PROJECT REPORT

ON

FINGER PRINT BASED ELECTRONIC

VOTING MACHINE

SESSION: 2013-2014

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

BINIT KUMAR SINGH Mr. R.N.SHUKLA

ANKUR SINGH

VIBHAV KUMAR

AMBUJ YADAV

JYOTI DIXIT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

GORAKHPUR. (273010)

.

LIST OF CONTENTS

Introduction

General electric repair shop

4.5 KV alternator

Regulator/ rectifier unit

Description of different types of motors

Train lighting shop

Air conditioning shop

Power house

Diesel electric power plant

Electric Traction

SCADA

INDIAN RAILWAYS

INTRODUCTION

Indian railway is an Indian state owned enterprise, owned and operated by government of

India through the ministry of railways. It is one of the world’s largest railway network

comprising 1,15,000 km. of track over a route of 65,000 km. and 7,500 stations as of dec,

2012. It transports over 25 million passengers daily.

Railway was first introduced to India in 1853 from Bombay to Thane. In 1951 the systems

were nationalised as one unit. Its operation covers 24 states and 3 union territories and also

provides limited international services to Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan.

North Eastern Railways is one of the 16 railway zones in India. It is head-quartered at

Gorakhpur and comprises Lucknow and Varanasi divisions as well as reorganized Izzatnagar

division. The present NE Railways after reorganization of railway zones in 2002.

NER has 3402.46 route km. with 486 stations. NER primarily serves the areas of UP,

Uttarakhand and Western districts of Bihar.

GENERAL ELECTRIC REPAIR SHOP

Different types of electric motors, electric generators, welding transformers are repaired

and overhauled in the general electric repairing shop.

There are separate sections in this shop to perform different tasks:

Alternator overhauling and rewinding section

Alternator testing section

Electric POH and testing lab section

Electric motor rewinding section

Vacuum impregnation plant and furnace section

Welding plant overhauling section

DG set repair section

Electroplating section

4.5 KVA ALTERNATOR

Technical description:

Voltage 120 V dc

Current 37.5 A

Cut in speed 358 rpm

Minimum speed for full output 550-600 rpm

Maximum speed 2500 rpm

Setting on regulator voltage setting 124 V dc

Current setting 37.5 A

Principle of operation:

Alternator consists of two sets of windings namely ac windings and field windings both

accommodated in the stator. The ac windings are distributed in small slots and field

windings are concentrated in two slots. Each field coil spans half the total no. of slots.

Ac coils are connected in star and field coils are connected in series. The rotor consisting of

stack stampings resembles a cogged wheel having 8 sets of teeth and slots uniformly

distributed on the rotor surface.

The core of the stator which is completely embraced by a field coil will retain residual

magnetism if excited by a battery once. The flux produced by the field coil finds its path

through the rotor .This flux which varies periodically links with ac coil and induces

alternating voltages in the coil.

The frequency of induced voltage depends on the speed of rotor.

REGULATOR/ RECTIFIER UNIT

The regulator / rectifier unit has following main functions:

Rectifying the three phase ac output of the alternator to dc by using full wave

rectifier-bridge.

Regulating the voltage generated by alternator at set value.

Regulating the output current at set value.

The regulator unit consists of following basic parts

Power rectifier

Voltage regulator

Excitation transformer

Voltage detector

Magnetic amplifier

Free-wheeling diode

Rectifier-bridge

Current regulation circuit

Overvoltage protection circuit

DIAGRAM OF RECTIFIR CIRCUIT

DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOTORS

Condenser motor: this motor is used in coaches for driving fans. The specifications are as

follows:

Voltage 110 V

Power 1.25 HP

Current 9.1 A

Winding type wave winding

Blower motor: it is a dc series motor used in ac coaches.

Voltage 110 V

Power .65 HP

Rotor winding wave winding

Three phase slip ring IM: its specifications are as follows:

Watts 4.5KW

Speed 240 rpm

Power 6HP

TRAIN LIGHTING SHOP

This shop mainly deals with the periodical overhaul of the fans, batteries and rotatory

switches used in trains. The basic details of the equipments overhauled in this shop are as

follows:

DC FANS:

This type of fan is mainly used in the general and sleeper compartments of the train. Dc

series motor is used in these types of fans. It works on 110 V dc supply.

AC FANS:

This type of fan is used in ac compartments. It is a single phase capacitor run type fan. The

motor used is an induction motor.

The ratings are:

Voltage 230 V

Current .5 A

Speed 350 rpm

The stator winding is divided into two parts auxiliary winding and main winding.

BATTERIES:

Batteries are one of the most important requirements of the train. When train stops an

alternator stops working the batteries take the full responsibility of train lighting. These cells

are designed for rugged service.

AIR CONDITIONING SHOP

In this shop repairing and maintenance of ac coaches is done. This shop has following

sections:

Compressor section

Alternator section

Alternator testing section

Battery section

Evaporator and condenser repairing section

R/R panel repairing section

Principle of ac conditioning

It works on the principle of refrigeration cycle.

Refrigeration cycle:

1. Compressor: it sucks vapour refrigerant at low temp/ low pressure from evaporator

and after compressing sends to condenser at high temp/ high pressure.

2. Condenser: it cools high temp/ high pressure and changes vapour refrigerant into

liquid.

3. Expansion valve: it decreases the pressure of liquid refrigerant and also controls the

flow of liquid.

4. Evaporator: here liquid refrigerant takes the heat from outside and makes the

environment cool .Now the liquid refrigerant is changed into vapour and again send

to compressor. This cycle is repeated again and again and cooled air is obtained

continuously.

Properties of good refrigerant:

1. It should have lower boiling point

2. It should have high latent heat

3. It should have high freezing point

4. It should be non-inflammable, non-explosive and non-poisonous

Types of ac coaches:

Under slung ac coaches: in this type of ac coaches whole system is beneath the

coach. So there is a high probability of accident. Compressor that is used here is also

huge in size.

RMPU ac coaches: this type of ac coaches are manufactured nowadays because it is

small, compact and more reliable than the first one. In this type of coaches the

whole system is at the roof of the coach. In one ac coach two units are placed, if by

chance one fails the other can cool the coach.

VRLA battery:

VRLA battery system is designed in such a way that the negative plates are never fully

charged even when the cell is fully charged and hence almost no hydrogen gas is generated

from negative plate though oxygen is generated from positive plate.

Alternator:

There are two ratings of alternator 18 KW and 25 KW. 18 KW is used in under slung coach

and 25KW is used in RMPU coach.

DIAGRAM OF VRLA BATTERY

POWER HOUSE

Power is supplied to the entire workshop with the help of two feeders North and South. If

any fault occurs in any one of the two feeders then the total supply is given by the other

feeder. The two feeders take supply from 3.3 KV and 11 KV. The details of transformers:

For 3.3 KV incoming

11/3.3 KV, 750 KVA

Installed on oct, 1969

For 3.3 KV incoming

11/3.3 KV, 750 KVA

Installed on oct, 1961

For 500 KVA DG set

11/3.3 KV, 750 KVA

Installed on oct, 1961

Reinstalled 1997

Disconnected from 11KV supply

11/3.3 KV, 1000 KVA

4 auxiliary and office 3.3/44 KV

500 KVA installed on jan, 1958

DIESEL ELECTRIC POWER PLANT:

It is a poniard plant in which a diesel engine is used as a prime mover for generation of

electrical energy. The diesel engine obtains energy from a liquid usually called diesel oil and

converts it into mechanical energy. An alternator or a dc generator mechanically coupled to

the diesel engine to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

A diesel electric power plant is also included in this workshop to supply the electric power in

absence of both North and South feeders. It works to generate the required electrical power

for the workshop.

Diesel engine:

This is the main component of power plant which develops power. This may be horizontal or

vertical type. The horizontal type diesel engine is used in this workshop. These engines are

available in low, medium and high ranges. Speeds commonly used are in the range of 500-

1000 rpm. Rating of engine which should be specified correctly is the net output in KW

developed continuously at the crank-shaft coupling by the engine in the good operating

conditions at a height of less than 450 m. at a temperature of 32 deg. C and barometric

pressure 717.5 mm of HG.

DIAGRAM OF DIESEL ENGINE