security architecture

Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

3. International Cooperation

India recognises IC a crucial apparatus in enhancing national, regional and global security and utilises this tool effectively.

• Collaborating with other space faring nations for enhancing scientific knowledge of our planet earth and of the universe

• Sharing this knowledge and experience towards capacity building in less space-capable nations,“Access to and use of space for peaceful

purposes for one and all” is implemented.

Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

4. The Rule of Law

“… Indian delegation considers that the development of Space Law is crucial to the orderly and organised exploration of space for the peaceful purposes. … We reaffirm that the five UN Space treaties – evolved through consensus and accepted by a large number of countries – constitute the cornerstones of the international space law.”

Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

“We would like to reiterate the Indian commitment to the use of Outer Space for peaceful purposes in the common interest of mankind. We support development and continuous evolution of rule of law for the peaceful use and exploration of outer space so as to ensure benefits to all countries, in particular to the developing countries.”

Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

Indian delegation urges all countries to respect the sovereign right of every country to have access to Space and opportunity to utilize Space for developmental programmes. The respect for safety and security of Space assets and capabilities of all countries, without any denial or threat of denial of access to Space, is inevitable necessity for all of us to preserve and prosper together.”

Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

5. National Commitment to Security

India recognises the vitality of space systems, ground segments, and the supporting link for the civil, commercial and other peaceful uses of outer space. The protection of these systems and unhindered uninterrupted continued operation of and services derived from these is its prime responsibility towards its own people and the entire humanity.

Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

“Any nation that possesses medium range ballistic missiles, space tracking capabilities and the means to precisely insert a satellite into orbit also has the ability to destroy a satellite.”

Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

Some Recent Disturbing Trends

1. Change in Security LandscapeUS President Eisenhower to Soviet Premier Nikolai Bulganin on Jan 13 1958“I propose that we agree that outer space should be used only for peaceful purposes. We face a decisive moment in history in relation to this matter. Both the Soviet Union and the United States are now using outer space for the testing of missiles designed for military purposes. The time to stop is now.”

Some Recent Disturbing Trends

“Test Ban Treaty” in August 1963“Outer Space Treaty” in 1967Other Space Treaties

These are manifestations of the human faith in the rule of law and collective

approach to global security.

Some Recent Disturbing Trends

• The abrogation of Anti Ballistic Missile (ABM) treaty. 2002

• UN First Committee - November 2005 - historical vote against PAROS

• The linking of “Freedom of action in space” to “air power and sea power”

• “Policy of negation”• Opposition to the development of new

legal regimes • The recent test of a ground based anti

satellite weapon

Some Recent Disturbing Trends

These constitute a potent volatile mix, which has potential to tear apart the basic fabric of collective security. This decadence in the faith in rule based approach to the global security is truly deplorable.

Some Recent Disturbing Trends

It is unfortunate that noble intentions of non-weaponisation of

space require shoulders of violence.

Some Recent Disturbing Trends

• There is no alternative to international collective approach to space security. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 leaves no room for unilateralism of any kind.

The outer space is the next frontier. Together, let us make it a pleasant experience for the entire humanity

• A “judicious bouquet” of proposed solution