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Major highways in Indian road

network.

A recently built highway in the

Western Indian state of Gujarat.

The changing face of Indian road

network

Indian road networkFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

India has a road network of over 4,236,000 kilometres

(2,632,000 mi) in 2011,[1] the third largest road network in theworld. At 0.66 km of roads per square kilometre of land, thequantitative density of India's road network is similar to that of theUnited States (0.65) and far higher than that of China (0.16) or Brazil(0.20). However, qualitatively India's roads are a mix of modernhighways and narrow, unpaved roads, and are undergoing drasticimprovement. As of 2008, 49 percent – about 2.1 million kilometres

– of Indian roads were paved.[2][3]

Adjusted for its large population, India has less than 4 kilometres ofroads per 1000 people, including all its paved and unpaved roads. Interms of quality, all season, 4 or more lane highways, India has lessthan 0.07 kilometres of highways per 1000 people, as of 2010. Theseare some of the lowest road and highway densities in the world. Forcontext, United States has 21 kilometres of roads per 1000 people,while France about 15 kilometres per 1000 people – predominantlypaved and high quality in both cases. In terms of all season, 4 or morelane highways, developed countries such as United States and Francehave a highway density per 1000 people that is over 15 times asIndia.

India in its past did not allocate enough resources to build or maintain

its road network.[3] This has changed since 1995, with major efforts

currently underway to modernize the country's road infrastructure.[4]

India plans to spend approximately US$70 Billion by 2013 to

modernize its highway network.[5][6][7][8]

As of December 2012, India had completed and placed in use over19,200 kilometres of recently built 4 or 6-lane highways connectingmany of its major manufacturing centres, commercial and cultural

centres.[9][10]

The rate of new highway construction across India has accelerated inrecent years. As of October 2011, the country was adding 11kilometres of new highways, on average, every day. The expectedpace of project initiations and completion suggests that India wouldadd about 600 kilometres of modern highway per month, on average,

through 2014.[11]

Some of the major projects that are being implemented include theNational Highways Development Project, Yamuna Expressway andthe KMP Expressway.

According to 2009 estimates by Goldman Sachs, India will need to invest US$1.7 trillion on infrastructureprojects before 2020 to meet its economic needs, a part of which would be in upgrading India's road

network.[12] The government of India is attempting to promote foreign investment in road projects by offering

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NH76: Part of India's recently

completed 4-lane Golden Quadrilateral

highway network

NH75: Part of India's NS-EW

Corridor highway network spanning

7000 kilometres

financial incentives.[12][13][14]

Contents

1 History2 Overview

3 Statistics

4 Roads

4.1 Expressways

4.2 National Highways

4.3 State Highways

4.4 Rural and urban roads

5 Issues

5.1 Efforts in India to address issues related to roadnetwork

6 See also7 Gallery of Indian road network

8 References9 External links

History

The first evidence of road development in the Indian subcontinent canbe traced back to approximately 4000 BC from the ancient cities ofHarrapa and Mohenjodaro of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Ruling emperors and monarchs of ancient India had constructednumerous brick roads in the cities. One of the most famous highwaysof medieval India is the Grand Trunk Road. The Grand Trunk Road built by Sher shah suri 1540 to 1545,began in Sonargaon near Dhaka in Bangladesh and ended at Peshawar in modern-day Pakistan. In India, itlinked several important cities from Kolkata in the east to Amritsar in the west, while passing through the citiesof Patna, Varanasi, Kanpur, Agra, Delhi, Panipat, Pipli, Ambala, Rajpura, Ludhiana, and Jalandhar.

Locally called the GT Road, the Grand Trunk Road, was the road used by Brigadier General John Nicholson ofthe British Empire to quickly move his troops, hundreds of miles, to Delhi in 1857. This road allowed him to

lead the battle that ended the Indian Mutiny of 1857.[15]

By Indian independence in 1947, India inherited a poor road network infrastructure. Between 1947 and 1988,India witnessed no new major projects, poor maintenance. Predominantly all roads were single lane, mostunpaved. India had no expressways, and less than 200 kilometres of 4-lane highways. In 1988, the NationalHighways Authority of India was established in India by an Act of Parliament. This autonomous entity came intoexistence on 15 June 1989. The Act empowered this entity to develop, maintain and manage India' roadnetwork through National Highways. However, even though the Authority was created in 1988, not muchhappened till India introduced widespread economic liberalisation of the early 1990s. Since 1995, the authorityhas privatised road network development in India, and delivered by December 2011, over 70,000 kilometres of

National Highways, of which 16,500 kilometres are 4-lane or 6-lane modern highways.[10][16][17]

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A highway in Assam, an eastern state

of India.

Overview

Road Transport is vital to India's economy. It enables the country's transportation sector contribute 4.7 percentof India’s gross domestic product, in comparison to railways that contributed 1 percent, in 2009–2010. Roadtransport has not gained in importance over the years despite significant barriers and inefficiencies in inter-statefreight and passenger movement compared to railways and air. The government of India considers road

network as critical to the country's development, social integration and security needs of the country.[18]

India's road network carries over 65 percent of its freight and about 85 percent of passenger traffic.[19]

Indian road network is administered by various government authorities, given India's federal form ofgovernment. The table below describes the regulating bodies.

Road classification Authority responsibleTotal kilometres (as of

2011)

National HighwaysMinistry of Road Transport & Highways (Central

government)

70934[20]

[19]

State Highways State governments (state's public works department) 163898[21]

Major and other districtroads

Local governments, panchayats and municipalities 25,77,396[1]

Rural roads Local governments, panchayats and municipalities 14,33,577[22]

Statistics

In general, roads in India are primarily bitumen-based macadamisedroads. However, a few of the National Highways have concreteroads too. In some locations, such as in Kanpur, British-built concreteroads are still in use. Concrete roads were less popular prior to1990s because of low availability of cement then. However, withlarge supplies of cement in the country and the virtues of concreteroads, they are once again gaining popularity. Concrete roads areweather-proof and require lower maintenance compared tobituminous roads.

The National Highways are the backbone of the road infrastructureand the major roads in India. They carry most of India's freight andpassenger traffic. State highways and major district roads constitute the secondary and interconnecting roads in

India. The sortable table below lists national highway density in India per state or union territory.[23][24] Included

for context and comparison are major road density of several developed economies.[25][26]

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A highway in Rajasthan, connecting

Jaipur and New Delhi.

A glimpse of the Hyderabad ORR

Expressway, in AP while heading

from Gachibowli towards Hyderabad

Airport

National Highways in India, by state and union territories

State /

Union

Territory

National

Highway

Length,

kilometres

Kilometers

per 1000

people

National

Highway

Numbers

Andaman

NicobarIsland

300 0.843 223

Andhra

Pradesh4,537 0.06

52, 52A, 153, 229,

52B Ext. & 37 Ext.

Arunachal

Pradesh1,992 1.816

4, 5, 7, 9, 16, 18,

18A, 43, 63, 202,

205, 214,214A, 219, 221,

222 & 234

Assam 2,836 0.106

31, 31B, 31C, 36,

37, 37A, 38, 39,

44, 51, 52,52A, 52B, 53, 54,

61, 62,151,152,153

&154

Bihar 3,642 0.044

2, 2C, 19, 28, 28A,

28B, 30, 30A, 31,57, 57A,

77, 80, 81, 82, 83,

84, 85, 98, 99, 101,

102, 103,104, 105, 106, 107

& 110

Chandigarh 24 0.027 21

Chhattisgarh 2,184 0.105

6, 12A, 16, 43, 78,200,202, 216, 217,

111, & 221

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Dadar &Nagar Haveli

0 0

Daman Diu 0 0

Delhi 72 0.005 1, 2, 8, 10 & 24

Goa 269 0.2 4A, 17, 17A & 17B

Gujarat 3,245 0.064

NE-I, 6, 8, 8A, 8B,

8C, 8D, 8E, 14, 15,

59, 113 & 228

Haryana 1,512 0.072

1, 2, 8, 10, 21A,

22, 64, 65, 71,71A,

72, 73, 73A, 71B &

NE-II

Himachal

Pradesh1,409 0.232

1A, 20, 20A, 21,

21A, 22, 70, 72,72B, 88 & 73A

Jammu &Kashmir

1,245 0.123 1A, 1B, 1C & 1D

Jharkhand 1,805 0.067

2, 6, 23, 31, 32, 33,

75, 78, 80, 98, 99

& 100

Karnataka 4,396 0.083

4, 4A, 7, 9, 13, 17,

48, 63, 67, 206,207,209,

212, 218 & 234

Kerala 1,457 0.046

17, 47, 47A, 47C,

49, 208, 212, 213,

& 220

Lakshadweep

Islands0 0

Madhya

Pradesh4,670 0.077

3, 7, 12, 12A, 25,26, 26A, 27, 59,

59A, 69,

75, 76, 78, 86 & 92

Maharashtra 4,176 0.043

3, 4, 4B, 4C, 6, 7,

8, 9, 13, 16, 17, 50,

69, 204,211 & 222

Manipur 959 0.418 39, 53, 150 & 155

Meghalaya 810 0.349 40, 44, 51 & 62

Mizoram 927 1.04444A, 54, 54A, 54B,

150 & 154

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Nagaland 494 0.248 36, 39, 61, 150 &155

Orissa 3,704 0.101

5, 5A, 6, 23, 42,43, 60, 75, 200,

201, 203,

203A, 215, 217 &224

Pudducherry 53 0.054 45A & 66

Punjab 1,557 0.064

1, 1A, 10, 15, 20,

21, 22, 64, 70, 71,

72 & 95

Rajasthan 5,585 0.099

3, 8, 11, 11A, 11B,

11C, 12, 14, 15,

65, 71B,

76, 79, 79A, 89,

90, 113, 112, 114,116, 148D, 458,

758 & 58

Sikkim 62 0.115 31A

Tamil Nadu 4,832 0.077

4, 5, 7, 7A, 45,

45A, 45B, 45C, 46,

47, 47B,

49, 66, 67, 68, 205,

207, 208, 209, 210,

219, 220, 226,

226E, 227, 230 &

234

Tripura 400 0.125 44 & 44A

Uttarakhand 2,042 0.241

58, 72, 72A,

72B,73, 74, 87, 94,108, 109,

123, 119, 121, 87

Ext. & 125

Uttar Pradesh 6,774 0.041

2, 2A, 3, 7, 11,

12A, 19, 24, 24A,24B, 25,

25A, 26, 27, 28,

28B, 28C, 29, 56,

56A, 56B, 58,72A, 73, 74, 75,

76, 86, 87, 91,91A, 92, 93, 96,

97, 119, 231, 232,

232A 233, 235 &

NE-II

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Mumbai Pune Expressway

West Bengal 2,578 0.032

2, 2B, 2B Ext., 6,

31, 31A, 31C, 31D.

32, 34,35, 41, 55, 60,

60A, 80, 81 & 117

India

(TOTAL)70,548 0.069

USA

(TOTAL)351,428 1.4

CANADA

(TOTAL)103,000 3.1

JAPAN

(TOTAL)61,730 0.49

GERMANY

(TOTAL)53,010 0.64

Roads

Expressways

Main article: National Expressway (India)

Expressways make up approximately 200 km (120 mi) of India's

road network, as of 2013.[22][27] These high-speed roads are four-lane or six-lane, predominantly access controlled. The expressways inuse are:

Greater Noida – Agra Yamuna Expressway (165 kilometres)

Ahmedabad Vadodara Expressway (95 kilometres)

Mumbai-Pune Expressway (93 kilometres)Jaipur-Kishangarh Expressway (90 kilometres)

Allahabad Bypass Expressway (86 kilometres)

Durgapur Expressway (65 kilometres)

Ambala Chandigarh Expressway (35 kilometres)

Chennai Bypass Expressway (32 kilometres)

Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway (28 kilometres)

NOIDA-Greater NOIDA Expressway (24 kilometres)

Delhi-NOIDA Flyway (23 kilometres)Mumbai Nashik Expressway (150 kilometers)

PVNR Hyderabad Airport Expressway (12 kilometres)

Hyderabad ORR Expressway (150 kilometres)

Coimbatotre Bypass expressway(28 kilometres)

Hosur Expressway (10 kilometres)

Kona Expressway (8 kilometres)

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National highway between Bangalore

and Chennai on NH4 near Krishnagiri,

Tamil Nadu. NH 47 between Coimbatore and

Salem in Tamil Nadu,India.

On 9 August 2012, the 165 kilometre Yamuna Expressway India's longest six-laned controlled-access opened

which will reduce the time travel between Agra and Greater Noida from 4 hours to just 100 minutes.[28]

While the start of several expressway projects – such as the Ganga Expressway – have been delayed for 3 ormore years, because of litigation and bureaucratic procedures, India expects another 3,530 kilometres ofexpressways to come up by 2014 from the projects under construction. The government has drawn up an

ambitious target to lay 18,637 kilometre network of brand new expressways by 2022.[29]

Most of the existing expressways in India are toll roads.[27]

National Highways

Main article: National Highway (India)

The main highways runningthrough the length andbreadth of the countryconnecting major ports,state capitals, largeindustrial and touristcentres, etc. NationalHighways in India aredesignated as NH followedby the highway number.Indian national highways

are further classified based on the width of carriageway of thehighway.

As of March 2012, India had completed and placed in use the following newly built highways:[9]

5,839 kilometers of its 4-lane Golden Quadrilateral highway,6,011 kilometres of its 4-lane North–South and East–West Corridor highway,

353 kilometres of 4-lane port connectivity highways,

4,553 kilometres of 4-lane inter-capital highways,

961 kilometres of 4-lane bypass and other national highways.

The above 17,700 kilometres of highways connect most of the major manufacturing centres, commercial and

cultural cities of India.[30]

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is the authority responsible for the development, maintenanceand management of National Highways entrusted to it. The NHAI is undertaking the developmental activitiesunder National Highways Development Project (NHDP) in 5 phases. The NHAI is also responsible forimplementing other projects on National Highways, primarily road connectivity to major ports in India.

As of June 2012, under Phase I, II, III and V of India's national effort has already finished and put in use about18,000 kilometres of 4/6 lane highways. The country is in process of building an additional 33,441 kilometres of4 to 6 lanes, international quality highways throughout India. Of this target, about 13,700 kilometres of modernhighways were under implementation in June 2012, and about 18,000 kilometres of highways have been

identified for contract award.[10] India road building rate has accelerated in recent years and averaged about 11kilometers per day in second half of 2011. The country targets to build 600 kilometers of modern roads everymonth through 2014.

National Highway classification[10][31]

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A bridge in Allahabad

Bandra Worli Sea Link, Mumbai

Maharashtra

A state road in Andhra Pradesh

National Highway classification[10][31]

Lanes Length (km) Percentage

Single Lane / Intermediate lane 18,350 26%

Double lane 36031 51%

Four Lane/Six lane/Eight Lane 16,553 23%

Total 70,934 100%

State Highways

Main article: State Highway (India)

Indian democracy is a federal form of government. Power to enactand implement laws, such as those relating to infrastructure, aredistributed between the central government and the stategovernments. State Governments, thus have the authority andresponsibility to build road networks and state highways. Independentof the national highways and NHDP program described above,several state governments have been implementing a number of statehighway projects since 2000. By 2010, state highway projects worth$1.7 billion had been completed, and an additional $11.4 billion

worth of projects were under implementation.[32]

The State Highways provide linkages with the National Highways,district headquarters, important towns, tourist centres and minor portsand carry the traffic along major centers within the state. Thesearterial routes provides connectivity to important towns and citieswithin the state with National Highways or State Highways of theneighboring states. Their total length is about 137,712 km.

The Ministry of State for Surface Transport in India administers thenational highway system, and state highways and other state roads aremaintained by state public works departments. The central and stategovernments share responsibilities for road building and maintaining

Indian roads.[33]

The sortable table below summarises the recently completed andunder implementation state highways in India's road network. Thesestate highways range from 2-lane, all season highways to 6-lane,

divided, access controlled expressways.[32]

Recent investments in State Highways of India, by state and

union territories

State / Union

Territory

Newly addedState

Highways

(1995–2010),

kilometres

State Highwaysunder

implementation

(as of 2010),

kilometres

Andman Nicobar

Island

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Howrah bridge,a piece of colonial

architecture in Kolkata

Vidyasagar setu in Kolkata

A busy street in Kolkata

Island

Andhra Pradesh 45 1230

Arunachal Pradesh

Assam 216

Bihar 348

Chandigarh

Chhatisgarh 271

Dadar & Nagar Haveli

Daman Diu

Delhi

Goa

Gujarat 507 973

Haryana 66

Himachal Pradesh

Jammu & Kashmir

Jharkhand

Karnataka 63 1593

Kerala 42

Lakshadweep Islands

Madhya Pradesh 1,673 1070

Maharashtra 426 1820

Manipur

Meghalaya

Mizoram

Nagaland

Orissa 193

Pudducherry

Punjab 465 73

Rajasthan 416 1475

Sikkim

TamiNadu 113 303

Tripura

Uttaranchal

Uttar Pradesh 3358

West Bengal

India

(State Highways, 3,979 12,760

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Vellayambalam-Sasthamangalam

Road, Trivandrum Kerala

India added over 500,000 kilometres

of paved single lane rural roads

between 2005–2011.[34] Here is one

in rural Andhra Pradesh.

A Rural dirt road along the Eastern

Ghats near Visakhapatnam in Andhra

Pradesh

(State Highways,

recent additions,

TOTAL)

3,979 12,760

Rural and urban roads

These are important roads within a district connecting areas ofproduction with markets and connecting these with each other or withthe State Highways & National Highways. It also connects Talukaheadquarters and rural areas to District headquarters within the state.

Major District Roads

State/UT

Single

lane

(km)

Intermediate

lane (km)

Double

lane (km)

Multilane

(km)

Total

(km)

Kerala 18900

Tamil

Nadu4,797 757 1,761 47 7,362

The rural roads in India forms a substantial portion of the Indian roadnetwork. These roads are in poor shape, affecting the ruralpopulation's quality of life and Indian farmer's ability to transferproduce to market post-harvest. Over 30 percent of Indian farmer'sharvest spoils post-harvest because of the poor infrastructure. Manyrural roads are of poor quality, potholed, and unable to withstand theloads of heavy farm equipment. These roads are also far from allseason, good quality 2-lane or 4-lane highways, making economicresource flow slow, and logistical costs between different parts ofIndia one of the highest in the world.

For the development of these rural roads, Pradhan Mantri GramSadak Yojana (or "Prime Minister Rural Roads Scheme"), waslaunched in December 2000 by the Indian government to provideconnectivity to unconnected rural habitations. The scheme envisionsthat these roads will be constructed and maintained by the villagepanchayats.

In some parts of India, where the government has attempted tomanage it directly as a local social spending program, this programhas produced limited results and no lasting change over 10 years, in

either the quality or quantity of rural road network.[35]

In other parts of India, the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojanaand a sister program named Bharat Nirman (or Build India) haveprivatized the rural road construction projects and deployedcontractors. The effort has aimed to build all-season, single lane,paved asphalted roads that connect India's rural and remote areas. Asignificant portion of funding for these projects has come from the World Bank and Asian Development

Bank.[36] This has produced results, which are presented in the table below.

Rural road network in India, trends over 10 years[34]

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A rural road in Jharkhand, an eastern

state of India

Buldhana road, a rural road joing two

Tehsils in Vidarbha, Maharashtra.

Rural road network in India, trends over 10 years[34]

Kilometersin 2001

Kilometersas of May 2011

Kilometersunder construction in 2011

Total rural roads 2.7 million 3.1 million 0.1 million

Paved, not maintained rural roads 0.5 million

Unpaved rural roads 2.2 million 1.9 million

Paved, maintained rural roads 728,871 53,634

New rural roads 322,900 82,743

In a 2011 report, The Economist noted the rural road scheme andMahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee to be India'sbiggest single welfare project, costing over $8 billion a year. Alone, iteats up over 3% of all public spending in India. The report claimsJairam Ramesh, the minister in charge of the central governmentdepartment administering the program, criticises uneven, patchyimplementation of the scheme. He describes wasteful construction ofitems such as roads that quickly crumble away. The results, in manyareas, fall short of the huge sums spent. The funds aimed to employlocal villagers through their panchayats is not changing the quality ofrural roads, rather ending up in wasteful spending and corruptgovernment officials’ pockets. The gloomiest estimates suggest two-

thirds of allocated scheme funds is being squandered. A review published by the Ministry in September 2011found that skilled technicians were unavailable at almost every site. There were rules banning the use ofmachinery or contractors, labour is usually by shovel, resulting in patchy construction of roads, drains, ponds,dams and other assets that are of very poor quality. The government scheme has failed to improve India's awfulrural infrastructure. These rural roads get washed away each monsoon, only to be rebuilt, badly, the following

year.[37]

Issues

The main roads in India are under huge pressure and in great need ofmodernisation in order to handle the increased requirements of theIndian economy. In addition to maintenance, the expansion of thenetwork and widening of existing roads is becoming increasinglyimportant. This would then enable the roads to handle increasedtraffic, and also allow for a corresponding increase in the averagemovement speed on India's roads.

In 2009, lane capacity was low and only about 16% of India's roads

were four lanes or above.[13] A 2007 study found that the congestionon India's highways reduced average truck and bus speeds to 30–40 km/h (19–25 mph); road maintenance was under-funded, andsome 40 percent of villages in India lacked access to all-weather

roads.[3] While the PMGSY rural road program mentioned above has, by 2011, connected 90 percent of

villages identified in 2005 as without access,[34] many remote villages in India were still without access to asingle lane, paved road as of May 2011.

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Road near Chintoor in Khammam

District, Andhra Pradesh

A 4-lane expressway added in the

state of Karnataka, India

Delhi Gurgaon Expressway in

northern India, in India's effort to

modernise its road network

The World Health Organization compilation of road network safety data for major economies found India to

have the highest number of road fatalities in the World, with 105,000 road-accident caused deaths in 2006.[38]

However, adjusted for India's larger population, the accident and fatalities rates are similar to major economies.Over 2004–2007, India had a road fatality rate of 132 deaths per million citizens, compared to 131 deaths permillion citizens in the United States. Non-fatal accident rates reported on Indian roads was 429 accidents permillion citizens, compared to 412 accidents per million citizens inChina, and 1101 accidents per million citizens in the United States.The report notes that not all accidents in India and China are reportedand recorded.

The low road densities per 1000 people has created significantcongestion and slow speeds on existing roads inside cities. Because ofthe congestion, the fuel efficiency of the vehicles in India is very low.This increases the overall fuel consumption per equivalent kilometertravelled, besides resulting in heavy pollution since the engines run

very inefficiently at such low speeds.[39] Pollutants from poor roadnetwork and resultant poor fuel efficiencies include hydrocarbons,NOx, SOx, methane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide – all ofwhich cause health problems, adverse climate effects and related environmental damage.

Due to rising prices of petroleum, a non-renewable resource, some have urged the Indian government to focus

instead on improving public transport like the Indian Railways and rapid transit systems.[40] Many cities haveproposed, or are implementing metros and mass transit systems.

Efforts in India to address issues related to road network

India's recent efforts tobuild modern highways andimprove its road networkhas made a significantdifference in truckinglogistics. According toDHL, a global logisticscompany, the average timeto truck shipments fromNew Delhi to Bengaluru(Bangalore), a 2000+kilometre journey, haddropped in 2008, to about

five days.[41] By 2010, the average time to complete a road trip fromNew Delhi to Mumbai, a 1400+ kilometer journey, had dropped to about 35 hours. In contrast, a similarjourney takes about half the time in China, and one third in European Union countries.

In a 2010 report, KPMG – one of the world's largest audit and advisory services company – noted marked

improvements in Indian road network and logistics efficiencies in recent years.[42] The report also identified thecompetitive challenges faced by India. Some findings of this report include:

The average road speed in India has increased to 30–40 kilometers per hour. The worldwide average

road speed, which includes China, ranges between 60–80 kilometers per hour.Four lane road network in India has increased to 7,000 kilometers. China, in comparison, has 34,000

kilometers of equivalent quality four lane roads.

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NH5 – Another highway recently built

in India

NH7 – section of NSEW Corridor

highway in south India

Average surface freight costs have dropped to US$0.07 perkilometer. Japan, in comparison, has average surface freight

costs of US$0.037 per kilometer.

The KPMG report also notes that India's road network logistics andtransportation bottlenecks hinder its GDP growth by one to twopercent (US$16 billion – US$32 billion). In India's 2010 per capitaincome basis, this is equivalent to a loss of about 10 million new jobsevery year.

Poor rural roads and traffic congestion inside the cities remains achallenge in India. The planned addition of over 12,000 kilometers ofexpressways in the next 10 years may help address some of suchissues.

The constraints and issues with Indian road network differ from onestate to another. Some states, such as Gujarat, have remarkablybetter road network than others.

See also

Fact sheet on IndiaNational Highways Development Project

List of National Highways in IndiaList of National Highways in India (by Highway Number)

Border Roads OrganisationNational Highways Authority of IndiaTransport in India

Gallery of Indian road network

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References

1. ̂a b "Annual Report 2010–11" (http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=414) (PDF). Ministry of Road Transportand Highways, Government of India. p. 1. Retrieved 3 April 2013.

2. ^ "Roads, paved" (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.ROD.PAVE.ZS). The World Bank. 2008.

3. ̂a b c "India Transport Sector"(http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/0,,contentMDK:20703625~menuPK:868822~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.html). World Bank.

4. ^ "India en route for grand highways" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3043235.stm). BBC News.

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External links

Ministry for Shipping, Road Transport and Highways (http://www.morth.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=135&langid=2)

National Highway Authority of India (http://www.nhai.org)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_road_network&oldid=568542438"

Categories: Roads in India Road transport in India

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