Indian Ocean Basin

Map Link: Portuguese/Spanish Spice Routes:

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/1280px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png>

Horn of Africa and east coast

Berbera and Land of the Zanj

8th c. Start of Muslim settlement on east coastof Africa

Map Link: Africa in 979:

<http://www.timemaps.com/store/timemaps/2012/12/newafrica_ad979.jpg>

8th c. Start of Muslim settlement in S. Asia

10th c. Muslim traders on Malabar coast

11th c. Muslim states in S. Asia

Map Link: South Asia in 1215:

<http://www.timemaps.com/store/timemaps/2012/4/newsouthasia_ad1215.jpg>

“The Lands below the winds”

Strait of Melaka (Malacca)

Sunda Strait

Map Link: Southeast Asia:

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Southeast_asia.svg/506px-Southeast_asia.svg.png>

Themes:

Trade

Conversion

Conflict

Activities of merchants

Bantu Swahili (Sahel)

Intermarriage

Deeper spread in Horn of Africa

Map Link: Africa in 1453:

<http://www.timemaps.com/store/timemaps/2012/4/africa_ad1453.jpg>

Activities of merchants

End 15th c. Many conversions on Malabarcoast

Mappilas (Moplahs)

Map Link: South Asia in 1453:

<http://www.timemaps.com/store/timemaps/2012/4/newsouthasia_ad1453.jpg>

Activities of merchants in 13th-16th c.

Aceh Java

“Orthodoxy” vs. custom

Tolerance

Map Link: Southeast Asia in 1453:

<http://www.timemaps.com/store/timemaps/2012/4/seasia_ad1453.jpg>

1492 Spanish take Granada, end Muslim statesin Iberia

1498 Vasco de Gama rounds Cape of GoodHope, reaches Malabar Coast

Portuguese/Spanish crusade against Islam

1570 Spanish take Manila. Conquest ofPhilippines follows (Philip II, r. 1556-98)

Early 17th c. English and Dutch fight fordominance in Southeast Asia (Dutch win)

Monopoly, through force if necessary

Map Link: Southeast Asia in 1648:

<http://www.timemaps.com/store/timemaps/2012/7/seasia_ad1648.jpg>

Reactions:

16th c. Mappilas respond to Portuguesecrusade with modified jihad

Islam as symbol of resistance

Decline of Southeast Asian Islam underDutch:

Cutting out the middlemen – decline ofMuslim merchant class

Controlling prices – impoverishment ofcities

Breakdown of communications

Sidi (Seydi) Ali Reis (1498-1563)

Ottoman admiral commissioned by sultan tofight Portuguese in Indian Ocean

Unintended travels in India and elsewhere in1553-56, incl. meeting Mughal EmperorHumayun (r. 1530-56)

Mir’at al-Memalik (The Mirror of the Countries,1557)