Indian National Solar Mission

7/24/2019 Indian National Solar Mission

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JAWAHARLAL NEHRU

NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION

India2010-2022


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The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission,

is a major initiative of the Government of India

and State Governments to promote ecologicallysustainable growth while addressing Indias

energy security challenge.

It will also constitute a major contribution byIndia to the global effort to meet the challenges

of climate change.

This is one of the several initiatives that arepart of National Action Plan on Climate Change.

The program was officially inaugurated in 2010

by Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh.


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India to install 20GW of solar power generation

capacity by 2022.

National Solar Mission (NSM) has laid down aroad map for achieving a target for off grid solarenergy applications, reaching 2GW by 2022; 20

million square meters solar thermal collectorarea; and deploying 20 million solar lightingsystems for rural areas by 2022. The successfulimplementation of the NSM can vastly benefit

module suppliers, solar PV/ solar thermal-basedindependent power producers (IPPs), and systemintegrators.


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Solar Photovoltaic Electricity

Indian Perspective-2010


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PV systems

are easily transportable and Installable. can be used to generate electricity

where it will be used,

even at locations the electric griddoesnt reach.

PV is also modular, so installations can

be scaled to the appropriate size for agiven use


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Solar energy can be integrated into virtually

every part of Indian life the homes we live in,

the offices where we work,

the farms and factories that produce theproducts we buy, and

the schools where our children learn.

With creativity and sound public policy,

solar energy can make a major contribution

to Indias energy future.


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Solar radiation

An intermittent perennial diffuse

source of energy


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The Thar

Desert in India

is also a

promising

location for a

solar energy.


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INDIA: Insolation: kWh per Sq-mt per day & Salinity> 1500 mg/l


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An example of a complete set of beam normal

insolation data for a given location is shown in Figure


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Science & technology of solar

Cells & ModulesTypes of silicon solar cells

(Mono- crystalline, multi- crystalline, and

Amorphous, Thin film)

Energy efficiency


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In solar photovoltaics, sunlight is converted into

electricity using a device called solar cell

A solar cell is a

semiconducting device

made up of silicon or

other materials, whichwhen exposed to

sunlight, generates

electricity.


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Magnitude of the current generated

depends on


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Capacities of SPV

modules

SPV modules of various capacitiesareavailable, and are being used for a variety of

applications. Theoretically, a PV module of

any capacity (voltage and current) rating can

be fabricated. However, the standard

capacities available in the country range from

5 Wp to 120 Wp. The voltage output of a PVmodule depends on the number of solar cells

connected in series inside the module.


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Energy efficiency

A solar cell's energy conversion efficiency (,"eta"), is the percentage of power converted

(from absorbed light to electrical energy) and

collected, when a solar cell is connected to anelectrical circuit. This term is calculated using the

ratio of Pm, divided by the input light

irradiance under "standard" test conditions (E, inW/m2) and the surface area of the solar

cell (Ac in m).


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Standard Current-Voltage (I-V) Curve

The I-V Curve is an important technical aspectof a solar module, the basis for understanding

all PV array design. It represents thepossible

values of output current (I) and voltage (V)

that a solar module can deliver under specific

environmental conditions.


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Standard Current-Voltage (I-V) Curve


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Reading the I-V Curve

If the module is outputting to a 12-voltbattery, you can determine the watts outputto the battery from the graph. Read up from12 volts to the IV curve and then over to the

Amperes scale to find that the current outputwould be about 5.9 amps. Sincepower (in

watts) equals voltage times current, this

means that the module would be outputtinginto the battery at a rate of about 71 watts.


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Inverter fundamentals

The inverters transform the DC power from

solar modules into AC power to match the grid

and be useful for most house loads.

The inverter is a power conditioner that creates

pure sine wave power (AC.) This power is

cleaner than the grid because it is conditioned

right on site.


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Maximum Power Point Tracking

(MPPT).

Inverters also maximize the power output of thesolar array in a function known as MaximumPower Point Tracking (MPPT). Solar modulesproduce the power at the voltage they are

connected to. The maximum power point voltage changes as

the sun moves throughout the day and thecurrent (amps) gets higher and lower.

This allows the inverter to produce the mostamount of power at any given time without fryingits circuitry.


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Inverter failure

Inverters are the one component that needs to be replaced

periodically. Most systems installed today use a single inverterfor the entire system, so when it fails, the whole system stops

providing electricity to the home.

Possibly with an inverter for each panel or small group of

panels may be a solution. This has several advantages:

If an inverter fails, only one panel of the system will be affected,

which will be reported in our daily monitoring.

This allows for better scalability, in that we do not need to have

different inverter capacities for different system sizes. The efficiency of the system is improved, since DC loses more

energy than AC going through a wire.


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Available space

A crucial factor is having enough space in the sunwith the proper orientation.

The average home needs about a 5 kW system tooffset their annual usage.

To calculate the physical size of this system, youcan use this simple rule of thumb:

10 W / ft2 of space

A 5 kW system covers about 500 ft2 of roof orground area.

5000 W / 10 W/ft2 = 500 ft2


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Charge controllers/regulators -1

Why do you need a controller?

Main function is to fully charge a batterywithout permitting overcharge. If a solar arrayis connected to lead acid batteries with no

overcharge protection, battery life will becompromised. Simple controllers contain arelay that opens a charging circuit terminatingthe charge at a pre-set high voltage and once

a pre-set low voltage is reached, closes thecircuit, allowing charging to continue.


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Charge controllers/regulators - 2

More sophisticated controllers have several

stages and charging sequences to assure the

battery is being fully charged. The first 70% to

80% of battery capacity is easily replaced. It is

the last 20% to 30% that requires more

attention and therefore more capacity.


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Charge controllers/regulators -3

The circuitry in a controller reads the voltageof the battery to determine the state of

charge.

Designs and circuits vary, but most controllers

read voltage to reduce the amount of power

flowing into the battery as the battery nears

full charge.


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Standards for balance of system

components


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SPV Power Plant


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solar electric generating plant

The largest solar electricgenerating plant in theworld produces amaximum of 354

megawatts (MW) ofelectricity and is locatedat Kramer Junction,California. It produces

electricity for the gridsupplying the greaterLos Angeles area.


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The top five in solar technology utilisation

for Solar PV Grid connected are:

Germany

Japan

U S A

Spain

France


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PV power output management can be achieved with battery or other


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PV power output management can be achieved with battery or other

electrochemical storage, pumped hydroelectric storage, or with diesel-

generator backup.


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Handbook of photovoltaic science and engineering


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p g g

Antonio Luque, Steven Hegedus

John Wiley and Sons, 2003 - 1138pages

Handbook of Photovoltaic Scienceand Engineeringincorporates themost recent technologicaladvances and researchdevelopments in Photovoltaics. Alltopics relating to the photovoltaic

(PV) industry are discussed andeach chapter has been written byan internationally-known expert inthe field.

Photovoltaic solar energy generationAdolf Goetzberger, Volker U. Hoffmann


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Springer, 2005 - Technology

& Engineering - 232 pages This comprehensive description

and discussion of photovoltaics(PV) is presented at a level thatmakes it accessible to theinterested academic. Starting

with an historical overview, thetext outlines the relevance ofphotovoltaics today and in thefuture. Then follows anintroduction to the physicalbackground of solar cells and

the most important materialsand technologies, withparticular emphasis ..

g ,

An important reference book for PV

S


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Systems

Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics:Fundamentals and Applications

Edited by: Tom Markvart and Luis Castaner

[2003]

Solar PV for Electricity


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y

Photovoltaic Systems: Analysis and Design, by A.K

Mukerjee and Nivedita Thakur, PHI Learning PvtLtd, E E Edition, N. Delhi. 2011

Solar Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technologiesand Applications, 2ndEdition, Chetan SinghSolanki, PHI Learning Pvt Ltd, E E Edition, N.Delhi. 2011

Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, Roger

Messenger and Jerry Ventre, 2nd

Edition, CRCPress, Boca Raton.2003


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