INDIAN HISTORY – IMPORTANT DATES · 1830 Raja Rammohan Roy visits England. 1833 Death of Raja...

INDIAN HISTORY – IMPORTANT DATES

I. ANCIENTBC2300–1750 Indus Valley Civilization.From 1500 Coming of the Aryans.1200–800 Expansion of the Aryans in the

Ganga Valley.600 Age of the 16 Mahajanapadas of

northern India.563–483 Buddha’s Life-span.540–468 Mahavir’s Life-span.362–321 Nanda dynasty.327–326 Alexander’s invasion of India. It

opened a land route between Indiaand Europe.

322 Accession of ChandraguptaMaurya.

305 Defeat of Seleucus at the hands ofChandragupta Maurya.

273–232 Ashoka’s reign.261 Conquest of Kalinga.145–101 Regin of Elara, the Chola king of

Sri Lanka.58 Beginning of Vikram era.AD78 Beginning of Saka era.78-101 Kanishka’s reign.319–320 Commencement of Gupta era.380 Accession of Chandragupta II

‘Vikramaditya’405–411 Visit of Chinese traveller Fahien.415 Accession of Kumargupta I.455 Accession of Skandagupta.606–647 Harshavardhan’s reign.

II. MEDIEVAL712 First invasion in Sindh by Arabs

(Mohd. Bin Qasim).836 Accession of King Bhoja of

Kannauj.985 Accession of Rajaraja, the Chola

ruler.998 Accession of Sultan Mahmud

Ghazni.1001 First invasion of India by Mahmud

Ghazni who defeated Jaipal, rulerof Punjab.

1025 Destruction of Somnath Temple byMahmud Ghazni.

1191 First battle of Tarain.1192 Second battle of Tarain.1206 Accession of Qutubuddin Aibak to

the throne of Delhi.1210 Death of Qutubuddin Aibak.1221 Chengiz Khan invaded India

(Mongol invasion).1236 Accession of Razia Sultana to the

throne of Delhi.1240 Death of Razia Sultana.1296 Accession of Alauddin Khilji.1316 Death of Alauddin Khilji.1325 Accession of Muhammad-bin-

Tughlaq.1327 Transfer of capital from Delhi to

Devagiri (Daulatabad) in Deccan bythe Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq.

1336 Foundation of Vijaynagar empire inthe South.

1351 Accession of Firoz Shah Tughlaq.1398 Timur’s invasion of India.

1History of India and World

History of India and World General Knowledge Manual 2016

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1469 Birth of Guru Nanak.1494 Accession of Babur in Farghana.1497–98 First voyage of Vasco da Gama to

India (discovery of sea route toIndia via the Cape of Good Hope)

1526 First Battle of Panipat; Baburdefeated Ibrahim Lodhi; foundationof Mughal dynasty by Babur.

1527 Battle of Khanwa-Babur defeatedRana Sanga.

1530 Death of Babur and accession ofHumayun.

1539 Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayunin the battle of Chausa and becameIndia’s emperor.

1555 Humayun recaptured the throne ofDelhi.

1556 Second Battle of Panipat (BairamKhan defeated Hemu).

1556 Battle of Talikota (Rakshasa-Tangadi).

1576 Battle of Haldighati-Rana Pratapwas defeated by Akbar.

1582 Din-i-Ilahi founded by Akbar.1600 English East India Company

established.1605 Death of Akbar and accession of

Jahangir.1606 Execution of Guru Arjun Dev, the

5th Guru of Sikhs.1611 Jahangir marries Nurjahan.1615 Sir Thomas Roe visits Jahangir.1627 Birth of Shivaji and death of

Jahangir.1628 Shahjahan becomes emperor of

India.1631 Death of Mumtazmahal.1634 The English permitted to trade in

India (in Bengal).1659 Accession of Aurangzeb, Shahjahan

imprisoned.1665 Shivaji imprisoned by Aurangzeb.1666 Death of Shahjahan.1675 Execution of Guru Teg Bahadur, the

9th Guru of Sikhs.1680 Death of Shivaji.

1707 Death of Aurangzeb.1708 Death of Guru Gobind Singh, the

10th Guru of Sikhs.1739 Nadir Shah invades India.1757 Battle of Plassey, establishment of

British political rule in India at thehands of Lord Clive.

1761 Third battle of Panipat.III. Modern1764 Battle of Buxar.1765 Clive appointed Company’s

Governor in India.1767–69 First Angle-Mysore War.1780 Birth of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.1780-84 Second Anglo-Mysore War.1784 Pitt’s India Act.1790-92 Third Anglo-Mysore War.1793 The Permanent Settlement of

Bengal.1799 Fourth Anglo-Mysore War;Death of

Tipu Sultan.1802 Treaty of Bassein.1809 Treaty of Amritsar.1829 Practice of Sati prohibited.1830 Raja Rammohan Roy visits

England.1833 Death of Raja Rammohan Roy at

Bristol, England.1839 Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.1839–42 First Anglo-Afghan War.1845–46 First Anglo-Sikh War.1852 Second Anglo-Burmese War.1853 First Railway line opened between

Bombay and Thane and a Telegraphline in Calcutta.

1857 The Sepoy Mutiny or First War ofIndependence.

1861 Birth of Rabindranath Tagore.1869 Birth of Mahatma Gandhi.1885 Foundation of Indian National

Congress.1889 Birth of Jawaharlal Nehru.1897 Birth of Subhash Chandra Bose.1903 Tibet Expedition.1905 Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon.1906 Foundation of Muslim League.

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1911 Delhi Darbar, King George V andQueen visit India; Delhi becomesthe capital of India.

1914 World War I begins.1916 Lucknow Pact signed by Muslim

League and Congress, Foundationof BHU, Home Rule Leaguefounded.

1918 World War I ends.1919 Montague-Chelmsford Reforms

introduced, Jallianwala Baghmassacre at Amritsar.

1920 Khilafat Movement launched, firstmeeting of All-India Trade UnionCongress, Hunter CommissionReport on Jallianwala BaghMassacre Published First Non-cooperation movement launched byGandhi.

1922 Violent incidents at Chaura ChauriGandhi calls of Non-cooperationmovement.

1925 Communist Party of India organisedat Kanpur.

1927 Boycott of Simon Commission,Broadcasting started in India.

1928 Death of Lala Lajpat Rai, NehruReport.

1929 Resolution of ‘Poorna Swaraj’(complete independence) passed atLahore Session of INC.

1930 Civil disobedience movementlaunched, Dandhi March byMahatma Gandhi (April 6, 1930)First round table conference held inLondon.

1931 Gandhi-Irwin Pact, CivilDisobedience movement suspendedSecond round table conferenceheld.

1932 MacDonald announces communalaward (modified by Poona Pact,September 24).

1935 Government of India Act.1937 Provincial Autonomy, Congress

forms ministries.

1938 All India Kishan Sabha formed.1939 World War II begins (September 3),

Resignation of Congress Ministriesin Provinces.

1941 Escape of Subhash Chandra Bosefrom India and death ofRabindranath Tagore.

1942 Arrival of Cripps Mission in India,Quit India movement launched(August 8).

1943–44 SC Bose forms ProvisionalGovernment of Free India andIndian National Army in Singapore;Bengal famine.

1945 Trial of Indian National Army atRed Fort, Shimla Conference;World War II ends.

1946 British Cabinet Mission visits India;Interim government formed at theCentre. The Muslim league decideson “Direct Action” for winningPakistan.

1947 Division of India; India andPakistan form separate independentdominions.

THE GANDHIAN ERA (1917-47)

FACTS ABOUT GANDHI

• Birth: October 2, 1869 at Porbandar, Gujarat.[Note: UNO declared October 2 as‘International Non-violence Day’(Antarrashtriy Ahimsa Diswas)]

• Father: Karamchand Gandhi.• Mother: Putali Bai.• Political Guru: Gopal Krishna Gokhale.• Private Secretary: Mahadev Desai.• Literary Influence on Gandhi: John Ruskin’s

Unto the Last, Emerson, Thoreau, Leo Tolstoy,the Bible and the Gita.

• Literary Works: Hind Swaraj (1909), MyExperiments with Truth (Autobiography,1927)—reveals events of Gandhi’s life upto1922.




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• As an Editor: Indian Opinion: 1903–15 (inEnglish & Gujarati, for a short period in Hindi& Tamil),

• Harijan: 1919–31 (in English, Gujarati andHindi), Young India: 1933–42 (in Englishgujarati-named Navjeevan).

• Other Names: Mahatma (Saint) byRabindranath Tagore, 1917; Malang Baba/Nanga Faqir (Naked Saint) by Kabailis ofNoth-West Frontier, 1930; Indian Faqir/TraitorFaqir-by Winston Churchill, 1931; Half-nakedSaint by Franq Mores, 1931; Rashtrapita (theFather of the Nation) by Subhash ChandraBose, 1944.

In South Africa (1893–1914)1893 Departure of Gandhi to South

Africa.1894 Foundation of Natal Indian

Congress.1899 Foundation of Indian Ambulance

Core during Boer Wars.1904 Foundation of Indian Opinion

(magazine) and Phoenix Farm, atPhoenix, near Durban.

1906 First Civil DisobedienceMovement (Satyagaraha) againstAsiatic Ordiannce in Transvaal.

1907 Satyagraha against CompulsoryRegistration and Passes for Asians(The Black Act) in Transvaal.

1908 Trial and imprisonment-Johanesburg Jail (First Jail Term).

1910 Foundation of Tolstoy Farm(Later-Gandhi Ashrama), nearJohannesburg.

1913 Satyagraha against derecognition ofnon-Christian marraiges in CapeTown.

1914 Awarded Kaisar-i-Hind for raisingan Indian Ambulance Core duringBoer wars.

In India (1915–48)1915 Arrived in Bombay (India) on 9

January 1915; Foundation ofSatyagraha Ashrama at Kocharabnear Ahmedabad (20 May). In1917, Ashrama shifted at the banksof Sabarmati.

1916 Abstain from active politics (thoughhe attended Lucknow session ofINC held in 26–30 December, 1916,where Raj Kumar Shukla, acultivator from Bihar, requestedhim to come to Champaran.)

1917 Gandhi entered active politics withChamparan campaign to redressgrievances of the cultivatorsoppressed by Indigo planter ofBihar (April 1917). ChamparanSatyagraha was his first CivilDisobedience Movement in India.

1918 In Febuary 1918, Gandhi launchedthe struggle in Ahmedabad whichinvolved industr ial workers.Hunger strike as a weapon was usedfor the first time by Gandhi duringAhmedabad struggle. In March1918, Gandhi worked for peasantsof Kheda in Gujarat who werefacing difficulties in paying the rentowing to failure of crops. KhedaSatyagraha was his first Non-cooperation Movement.

1919 Gandhi gave a call for Satyagrahaagainst the Rowlatt Act on April 6,1919 and took the command of thenationalist movement for the firsttime (First all-India PoliticalMovement), Gandhi returnsKaisar-i-Hind gold medal as aprotest against Jallianwala Baghmassacre-April 13, 1919; The AllIndia Khilafat Conference electedGandhi as its president (November1919, Delhi).

1920–22 Gandhi leads the Non-Cooperation




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and Khilafat Movement (August 1,1920–Febuary 1922), Gandhi callsoff Movement (Feb. 12, 1922), afterthe violent incident at Chauri-Chaura on Febuary 5, 1922. Non-Co-operation Movement was theFirst mass based politics underGandhi.

1924 Belgaum (Karnataka) session ofINC–for the first and the last timeGandhi was elected the presidentof the Congress.

1925–27 Gandhi retires from active politicsfor the first time and devoteshimself to ‘constructiveprogramme’ of the Congress;Gandhi resumes active politics in1927.

1930–34 Gandhi launches the CivilDisobedience Movement with hisDandhi march/Salt Satyagraha(First Phase: March 12, 1930–March 5, 1931; Gandhi-IrwinPact: March 5, 1931; Gandhiattends the Second Round TableConference in London as solerepresentative of the Congress:September 7-December 1, 1931;Second Phase: January 3, 1932–April 17, 1934).

1934–39 Sets up Sevagram (VardhaAshram).

1940–41 Gandhi launches IndividualSatyagraha Movement.

1942 Call to Quit India Movement forwhich Gandhi raised the slogan,‘Do or Die’ (Either free India or diein the attempt), Gandhi and allCongress leaders arrested (August9, 1942).

1942–44 Gandhi kept in detention at the AgaKhan Palace, near Pune (August 9,1942–May, 1944). Gandhi lost hiswife Kasturba (Febuary 22, 1944)and private secretary MahadevDesai; this was Gandhi’s last prison

term.1946 Deeply distressed by theory of

communal violence, as a resultMuslim League’s Direct Action call,Gandhi travelled to Noakhali (EastBengal-now Bangladesh) and lateron to Calcutta to restore communalpeace.

1947 Gandhi, deeply distressed by theMountbatten Plan/Partition Plan(June 3, 1947), while staying inCalcutta to restore communalviolence, observes complete silenceon the dawn of India’sIndependence (August, 15, 1947).Gandhi returns to Delhi (September1947).

1948 Gandhi was shot dead by NathuRam Godse, a member of RSS,while on his way to the eveningprayer meeting at Birla House, NewDelhi (January 30, 1948).

IMPORTANT FOREIGN TRAVELLERS/ENVOYS

• Megasthenes (302–298 BC): An ambassadorof Selecus Nikator, who visited the court ofChandragupta Maurya and wrote an interestingbook ‘Indica’ in which he gave a vivid accountof Chandragupta Maurya’s reign.

• Fa-Hien (405–411 AD): He came to Indiaduring the reign of Chandragupta IIVikramaditya. He was the first Chinese pilgrimto visit India to collect Buddhist texts andrelics.

• Hiuen-Tsang (630–645 AD): He visited Indiaduring the reign of Harshavardhana.

• I-tsing (671–695 AD): A Chinese traveller, hevisited India in connection with Buddhism.

• Al-Masudi (957 AD): An Arab traveller, hehas given an extensive account of India in hiswork ‘Muruj-ul-Zehab’.

• Al-beruni (1024–1030 AD): He came to Indiaalong with Mahmud of Ghazni during one ofhis Indian raids. He travelled all over India andwrote a book ‘Tahqiq-i-Hind’.



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• Macro Polo (1292–1294 AD): A Venetiantraveller, visited South India in 1294 A.D. Hiswork ‘The Book of Sir Marco Polo’ gives anaccount of the economic history of India.

• Ibn Batuta (1333–1347 AD): A Morrishtraveller, his book ‘Rehla’ (the Travelogue)throws a lot of light on the reign ofMuhammad-bin-Tughlaq and thegeographical, economic and social conditionsof that time.

• Shihabuddin al-Umari (1348 AD): He camefrom Damascus and gives a vivid account ofIndia in his book, ‘Masalik albsar fi-mamalikal-amsar’.

• Nicolo Conti (1420–1421 AD): A Venetiantraveller, gives a comprehensive account of theHindu kingdom of Vijaynagar.

• Abdur Razzaq (1443–1444 AD): He was aPersian traveller, came to India and stayed atthe court of the Zamorin at Calicut. He hasgiven a vivid account of the Vijaynagar empire.

• Athanasius Nikitin (1470–1474 AD): He wasa Russian merchant, describes the condition ofthe Bahmani kingdom under Muhammad III(1463–82).

• Durate Barbosa (1500–1516 AD): He was aPortuguese traveller, has given a valuablenarrative of the government and the people ofthe Vijaynagar empire.

• Dominigo Paes (1520–1522 AD): He wasPortuguese traveller, visited the court ofKrishnadeva Raya of the Vijaynagar Empire.

• Fernao Nuniz (1535–1537 AD): A Portuguesemerchant, wrote the history of the empire fromits earliest times of the closing years ofAchyutdeva Raya’s reign.

• John Hughen Von Linschotten (1583 AD):He was a Dutch traveller, has given a valuableaccount of the social and economic life ofSouth India.

• William Hawkins (1608–1611 AD): He wasan English ambassador of British KingJames I to the court of Jahangir (1609).

• Sir Thomas Roe (1615–1619 AD): He was an

ambassador of James I (King of England), atthe court of Jahangir, (the Mughal Emperor).

• Fransciso Palsaert (1620–1627 AD): He wasa Dutch traveller, stayed at Agra and gave avivid account of flourishing trade at Surat,Ahmedabad, Broach Cambay, Lahore, Multan,etc.

• Peter Mundy (1630–34 AD): He was anItalian traveller to the Mughal empire in thereign of Shahjahan, gives valuable informationabout the living standard of the common peoplein the Mughal Empire.

• John Albert de Mandesto (1638 AD): He wasGerman traveller, who reached Surat in 1638.

• Jeen Baptiste Travernier (1638–1663 AD):He was a French traveller, his account coversthe reign of Shahjahan and Aurangzeb.

• Nicolao Manucci (1653–1708 AD): He wasan Italian traveller, got service at the court ofDara Shikoh.

• Francois Bernier (1656–1717 AD): He wasFrench physician and philosopher.Danishamand Khan, a noble of Aurangzeb, washis patron.

• Jean de Thevenot (1666 AD): He was Frenchtraveller, has given a good account of cities likeAhmedabad, Cambay, Aurangabad andGoloconda.

• John Fryer (1672–1681 AD): He was anEnglish traveller, has given a vivid account ofSurat and Bombay.

• Gemelli Careri (1693 AD): He was an Italiantraveller, his remarks on the Mughal emperor’smilitary organisation and administration areimportant.

GOVERNOR-GENERAL AND VICEROYS

GOVERNORS OF BENGAL (1757–74)

• Robert Clive: Governor of Bengal during1757–60 and again during 1765–67 andestablished Dual Government in Bengal from1765–72. (True founder of British Politicaldominion in India).




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• Vanisttart (1760–65): The Battle of Buxar(1764).

• Cartier (1769–72): Bengal Famine (1770).

GOVERNOR-GENERALS OF BENGAL(1774–1833)

Warren Hastings (1772–1785): Brought theDual Governmnet of Bengal to an end by theRegulating Act, 1773. Became Governor-General in1774 through the Regulating Act, 1773; Wroteintroduction to the first English translation of the‘Gita’ by Charles Wilkins; Founded the AsiaticSociety of Bengal with William Jones in 1784.

• Revenue Reforms: Auctioned the right tocollect land revenue to the highest bidder;Divided Bengal into districts and appointedcollectors and other revenue officials.

• Judicial Reforms: Started Diwani andFaujdari adalats at the district level and Sadardiwani and Nizamat adalats (appellate courts)at Calcutta; Redefined Hindu and Muslim laws.

• Wars: Rohilla War (1774); 1st Anglo-MarathaWar (1776–82): 2nd Anglo-Mysore War(1780–84).Note: Sir John Macpherson was made theacting Governor General from 1785 to 1786.Lord Cornwallis (1786–93): First person tocodify laws in 1793. The code separated therevenue administration from the administrationof justice; Created post of district judge;Introduced permanent Settlement in Bengal(1793); Cornwallis is called ‘the father of civilservice in India’.

• Police Reforms: Each district was divided into400 sq. miles and placed under a policesuperintendent assisted by constables.

• Wars: 3rd Anglo-Mysore War (defeat of Tipuand the Treaty of Serinagpatanam, 1792).Sir John Shore (1793–98): Introduced the 1stCharter Act (1793).

• Wars: Battle of Kharda between Nizam andthe Marathas (1795).Lord Wellesley (1798–1805): StartedSubsidiary Alliance system to achieve British

paramountcy in India. Madras Presidency wasformed during his tenure.

• Wars: 4th Anglo-Mysore War (1799)-defeatand the death of Tipu Sultan; 2nd Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05)-defeat of the Scindia,the Bhonsle and the Holkar; Treaty of Bassein(1802).George Barlow (1805–1807): Vellore Mutiny(1806).Lord Minto I (1807–1813): Concluded Treatyof Amritsar with Ranjit Singh (1809); CharterAct of 1813 was passed.Lord Hastings (1813–1823): Adopted thepolicy of intervention and war.

• Wars: Anglo-Nepalese War (1813–23); 3rdAnglo-Maratha War (1817–18). Hastingsforced humiliating treaties on Peshwa and theScindia; Introduced the Ryotwari settlement inMadras by Thomas Munro, the Governor.Lord Amherst (1823–28): Wars: I BurmeseWar (1824–26). Acquisition of territories inMalay Penisula; Capture of Bharatpur (1826).Lord W. Bentick (1828–33): Most liberaland enlightened Governor-General ofIndia; Regarded as’ the Father of ModernWestern Education in India’; Abolished Satiand other cruel rites (1829); Annexation ofMysore (1831). Concluded a treaty ofperpetual friendship with Ranjit Singh (1831);Passed the Charter Act of 1833, whichprovided that no Indian subject of Companywas to be debarred from holding an office onaccount of his religion, place of birth, descentand colour. On recommendation of MacaulayCommittee made English the medium of highereducation in India.

GOVERNOR-GENERALS OF INDIA(1833–58)

Lord W. Bentick (1833–35): First Governor-General of India. Macaulay’s minutes on educationwere accepted declaring that English should be theofficial language of India; Abolished provincial courtsof appeal and circuit set up by Cornwallis, appointmentof Commissioners of revenue and circuit.




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• Wars: Annexed Coorg (1834), Central Cachar(1834) on the plea of misgovernment.

Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835–1836): Passed thefamous Press Law, which liberated the press in India(called Liberator the Press).

Lord Auckland (1836–42): 1st Anglo-AfghanWar (1836–42)—great blow to the prestige of theBritish in India.

Lord Ellenborough (1842–44): Brought an endto the Afghan War. Annexation of Sindh (1843); Warwith Gwalior (1843).

Lord Hardings I (1844–48): 1st Anglo-Sikhwar (1845–46) and the Treaty of Lahore 1846 (markedthe end of Sikh sovereighty in India); Gave preferenceto English education in employment.

Lord Dalhousie (1848–56): Abolished Titlesand Pensions, Widow Remarriage Act (1856). MadeShimla the summer capital.

• Administrative Reforms: Introduced thesystem of Centralized control in the newlyacquired territories known as Bon-Regulationsystem; Raised Gurkha regiments.

• Education Reforms: Recommended theThomsonian system of Vernacular educationfor whole of the North western Provinces(1853); Wood’s Educational Despatch of 1854and opening of Anglo-Vernacular Schools andGovernment Colleges; An Engineering Collegewas established at Roorkee.

• Public Works: Started the first railway linein 1853 (connecting Bombay with Thana);Started electric telegraph service. Laid thebasis of the modern postal system (1854); Aseparate public works department was set upfor the first time; Started work on the GrandTrunk Road and developed the harbours ofKarachi, Bombay and Calcutta.

• Wars: Introduced Doctrine of Lapse (CapturedSatara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambhalpur (1849),Baghat (1850), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853)and Nagpur (1854); Fought 2nd Anglo-SikhWar (1848–49) and annexed the whole of thePunjab; 2nd Anglo-Burmese War (1852) andannexation of Lower Burma or Pegu;Annexation of Berar in 1853; Annexation of

Avadh in 1856 on charges ofmaladministration.

Lord Canning (1856–58): The last GovernorGeneral and first Viceroy of India; Revolt of 1857;Passed the Act of 1858, which ended the rule of theEast India Company. Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse.Mutiny took place in his time.

GOVERNER GENERALS ANDVICEROYS (1858–1947)

Lord Canning (1858–62): The Indian CouncilsAct of 1862 was passed, which proved to be alandmark in the constitutional history of India; TheIndian Penal Code of Criminal Procedure (1859) waspassed; The Indian High Court Act (1861) wasenacted; Income Tax was introduced for the first timein 1858; The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay andMadras founded in 1857.

Lord Elgin I (1862–63): Wahabi Movement(Pan-Islamic Movement).

Sir John Lawrence (1864–69): Telegraphiccommunication was opened with Europe; High Courtswere established at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in1865; Expanded canal works and railways; BhutanWar (1865); Advocated State-managed railways;Created the Indian Forest Department and recognisedthe native Judicial service.

Lord Mayo (1869–72): Introduced financialdecentralization in India, Established Rajkot Collegeat Kathiarwar and Mayo College at Ajmer for theprinces; Organised the Statistical Survey of India,Established the Department of Agriculture &Commerce. He was the only Viceroy to be murderedin office by a Pathan convict in Andamans in 1872,Introduction of State Railways. For the first time inIndian history, a census was held in 1871.

Lord Northbrook (1872–76): Kuka Movementof Punjab took rebellious turn during his period.

Lord Lytton (1876–80): Most infamousGovernor-General, pursued free trade and abolishedduties on 29 British manufactured goods whichaccelerated drain of wealth of India; Arranged theGrand Darbar in Delhi (in 1877) when the countrywas suffering from a servere famine; Passed the RoyalTitle Act (1876) and Queen Victoriya was declared as




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the Kaisar-i-Hind; Arms Act (1878) made mandatoryfor Indians to acquire license for arms; Passed theinfamous Vernacular Press Act (1878); Proposed theplan of Statutory Civil Service in 1878-79 and loweredthe maximum age limit from 21 to 19 years, the 2ndAfghan war proved a failure (Viceroy of reversecharacters).

Lord Ripon (1880–84): Repeal of theVernacular Press Act, 1882; The First Factory Act,1881 to improve labour condition, Resolution of LocalSelf Government in 1882, Resolution on LandRevenue Policy; Appointed Hunter Commission (foreducation reforms) in 1882; The Ilbert Bill controversyerupted during his time (1883) enabled Indian districtmagistrates to try European criminals. But this waswithdrawn later.

Lord Dufferin (1884–88): 3rd Burmese War(Annexation of Upper and Lower Burma) in 1885,Establishment of Indian National Congress in 1885.

Lord Lansdowne (1888–94): The secondFactory Act of 1891; Categorization of Civil Servicesinto imperial, provincial and subordinate; IndianCouncil Act of 1892 (introduced elections which wasindirect); Appointment of the Durand Commission todefine the line between British India and Afghanistan(1893).

Lord Elgin II (1894–99): The Munda uprising(Birsa Munda) of 1899, Convention delimiting thefrontier between China and India was ratified, Greatfamine of 1896–97, Lyall Commission appointed afterfamine (1897), Assassination of two British officials-Rand & Amherst-by Chapekar Brothers in 1897.

Lord Curzon (1899–1905): Appointed a PoliceCommission in 1902 under Andrew Frazer; Set up theUniversities Commission and accordingly the IndianUniversities Act of 1904 was passed; Set up theDepartment of Commerce and Industry; CalcuttaCorporation Act (1899); Passed the Indian Coinageand Paper Currency Act (in 1899) and put India on agold standard; Partition of Bengal took place in 1905.Created NWFP and Archaeological Survey of India.Extended railways to a Great extent.

Lord Minto II (1905–10): SwadeshiMovement (1905–08); Foundation of the MuslimLeague, 1906; Surat session and split in the Congress(1907), Newspapers Act, 1908; Morley-Minto

Reforms, 1909.Lord Hardinge (1910–16): Annulment of the

partition of Bengal (1911), Transfer of Capital fromCalcutta to Delhi (1911); Delhi Darbar and Coronationof King George V and Queen Mary (1911);Establishment of Hindu Mahasabha by Madan MohanMalviya (1915); Annie Besant announced Home RuleMovement and a bomb was thrown at him, but heescaped unhurt.

Lord Chelmsford (1916–21): Home RuleMovement launched by Tilak and Annie Besant(1916); Lucknow Pact between Congress and MuslimLeague (1916); Arrival of Gandhi in India (1915);Champaran Satyagraha (1917); Montague’s AugustDeclaration (1917); Kheda Satyagraha and Satyagrahaat Ahmedabad (1918); Government of India Act(1919), Repressive Rowlatt Act (1919); JalianwalaBagh Massacre (1919); Khilafat Movement (1920–22); Non-cooperation Movement (1920–22), SaddlerCommission (1917) and an Indian Sir S. P. Sinha wasappointed Governor of Bengal.

Lord Reading (1921–26): Criminal LawAmendment Act and abolition of cotton excise; Repealof Press Act of 1910 & Rowlatt Act of 1919; ViolentMoplah rebellion in Kerala (1921); Foundation of CPI(1921); Chauri Chaura Incident (1922); Foundationof Swaraj Party (1923); Kakori Train Dacoity (1925);Foundation of RSS (1925); Murder of SwamiShardhanand (1926). Suppressed non-cooperationmovement.

Lord Irwin (1926–31): Simon Commissionannounced in 1927; Butler Commission (1927); NehruReport (1928); 14 points of Jinnah (1929); Lahoresession of Congress and ‘Poorna Swaraj’ declaration(1929); Civil Disobedience Movement (1930); Dandhimarch (1930); Ist Round Table Conference (1930);Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931); Martyrdom of Jatin Das(hunger strike)

Lord Willingdon (1931–36): 2nd Round TableConference (1931); Civil Disobedience Movement(1932); Announcement of MacDonald’s CommunalAward (1932); IIIrd Round Table ConferenceFoundation of Congress Socialist Party-CSP (1934);Government of India Act (1935); Burma separatedfrom India (1935); All India Kisan Sabha (1936);Poona Pact was signed.




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Lord Linlithgow (1936–43): General Election(1936–37); Congress ministr ies in 1937 andResignation of Congress ministr ies in 1939;‘Deliverance Day’ by Muslim League in 1939;Foundation of Forward Block by S.C. Bose (1939);Lahore Resolution (1940); August Offer (1940);Cripps Mission (1942); Quit India Movement (1942)and Outbreak of Second World War in 1939.

Lord Wavell (1943–1947): C.R. Formula 1944;Wavell Plan and Shimla Conference in 1945; End ofIInd World War in 1945; INA Trials in 1945; Navalmutiny in 1946; Cabinet Mission, 1946 and acceptanceof its proposals by Congress; Direct Action Day bythe Muslim League on 16th August, 1946 and firstmeeting of the constituent assembly was held on Dec.9, 1946.

Lord Mountbatten (March–August 1947):Announced the 3 June, 1947 Plan; Introduction ofIndian Independence Bill in the house of Commonsand passed by the British Parliament on July 4, 1947;Appointment of 2 boundary commissions under SirCryil Radicliffe.

GOVERNOR GENERALS OFINDEPENDENT INDIA (1947–50)

Lord Mountbatten (1947–48): The firstGovernor General of free India; Kashmir acceded toIndia (Oct. 1947); Murder of Gandhi (Jan. 30, 1948).

C. Rajagopalachari (June 1948–January 25,1950): The last Governor General of free India; Theonly Indian Governor-General.

IMPORTANT CONGRESS SESSION

Year Place Importance1885 Bombay At Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, 72 delegates attended the session.1886 Calcutta 436 delegates attended the session.1887 Madras Tayabji became first Muslim President.1888 Allahabad George Yule became first English President.1889 Bombay Congress represented all areas of British India.1890 Calcutta Decision taken to organises session of congsess in London.1895 Poona Demand of a representative body only for educated class.1898 Madras Social reform was set as the main goal.1907 Surat Congress split.1908 Madras Constitution for the Congress fromed.1916 Lucknow Congress merged. Pact with Muslim League, Gandhi attended1917 Calcutta Annie Besant became 1st women President.1920 Nagpur Gandhian programme was adopted. Change in congress constitution.1921 Ahmedabad Harsat Mohani demanded for complete independence.1922 Gaya Formation of Swaraj Party.1923 Delhi Abul Kalam Azad became President (Youngest President)

(sp. session)1924 Belgaum Gandhi became President (Gandhi became President here first and last time).1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu became 1st Indian women President.1927 Madras Nehru and S.C. Bose moved resolution for independence and it was passed for

the 1st time.1928 Calcutta First All India Youth Congress.1929 Lahore ‘Poorna Swaraj’ (Complete Independence) resolution and pledge for

Independence day on 26 January 1930.1931 Karachi Resolution for Fundamental Rights and National Economic Policy.




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1934 Bombay Formation of Congress Socialist Party.1936 Lucknow Support for socialism through democracy.1937 Faizpur Demand for Constituent Assembly (First session in a village).1938 Haripura Purna Swaraj was to cover also princely states.1939 Tripuri S.C. Bose resigned due to difference with Gandhi. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was

appointed in his place.1940 Ramgarh Abul Kalam Azad became President.1946. Meerut J. B. Kriplani became President.1948 Jaipur Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya became President.

BOOKS OF FREEDOM STRUGGLE

Work AuthorCauses of the Indian Mutiny Sir Syyed Ahmed KhanGhulam Giri Jyotiba PhuleTo all fighters of freedom, Why Socialism J.P. NarayanPakhtoon Khan Abdul Ghaffar KhanProblems of the East Lord CurzonMy Indian Years Lord Hardinge IIEconomic History of India R.C. DuttPather Panchali Bibhuti Bhushan BanerjeePrecepts of Jesus Raja Ram Mohan RoyA Gift of Monotheists Raja Ram Mohan RoySatyarth Prakash Swami Dayanand SaraswatiAnand Math Bankim C. ChatterjeeDevi Chaudharani Bankim C. ChatterjeeSitaram Bankim C. ChatterjeeThe Indian Struggle S.C. BosePoverty & Un-British Rule in India Dadabhai NaorojiThe Spirit of Islam Syyed Ameer AliA Nation in the Making S.N. BanerjeeUnhappy India Lala Lajpat RaiThe Indian War of Independence V. D. SavarkarIndia Divided Rajendra PrasadThe Discovery of India Jawahar Lal NehruNeel Darpan Dinbandhu MitraHind Swaraj M.K. GandhiWhat Congress and Gandhi have done B.R. Ambedkarto the untouchables

NEWSPAPERS AND JOURNALS OF FREEDOM STRUGGLENewspaper/Journals Founder/EditorTahzib-ul-Akhlaq Sir Syyed Ahmed KhanAI-Hilal Abul Kalam AzadAI-Balagh Abul Kalam Azad




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Independent Motilal NehruPunjabi Lala Lajpat RaiNew India (Daily) Annie BesantCommonweal Annie BesantPratap Ganesh Shankar VidyarthiEssays in Indian Economics M.G. RanadeSamvad Kaumudi (Bengali) Raja Ram Mohan RoyMirat-ul-Akhbar Raja Ram Mohan Roy (first Persian newspaper)Indian Mirror Davevendra Nath TagoreNav Jeevan M.K.GandhiYoung India M.K.GandhiHarijan M.K.GandhiPrabudha Bharat Swami VivekanandaUdbodhana Swami VivekanandaIndian Socialist Shyamji Krishna VermaTalwar (in Berlin) Birendra Nath ChattopadhyayaFree Hindustan (in Vancouver) Tarak Nath DasHindustan Times K.M PannikarKranti Mirajkhar , Joglekar , GhateBengal Gazette (1780, India’s J. K. HikkiFirst Newspaper)Kesari B. G. TilakAmrita Bazar Patrika Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal GhoshVande Mataram Aurbindo GhoshYugantar Barindra Kumar Ghosh

PRE-CONGRESS NATIONALIST ORGANISATIONS

Organisation Year/Place Founder/sLandholder’s Society 1838/Calcutta Dwarkanath TagoreBritish India Society 1839/London William AdamsBengal British 1843/Calcutta George ThomsonIndia SocietyBritish India Association 1851/Calcutta Devendranath Tagore & Radhakant DebMadras Native Association 1852/MadrasBombay Association 1852/Bombay Dadabhai Naoroji & Dinshaw WachaEast India Association 1866/London Dadabhai NaorojiLondon Indian Society 1865/London Feroz Shah Mehta, Badruddin Tyyabji, W. C. Banerji

and Manmohan GhoshIndian National Association 1867/London Mary CarpentarPoona Sarvajanik Sabha 1867/Poona M.G. Ranade, G.V. Joshi and ChiplankarIndian Society 1872/London Anand Mohan BoseIndia League 1875/ Calcutta Sisir Kumar GhoshIndian Association 1876/Calcutta Anand Mohan Bose and Surendra Nath BanerjiNational Conference 1883 Anand Mohan Bose and Surendra Nath Banerji




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Madras Mahajan Sabha 1884/Madras M. Viraghavacharya, G. Subramaniya Aiyar and P.Anand Charlu

Indian National Union 1884 A.O. Hume

POST-CONGRESS NATIONALIST ORGANISATIONS

Organisation Year FounderRaja Mundari Social 1878 VirsalingamReform AssociationJorhat Sarvajanik Sabha 1893 Ras Behari GhoshAnti-Non Cooperation Association 1920–21 Purshottam Das and ThakurdasAnti-Circular Society — K.K. MitraLok Sewa Mandal — Lala Lajpat RaiIndependent Congress Party 1926 Modan Mohan MalviyaUnited India Association — Sayyid Ahmed Khan PatrioticBritish Association of Awadh — Raja Shiv Prasad SahuLiberal Association — Sapru, Jayakar and ChintamaniIndian Liberal Federation 1919 S.N. BanerjiFederation of IndianChambers of Commerce 1927 G.D. Birla and Thakurdasand Industry (FICCI)Hindustan Sewa Dal — N.G. HardikarIndependence of India League 1928 J.L. Nehru and S.C. BosePraja Party — Akram Khan, Fazuil Haq and Abdur RahmanHindu Association — Annie BesantSouth India Federation of 1935 N.G. Ranga and NamboodiripadPeasants and Agricultural labourUnionist Party — Fazl HussainRdshtriya Swayamsewak Sangh 1925 HedgewarAll India Untouchability League 1932 M.K.GandhiHindu Mahasabha 1917 Revived by M.M. MalviyaJana Sangh — Shyama Prasad MukherjiNational Mohammadan 1878 Amir AliAssociationMohammadan Literacy Society 1863 Abdul LatifDeccan Educational Society — Tilak & Agarkar

LABOUR AND TRADE UNION ORGANISATIONS

Organisation Year FounderBombay Mill and Millhands Association 1880 N.M. LokhandaWorking Men’s Club 1870 Sasipada Banerji Printer’s Union 1905 —Railway Men’s Union 1906 —




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Kamgar Hitwardhak Sabha 1909 S.K. Bole

Social Service League 1911 —Madras Labour Union 1918 G.R. Naidu and ChelvapathiAmalgdmated Society of 1897 —Railway Servants of IndiaAhmedabad Textile Labour Association 1920 M.K. GandhiAll India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) 1920 N.M. Joshi and Roy ChaudharyBombay Textile Labour Union — N.M. JoshiAll lndia Trade Union Federation 1929 N.M. JoshiNational Federation of Trade Union — N.M. JoshiHindustan Majdoor Sabha 1938 V.B. Patel, Rajendra Prasad and J.B. KriplaniIndian Federation of Labour 1944 N.M. RoyIndian National Trade Union 1944 V.B. PatelCongress (INTUC)

WORLD HISTORY: IMPORTANT DATESBC10000–4000 Development of settlement into

cities and development of skills,such as wheel and pottery makingand improved methods ofcultivation.

5500–3000 Earliest recorded date of Egyptiancalender; first phonetic writingappears; Sumerians develop a city-state civilization.

3000–2000 Pharaonic rule begins in Egypt;completion of the construction ofthe Great Pyramid at Giza.

3000–1500 The most ancient civilization on theIndian subcontinent, thesophisticated and extensive IndusValley Civilization, flourishes inwhat is today Pakistan.

900–800 Phoenicians establish Carthage:The Iliad and Odyssey wascomposed by the Greek poetHomer.

400–300 Pentateuch-first five Books of theOld Testament evolve in final form.

300–251 Invention of Mayan calendar inYucatan-more exact than oldercalenders.

101–51 Juleus Caesar (100–44 BC) invadesBritain (55 BC) and conquers Gaul,France.

776 First Olympiad in Greece.753 Rome founded.490 Battle of Marathon, the Greeks

defeated the Iranians/Persians.327–26 Invasion of India by Alexander,

Battle of Hydaspes.221 Chin-Hung Ti ‘Universal Emperor’

in China, Great Wall of Chinacompleted.

55 Invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar,the Great Roman General.

44 Assassination of Julius Caesar byBrutus.

4 Birth of Jesus Christ.

AD29 Crucifixation of Jesus Christ.43 Roman conquest of Britain.570 Birth of Prophet Muhammad at

Mecca.622 Migration of Muhammad from

Mecca to Medina (“hijira”),Beginning of Hijira Era(Muhammadan calender) on July15.




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800 Charlemagne crowned RomanEmperor at St. Peter’s.

871 Accession of Alfred the Great to thethrone of Britain.

901 Death of King Alfred the Great.1066 Battle of Hastings; Norman

invasion of England. William theConqueror, Duke of Normandly,defeated the English king Harold IIat Hastings.

1215 Magna Carta or the Great Chartersigned by King John II atRunnymede in England on June 15.

1280 Gunpowder invented by RogerBacon.

1338 The Hundred Years War broke out;it lasted upto 1453.

1431 Joan of Arc, a brave French peasantgirl, obtained victory over theEnglish at Orleans. She was burntalive at the stakes.

1443 The Black death i.e., plague brokeout in England.

1453 The capture of Constantinople (thehome of classical learning) by theOttoman Turks compelled theGreek scholars to flee to Italy andother West European countries,where they spread the knowledgeof Greek philosophy and literature.This was the beginning ofRenaissance in Europe.

1486 Bartholomew Diaz rounded thecope of Good Hope.

1492 Columbus sailed on his firstexpedition to the West Indies whichlater led to the discovery of America(the New World).

1498 Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese,discovered the seat route to Indiavia the Cape of Good Hope.

1517 Beginning of reformation.1529–36 Reformation in England under

Henry VIII.1564 Birth of Shakespeare.

1571 Battle of Lapanto; Turks defeatedby the Christian League.

1577 Drake, the famous English Admiral;started his voyage round the worldfor the first time and phinderedSpanish ships and ports in SouthAmerica.

1588 Admiral Drake defeated theSpanish ‘Armada’; England becamethe ‘Mistress of the Seas’.

1600 Establishment of the British EastIndia Company in India (31stDecember).

1605 Gunpowder plot in England to blowup the English parliament.

1616 Shakespeare passes away.1649 Trial and execution of Charles I,

beginning of Commonwealth.1649–60 The Commonwealth and the

Protectorate in England.1660 Restoration of monarchy in

England.1665 The great plague in London.1679 Habeas Corpus Act.1688 The Glorious or Bloodless

Revolution in England. Despoticrule of the Stuarts ended, and theParliamentary rule began.Establishment of parliamentarysupremacy and abolition of theDivine Rights of Kings.

1704 Battle of Blenheim; Marlboroughand Eugene inflicted a crushingdefeat on the French army.

1707 Union of England and Scotland.1763 Treaty of Paris; It ended the Seven

Years War (1756–63); weakenedFrance, made England a greatcolonial power.

1776 Declaration of AmericanIndependence and formation of aFederal Republic of 13 states calledthe Union States of America(July 4).

1783 Treaty of Versailles; Englandrecognised the independence of the




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United States of America.1789 George Washington elected First

President of USA. Beginning ofFrench Revolution; Fall of theBastille Fort (July 14).

1798 Battle of the Nile. The Englishunder Nelson gained victory overthe French.

1805 Battle of Trafalgar; Death ofNelson.Battle of Austerliz – NapoleanBonaparte rounted a combinedarmy of the Russians and theAustrians.

1815 Battle of Waterloo – Napolean wasdefeated and exiled to St. Helena.Congress of Vienna, it aimed atrearranging the map of Europe; TheVienna settlement provedunsatisfactory, because itdisregarded national claims.

1821 Death of Napolean at St. Helena(May 5).

1827 Battle of Navatino; the allied fleetsof England, Russia and Francedestroyed the Turkish fleet; Thisvictory practically secured theindependence of Greece.

1833 Emancipation Act of 1833; Itabolished slavery in the Britishdominions.

1837 Accession of Queen Victoria to thethrone of England.

1839 Introduction of Penny Postagesystem in England by Sir RowlandHill: Aden annexed by England.

1854 The Crimean War began, Russiaattacked Turkey; England andFrance came to the rescue ofTurkey.

1861 American Civil War star ted,Abraham Lincon elected 16thPresident of USA.

1863 Slavery abolished in America.1869 Suez Canal opened for traffic.

1885 General Gordon captured and slainat Khartoum.

1899 Outbreak of the Russo-Japanesewar.

1905 Battle of the sea of Japan; Japaninflicted a crushing naval defeat onRussia; a wave of nationalismspread in Asia.

1911 Chinese Republican Revolution;Amundsen reached South Pole(December 14)

1914 Outbreak of World War-I (August4)

1916 Battle of Jutland (Naval Battle). TheBritish Grand Fleet under AdmiralJellico defeated the German Fleetunder Admiral Scheer.

1917 (March/Febuary) Revolution inRussia; the Czar abdicated and laterassassinated; reformist Menshevikscame into power (Prince Lvov,Kerensky).(November/October) Revolution inRussia: Revolutionary Bolshevikscame into power (Lenin).

1918 End of World War I (November 11)1919 The Paris Conference; the Treaty of

Versailles.1920 Foundation of the League of

Nations (January 10)1921 The Irish Free State established with

the status of a Dominion likeCanada (December 6).

1923 Turkish Republic proclaimed withKemal Ataturk as its First President.

1924 Lenin died, and power passed intothe hands of Stalin in Russia.

1925 Treaty of Locarno (between GreatBritain, France, Germany, Italy andBelgium).

1928 Kellogg Pact (signed in Paris by theprincipal powers of the world forthe prevention of war; it had noeffect).

1933 Hitler became the Chancellor ofGermany.




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1935 War between Italy and Abyssinia(Ethiopia); Italy annexed Abyssinia(Ethiopia); Plebiscite in Saar.

1939 Germany invaded Poland: Outbreakof World War II (September. 1).

1940 Fall of France after Germaninvasion (June 5); Italy enteredWorld War II (June 11).

1941 Hitler invades Russia (June 22):Framing of the Atlantic Charter(August 14); Japan attacked PearlHarbour (Hawaii Islands)(December 7); USA entered WorldWar II (December 8); China enteredWorld War II (December. 10) Airraids by Japan on Rangoon(December 22).

1942 Capture of Singapore by Japaneseforces (Febuary. 15); Battle of CoralSea, Japanese fleet suffered heavylosses at the hands of the Americanfleet (May 3); Battle of Stalingrad(September. 19).

1943 Defeat of Germany at Stalingrad(Febuary. 8); Battle of the BismarckSea, America defeated Japan in anaval battle (March 4); Invasion ofItaly by the Allies, Armisticebetween Italy and the Allies(September 3).

1944 Allied forces landed in Normandyunder the supreme command ofGeneral Ike (Eisenhower); (D-Day)(June 6); Liberation of Paris(August 25).

1945 Execution of Mussolini (April 22);Unconditional surrender ofGermany to the Allies (May 7);USA dropped atom bomb onHiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan(August 6 and August 9);Unconditional surrender of Japan(August 14); World War II ended(August 14); Foundation of UNO(October 24).



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INDIAN HISTORY – IMPORTANT DATES · 1830 Raja Rammohan Roy visits England. 1833 Death of Raja...

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