Indian Journal of Arts PERSPECTIVE · Page 54 BIO-STRUCTURAL ANALOGUES IN FURNITURE :...

Bio-structural analogues in furniture : transforma-tional potential of chair design as can be found inRafflesia structures

Publication HistoryReceived: 7 July 2015Accepted: 14 September 2015Published: 1 December 2015

CitationFu Chew Xiang, Zulkifli B Muslim, Mohd Sharizal Dolah. Bio-structural analogues in furniture : transfor-mational potential of chair design as can be found in Rafflesia structures. Indian Journal of Arts, 2015,5(16), 53-65

Indian Journal of Arts PERSPECTIVE

International Quarterly Journal for ArtsISSN 2320 – 6659 EISSN 2320 – 687X© 2015 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved

BIO-STRUCTURAL ANALOGUES IN FURNITURE :TRANFORMATIONAL POTENTIAL OF CHAIR DESIGN AS CAN

BE FOUND IN RAFFLESIA STRUCTURES

Fu Chew Xiang1 , Zulkifli B Muslim2and Mohd Sharizal Dolah3

1Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, [email protected] Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, [email protected]

3Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, [email protected]

ABSTRACT. The aim of this literature review paper is to explore bio-structural analogues in furniture, focusing on discovering the transforma-tional potential of chair design as can be found in Rafflesia structures. Therationale behind this research problem is to bridging the gap between Trans-formational Design Theory, Rafflesia morphology and plant analogues chairdesign. By incorporating a qualitative design methodology and a critical andcomprehensive review of a range of recently published literature sources(until December 2014) addressing various issues related to the transforma-tion process , Rafflesia Azlanii and plant analogues chair, hence this re-search unearths insights about the Transformation Principles, macroscopicand microscopic morphology of Rafflesia endemic to Malaysia resources,and discussion on the latest plant analogues design. It is hoped that the anal-ysis , as captured in this paper, will highlight the different transformationprocess in chair development. The paper will be of interest to researchers inthe areas of plant analogues design, enable learning environments, in gener-al. Further, the finding of this paper demonstrates how the analysis of aca-demic literature sources has been combined with commentaries and opi-nions on the journals and articles to develop this literature review. Thereforeit fulfills an identified information/resources of Transformation DesignTheory, design analogy of Rafflesia and chair to offer practical help to stu-dents/academicians/ designers starting out a plant analogues design direc-tion. It is a very useful source of information and impartial advice which itscontributions may be commercialized and influence learning and teachingstrategies in higher and further education specifically institutions that areconsidering the use of Rafflesia cellular structure in chair design.

Keywords: Transformation Design Theory, Transformation Principle, Raf-flesia, Rafflesia morphology, plant analogues design, chair design, Malaysiaidentity design, transformer, design analogy

INTRODUCTION

The comprehensive review of the literature outlined the definitions on three main factorsaffecting the study, namely transformation principle, Rafflesia flower and plant analogues inrelation to each. The paper explores bio-structural analogues in furniture, more specificallyfocusing on discovering the transformational potential of chair design as can be found in Raf-flesia structures. This review will analyse transformational design theories, Rafflesia mor-phology and plant design analogue. This literature review is structured in a few phases (table1).

Table 1. Phases of Literature Review.

PHASE I DEFINING PROBLEMS/GAP

This section identifying the research gap as the point of departure for further study and ithelps to formulate the research questions.

Science, Technology and Design

Multiple studies have been conducted to fill up the gap between science and technology, ina recent study (Bokova, 2010) also promoting the world leaders to invest in science and tech-nology in order to support sustainable development. These studies progressing in a way that islikely to result in success, the positive benefits of science and technology can be seen in latest“new blood” (Barras, 2015) found by the UK National Health Service whereby this artificialblood made from stem cells could replicate real blood by 2017.

The researcher see a close relationship between design, science and technology from thestudies above and realises the benefits of formulating new theories to develop existing chairstructures. However, little did the researcher knows, not many studies have been conductedfor furniture design that can hear about a hybrid of science and transformation technology. Abio-structural analogues furniture that deserves research recognition is unique and highlyvalued in sustainable furniture design. A variety of biomimicry (nature-inspired solutions) areavailable in the furniture market however detailed documentation in recording the designanalogy and its process are hardly found. Therefore, it has shed light on an even bigger ques-tion on why this research study must be conducted. Recapping S. Rajasekar (2013), researchacts as the fountain of knowledge and give guidance to fill up the gaps and providing answersto questions. This research study not only providing guidance for chair structures design, italso identify the morphological analogy of Rafflesia and transformational theory. Despite theresult in success the researcher had been carrying on regardless. The research will lead to newlifestyle and makes the chair design pleasant and impressive (S. Rajasekar, 2013).

Motivation. This section will address the following research questions:

What is design through transformation and how transformation facilitates chairdesign?

How is analogue defined? What are the advantages and disadvantages of an ana-logue chair design?

What are the benefits of creating a new Rafflesia plant structure/form analoguechair and how can we achieve it?

Research Question No.1 and 2 sought to address the design through transformation approach-es to draw an analogy between Rafflesia plant structure/form and chair design. The latter re-search question provides insights about the characteristic and growth principle of Rafflesiastructure/form endemic to Malaysia resources; transformation process design theory that mayinfluence the analogy between Rafflesia cellular structure/form and chair design as a Malay-

sia identity product; also its benefits and guidelines to students/educators/designers of usingRafflesia cellular structure as an analogy that facilitates the development of chair design.

PHASE II LITERATURE REVIEW

This section will review the research subjects in the context on the transformation designtheory, bio-structural analogues structures, Rafflesia morphology and design analogy in de-tails.

Transformation Design Theory and its Principles

An established research by Brandon (2007) notably the transformation theory,encapsulated in a set of transformation principles. Collectively, these principles whenembodied singly, creating a transformation. These transformation principles would constitutea developing theory of design for transformation (Carolyn, 2006). The following examplesadopted from Vikramjit Singh (2009) bring out different sets of mechanical transformationderived from the transformation principles. Consequently, these principles aid to the trans-former chair as raised in the Research Question No.1.

a. b. c.

Figure 1. Examples of Expand/Collapse.(Source: Vikramjit Singh, 2009)

a. b. c.

Figure 2. Examples of Expose/Cover(Source: Vikramjit Singh, 2009)

a. b. c.

Figure 3. Examples of Fuse/Divide(Source: Vikramjit Singh, 2009)

From the above , it has clearly defined the meaning of the transformation principle withparticular examplar from chairs, natural analogies and products. It is evident that chair designgrows over a period of time and becoming more advanced, complete , would develop anddevelop fast with the potential of transformation theory.

Innovation in Design through Transformation

Preliminary observations by Jason Weaver (2010) claimed that transformation makesthings truly portable. These products that transform are now called transformer in this paper.Transformation design theory works well with the furniture piece in order to enhance itsfeatures and make it a value-added home piece. Apart from its original function (a surface tobe seated), this theory has given the chair a new function with its portable characteristic.

A transformer by Sebastian Errazuriz, has successfully showed the unfurlable side of aslatted cabinet. Users have the alternative ways of opening the Wave Cabinet (Figure 4) bypulling back one of the many slats along its length to make an opening (Howarth, 2014).Hence, this cabinet has set a new lifestyle and trend which the beauty in it is the dynamicmovement from the cabinet opening, it could be an inspiration for other furniture design.

Figure 4. The Wave Cabinet by Sebastian Errazuriz(Source: Howarth, 2014)

Why Transformer

Vikramjit Singh (2009) had carried out studies identifying the analogies in existing nature,patents, and products in different settings and cicumstances based on their roles in generaltransformations to support his hypothesis as the element of innovative design process. Thishas shed a light on the importance of transformational chair design in which the researcherattempts to establish the transformation process design theory and Rafflesia cellular structureanalogue in Malaysia chair design. Therefore, this study is no more than an overture to anunderstanding of transformation design principles in mechanical design in which it could beapplied in chair design.

Brandon Walther (2007) stated that the benefits of transformer comes form theirpossibility of changing/ converting themselves into a different configuration and enhance newperformance , all within one system. He also mentioned that, transformer is a product with

refined simplicity, fidelity and consistency. In another major study by Vikramjit Singh (2009)who found that transformers are more user-friendly compared with a single primary-functionproduct. Yet, there are more advantages to be discussed as listed below :

A transformer performs better functions between states that might seems im-possible for a single primary-function product.

Manufacturing cost and sales price are reduced compared with the costs of aset of single primary-function product.

A transformer comes in a lighter weight due to its compacted design. It facilitates new design solution for products that serve a wide variety of

functions. It cuts down complexity and deployment time for many designs.

Rafflesia, Malaysia Identity

Many scholars have stated that Rafflesia Azlanii is an Malaysia endemic species, according toKian (2010), Rafflesia Azlanii is a newly discovered species by Meijer (1997) from PenisularMalaysia. In another major study, Latiff and Wong (2003) found that Rafflesia Azlanii haslarger perigone blotches and it is endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. All the studies reviewed sofar successfully described the Rafflesia Azlanii is able to bring out a sense of Malaysiaidentity and good to be used as an analogue of Malaysia identity itself. Building on from theidea above, a few examples from Malaysia illustrate that Rafflesia is known as one of thesignificant item/element expressing the notion of Malaysia. For instance, Ringgit Malaysia(the currency of Malaysia) (Figure 5) issued by the new central bank , Bank NegaraMalaysia(2011), Ringgit Malaysia Sepuluh carried the image of Rafflesia. In December 2014,Kuala Lumpur hosted the world’s biggest stamp exhibition in KL Convention Centre (Star,2014) . A stamp of Rafflesia and Hibiscus flower are featured under Fauna miniature sheets topromote Malaysia stamp development and to show the country’s profound postal history.With the above mentioned observation, once again it shows that Rafflesia is of paramountimportance in helping to promote Malaysia Identity, therefore it has made a major identifica-tion to the magnitude of having a bio-structural analogues furniture using Rafflesia.

Figure 5. Rafflesia Printed on Ringgit Malaysia(Source: Bank Negara Malaysia, 2011)

Figure 6. Rafflesia Featured on Postage Stamp(Source: Star, 2014)

Macroscopic and Microscopic Morphology

In recent years, there is a large volume of published studies describing the fungalmorphology and characteristic based on the type of conidiophores, size, shape of conidia ,growth rate and et cetera which were identified as Colletotrichum species. In a study of

Refaei (2011) , they presented a detailed description of Rafflesia macroscopic andmicroscopic morphology. In their studies, they identified features for each genus as the Figure7. The conidia microscopic morphology will be used as the analogy pattern in the structuraldesign.

Figure 7. Macroscopic and microscopic morphology – 9,13,17 Colony surface,10,14,18 Colony Reverse, 11,15,19 Conidia, and 12,16,20 Appressoria and 21 Secondary

Appressoria(Source: Refaei, 2011)

Plant Analogues

The concept of plant analogy has gradually expanded according to Lim (2009). In his setof experiments, plant morphology was studied and analysed to be used as a fundamental ofstructural development. The plant structural development will then be used as a basic forstructural configuration to achieve strength through plant analogues form. In addition, theworld’s first curved “Double Helix” Pedestrian Bridge in Singapore which resemblance to theDNA structure to form a tubular structure (Cox, 2009), proven that the structure of DNA pro-vides an inherent strength to support the pedestrian bridge for the ideal curved form. In theabove observation, structural analogues will be a definite advantage to provide good strengthsupport. These analogues design from distinctive field of study and experience have creatednew design solutions in another. A few example of plant analogues in architecture, reportedby Lim (2009) are summarised in table 2 to show the structural analogues form.

Table 2. Plant Structural Analogues Form.

Plant Name Plant Structure Structural Analogues Form

Family Arecaceae

Genus Dyptis Mada-gascariensis (Mada-gaspar Palm)

Family Betulaceae

Genus Carpinus Betu-lus (Hornbeam Leaf)

Family Pontederian-ceae

Genus EichhorniaCrassipes (WaterHyacinth)

(Source: Lim, 2009)

Bio Mimicry

In general, design inspired from biological phenomena is called biomimetic design (Shu,2004). In addition, Kemp (2009) mentioned nature is the largest laboratory, the rapidity ofarchitectural believing in digital design technologies developed and applied in biologicallyinspired processes.

Figure 8. Garden by the Bay “Supertrees”(Source: Mok, 2012)

The existing huge biomimetic “Supertrees” are strong evidence (Figure 8) , reffering toMok (2012) , this “ City in a Garden” with great set of structures not only act as a naturalcooling system , its biomimetic design also resemblance the ecological functions of trees, forinstance, it absorbs heat and dirpersing heat, tree analogues watering system and shines atnight with its solar photovoltaics system. In another major study by Lilian (2014) ,she hasdesigned a biomimicry 3D chair by the concept of plant cells (Figure 9). This plant cellsanalogues chair has stronger structural strength based on the flexible areas of seating and theproperties of plant cells. Little materials are needed to have good stiffness (Daal, 2014),again, it is proven that plant analogue structure could increase the structural strength.

Figure 9. Biomimicry Chair by Lilian Van Daal(Source: Daal, 2014)

Hence, biomimetics has great potential in developing new furniture, from there, in thisstudy, the researcher seeks to explore the potential in Rafflesia flower and discover the cellstructure that could be a biomimicry chair. This is supported by a material scientist MichaelRubner (2008), he claimed that biomemetics has entered the curriculum, and now built intoour group culture, each biomimetics design brings you a whole unique set of equipment andideas unlike any other (Mueller, 2008).

Another design , “molecular chair” by Antonio (2013) , he explored the connectionbetween expressive baroque design and scientific perspective. The seating which resemblancethe visual of miscroscopic matter is constructed from wire-frame mesh covered with recycledwool (Senda, 2013). However, this “molecular chair” has the visual impact but it could notsupport weight.

Figure 10. Evolution of the “molecular” Chair(Source: Refaei, 2011)

Last but not least, a Reddot Design Award winner, Robbert Van Embricqs designed “TheRising Chair” focused on the natural shape , a chair can transforms itself. This innovativechair inspired by plant movement is a result of minimalistic design incorporated rubbertechnology and increase firmness ad durability of a flat pack furniture(Embricqs, 2014).

Figure 11. The Rising Chair(Source: Embricqs, 2014)

To recap, there are many advantages incorporating analogy in design, for instance, itimproves sustainability, fast-growing trend , makes better quality of life, enhance theergonomics and aesthetic value of the product. In addition, an analogous design could featurethe properties of the subject being analogued. The benefits from design by analogy wouldmakes comfortable sitting experience and reduce stress, this is supported by Wagner (2014)that an ergonomic chair would maximize back support and helps to keep good posture while

sitting. Thus, an analogous chair not only provides fashinable sense but it also improveeffectiveness and efficiency even for long sitting hours.

PHASE III FILLING THE GAPS AND HOOKING IDEAS

Table 3 shows the significance highlights of literature review from this paper, the gap ofthe research and point of departure.

Table 3. Literature Highlights and Point of Departures.

ResearchSubject

Literature Review Highlights Athor/Year Gap / Point of Departure

Science,Technolo-gy, andDesign

1. science and technologyworks better together

2. invest in science andtechnology to supportsustainable develop-ment

3. stem cells could repli-cate real blood

Lim (2009)

Bokova (2010)

Barras (2015)

1. formulating new theories to develop existing chairstructures

2. a hybrid of science and transformation technology forplant analogues chair

3. a detailed documentation in recording the design anal-ogy and its process

Transfor-mationDesignTheory

Transfor-mationPrinciple

1. converting of state toimprove quality or addon new function

2. the leaf growth andleaf cell patters aretransformable surface

3. nature is the newelement whichcharacterised changethe movement

4. lacks a thoroughmethodology for thepotentialtransformable product

Jason Weaver(2010)

Lim (2009)

Fox(ed)(1996)

Vikramjit(2009)

1. transformation providing a foundation for developingdesign-by-analogy

2. an eclectic collection of problem-solving in design.

3. Transformation can be done by cellular patterns, it helpsimproving chair functionality and usability

4. establish the mechanical transformation process designtheory and Rafflesia cellular structure analogue in Ma-laysia chair design.

5. transformer products have noticeable potential inMalaysia market

RafflesiaFlowerMorphol-ogy

RafflesiaAzlanii

1. Rafflesia Azlanii is anMalaysia endemicspecies

2. Rafflesia is one of thesignificant itemexpressing the notionof Malaysia.

3. detailed description ofRafflesia macroscopicand microscopicmorphology.

Kian (2010)Latiff &Wong(2003)

Star (2014)

Refaei (2011)

1. Rafflesia Azlanii was chosen to be analogued torepresent and promote the identity of Malaysia

2. there is not any biomimicry chair design based onRafflesia morphology

3. Rafflesia made a major identification having a bio-structural analogues furniture

4. the conidia microscopic morphology and characteristicwill be used as the analogy pattern in the structuraldesign.

PlantAnlogues/Biomimi-cry

Chair andDesign

1. plant structural devel-opment will be used asa basic for structuralconfiguration toachieve strengththrough plant ana-logues form

Lim (2009) 1. Another level of Malaysia furniture design

2. provide a strong footing to develop new research

3. innovative idea of Rafflesia analogue chair incorporatingtransformation design theory trigger new pragmatic ap-proach which representing Malaysia identity.

Analogy 2. “Double Helix” Pedes-trian Bridge resem-blance to the DNAstructure provides aninherent strength forthe ideal curved form.

3. plant cells analogueschair has strongerstructural strength

4. Analogies designmaximize theproduction

5. nature is the largestlaboratory,architectural believingin digital designtechnologies developedand applied inbiologically inspiredprocesses.

Cox(2009)

Lilian(2014)Daal (2014)

J.S.Linsey(2006)

Kemp (2009)

4. structural analogues provide good strength support.

5. analogous design feature the properties of the subjectbeing analogued.

6. Analogy in design, improves sustainability, fast-growingtrend , makes better quality of life, enhance theergonomics and aesthetic value of the product.

PHASE IV MAKING CONCLUSION

Clearly, these three main factors which impact upon the design of the Rafflesia inspiredchair from the outer look to the inner structure of it. Innovative idea of Rafflesia Cellular(conidia microscopic) analogue chair incorporating transformation design theory trigger newpragmatic approach which representing Malaysia identity. There will be a new design guid-ance for students, academicians, researchers and designers based on Rafflesia flower mor-phology to provide good strength support, enhance ergonomics, enrich Malaysia culture, andimprove quality of life. A comprehensive and detailed documentation in recording the foun-dation and new theories for a hybrid of science and transformation technology in chair designwould be available for future design reference.

This research area is plagued with limitations due to inconsistencies in transformation de-sign principle selection methodologies and findings, and no standardized definitions plantanalogues design to provide researcher with a common base from which to measure. With thisin mind, future research should be mindful of the methodological flaws from previous re-search and plant analogues design without proper design process documentation. Future re-search is suggested to provide a better basis for biomimicry design relevant to Rafflesiaflower.

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