Indian History 2

Medieval History(A.D 750-A.D1707)

Early Medieval History (A.D750-A.D1206 )

Delhi Sultanate (A.D 1206 A.D1526)

Mughal History (A.D 1526-A.D 1707) Great Mughals

Gap of 15 yrs (A.D 1540-A.D1555)

Later Mughals (A.D1707-A.D1858)

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The years AD 750-AD 1206

Origin if Indian feudalism

Economic origin beginning with land grants first by satavahana

Political origin it begins in Gupta period ,Samudragupta started it (samantha system)

AD750-AD950 peak of feudalism ,it continues under sultanate but its nature changes they allowed fuedalism to coexist.



North India (A.D750 A.D950)

Pala Pataliputra Started by Gopala Dharmapala most

powerful,Patron of Buddhism Est.Vikramshila university Senas Vijayasena founder Last ruler Laxmana sena

defeated by Bhakthiyar Khalji(A.D1206)

Period of Triangular Conflict Pala,Prathihara,Rashtrakutas

Gurjara Prathiharas-West Naga Bhatta -1 ,defends wetern border Mihira bhoja (Most powerful) Capital -Kannauj

Rashtrakutas Dantidurga-founder, defeated Badami Chalukyas (Dasavatara Cave) Krishna-1 Vesara School of architecture Amoghvarsha New capital-Manyaketa Patron-Jainism &Kannada Famous works-Kavirajamarga,Ratnamalika Krishna-3 last powerful ruler

Rajputs and Kayasthas the new castes of Medival India



Period of mutlicornered conflict-the 4 Agni Kulas(AD950-AD1206)

Chauhans-Ajayameru(Ajmer)

Prithviraj chauhan-3

PrthvirajRasok-ChandBardai

Battle of Tarain-1

Battle of tarain-2(1192)

Solankis Patronn of Jainsim Dilwara temples of Mt.Abu Nagara school

Pawars Bhoja Deva -23 classical works in sanskrit

Ghadwala of Kannauj Jayachandra (last)

Chandellas of bundelKhand Kajuraho

Tomars of Delhi AnangaPal _Dillika



Meanwhile in South India... South India, especially Tamil region had a parallel history. It had 4 main dynasties - Chola, Chera, Pandya

and Pallavas (probably from north).



History of Peninsular India (750-1206)

Satavahanas First local Dynasty

Sangam Age-Sangam Literature,Sangam Dynasties

Cholas,Pandyas,Cheras

(N.T.N)(S.T.N) (Kerala)

Harsha,Badami Chalukyas,Pallavas -Contemporary

Imperial Cholas (AD900-AD1250) Cheras and Pandyan are feudatories Vijayala Chola Founder

Aditya Chola defeats Pallava ruler

Raja Raja chola(A.D985-A.D1014) Brihadeshwara Temple-Shiva temple Tallest temple Pinnacle of Dravida School Of Architecture Rajendra-1 Invasion to Gangetic valley-gangaikondacholapuram Naval Expeition to Srivijaya (Indonesia)

Other Chola Acheivments

Nataraja Bronze statue ,Tanjavur Painting,

Tamil literature

Local self government ,perfected (Uttaramerur Inscription)



Raja Raja Chola and his son Rajendra build a massive empire. Unlike most other Indian empires, they were strong seafarers. Circa 1000 AD.




Post Chola Dynasties Yadavas of Devagiri Kakatiyas of Warangal Rudradeva buit thousand pillar temple Ganapatideva new capital Warangal Rudramadevi-Greatest rulers Chalukyas of Vengi Hoyasala of Dwarasumdras Ballala-1 Ballala-2 Temples of Halebid and belur

Malik Kafur in his deccan campaign ends these empires


1192 AD: Second Battle of Tarain.

An inspired Prithiviraj could not contain a relentless Ghori.

Islam enters India after the second battle.



In 1193 Nalanda University was destroyed by an invading Afghan ruler.

Hindu empires simultaneously collapse all over

India due to independent reasons.



Hindu-Islamic Era. (1200 - 1800 AD)



India after the Second battle of Tarain.



Delhi Sultanates (1200 - 1526 AD) 5 dynasties: Mamluk, Khilji, Tuqlaq, Sayyid, Lodhi



Advent of Muslims in India

Arabs Conquered Sind A.D712,A.D1001-A.D1026-25 yrs-17 times raided,Mohamud of Ghazini

Battle of Tarain-1Battle of Tarain-2,Prithvi Raj chauhan

Battle of Chandwar ,Raja Jaya Chander

Delhi Sultanate (A.D1206-A.D1526) 5 Dyanasties-Slaves,Khalji,Tuglqas(Turkish),Sayyids,lodhis(Afghan)

Slave Dyansty(Mamuluk-Slave in arabic)(A.D1206-A.D1290) Qutubuddin Aibak(1206-10) LakBaksh Died playing Polo Iiltutmish(1211-36) son-in-law of qutubuddin sought investiture from caliph Danger of Genghis Khan real founder,started Iqta system(Two types of land iqtadars and khalisa ) Tanka(silver coin),Jeetal(copper coin) Chalisa-Nobles become powerful, loyal to him (challenge from Delhi Amirs)




Razia(1236-40) The only women to sit on throne of delhi Baharam Shah(1240-66)

Balban(1266-86) No legitimacy needed ulema (Slave who rose up in the ranks) Uluk Khan,most powerful among slave dynasty Introduced-Sijada(Prostration),Paibos(kissing feet) Nauroj Festival introduced by him Diwani-i-Airz military Dept


1221: Genghiz Khan

retreats back from the

Indus river.

Alaudin Khilji of Delhi

was strong and Khan

didnt want to take a

chance.




Khalji Dynasty(1290-1320) Jalaluddin Khalji(1290-96) Allauddin Khalji(1296-1316) Military reforms Dagh-branding of horse, chahra-Descriptive roll of soldiers Regular muster of army(cash payment ) Economic reforms Establishment of separate market for foodgrains,cloth,horses(fixing of prices ) Increase of land revenue by 50%,elimination of middle man Chari(pasture tax),Khari(house tax),Jiziya,Kharaj(on land )

Diwani-i-Mustakharaj-a separate Department to enquire in to revenue arrears Conquests

Malik Khafur rajput states Devagiri,Warangal Protected India from Foreign Invaders Alli-Darwaza (Gate way to qutub Minar)

Nasiruddin Khusrau first hindu convert to sit on throne



Tughluqs(1320-1414) Founder -Ghiyasuddin Tughluq Muhammad-bin-tughluq(1325-1351) ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS: TAXATION IN THE DOAB.(1326A.D) More taxes on non-muslims (up to half and 10-20 times more than the muslims population) TRANSFER OF CAPITAL.(1327A.D) forcing people to move out ,abandoning it for lack water INRODUCTION OF TOKEN CURRENCY .(1329A.D) counterfeit coins by people due to high taxes Diwan-i-Kohli( Dept of Agriculture) Decline of empire 1336-vijayanagara Bahamani-1347

Firuz Tugluq (1351-88) Establishment of Diwan-i-

Khairat(department for poor and needy people) and Diwan-i-Bundagan(department of slaves).

Making Iqtadari system hereditary. Construction of canals for irrigation

from Yamuna to the city of Hissar From the Sutlej to the Ghaggar From the Ghaggar to Firuzabad From Mandvi and Sirmour Hills to Hansi in Haryana.

Establishment of four new towns, Firuzabad, Fatebabad, Jaunpur and Hissar.

Imposition of Jaziya on the Brahmans for the first time

Establishment in Delhi a hospital described variously as Darul-Shifa, Bimaristan or Shifa Khan



Lodis(1451-1526) Bahlul Lodi-Founder Sikander Lodi Exapanded kingdom ,shifted capital to Agra from Delhi Ibrahim Lodi Battle of Panipat (invitation by Daulat Khan lodi)

Timurs Invasion of India 1398 weakening if Sultanate Sayyidis (1414-51) Sayyind Khizir Khan by Timur



Literature Al-Beruni Kitab fi Tahqiq About Indian Sciences

Firdausi Shah Namah Mahmud Ghazanis reign

Amir Khusrau Khazain-ul-Futuh 15 years of Allaudin rule (Tarik-i-Alahi) Ashika Khyis Khan love for gujarati Devarani Miftah-ul-futuh Khilji and his campaign Amir Khusrau Tughluq Namah Rise of Ghiyasuddin

Ibn Battutah Kitab-ul-Rahla A Travelogue

Kalhana Rajatarangini History of Kashmir



Islamic Architecture

TOMBS

FORTS

MOSQUE

Features of Islamic Architecture Arch and Dome Method

Mortar

Arbesque (Quran+Floral designs) Previously trabeate style.



Qutubuddin-aibak Adhai-din-ka-jhopda,Kuwwat-ul Islam Mosque,Qutub Minar

Iltutmish Tomb of Sultanigarhi (first tomb)

Balban Tomb of balban first true arch

Alauddin Jammat-i-khana mosque (first true islamic monument),Alli darwaza

Ghiasuddin tuglaq Tuglakabad

Mohammad-bin-tuglaq Jahapanah,Daulatabad

Feroz shah tuqlaq Feroz shah kotla Ferozabad(Ashokan pillar) Jaunpur(memory of Mohammad-bin-tuglaq) Repaired qutub minar

Lodis Double domes ,Char bagh


1336: Rise of Vijayanagara Empire



Provincial Kingdoms-Vijaya Nagara ,Bahamani

Vijaya Nagara (1336-1650)(Robert Stevel forgotten empire) 4 Dyansties Sangama Hariha &Bukka Saluva

Tuluva Krishna Devara ya Aravidu Battle of Bannihati or Tallikota,1565

Foreign Visitors Ibn Battuta-Harihara 1

Nicole de Conti,Italian Deva Raya 1

Abdur Razzak,Persian-Devara raya2

Domingo Peas,portugese

Barbosa,(Krishna deva raya)

Fernando nuniz- Achyuta Devaraya

Literature-Ashta Diggajas Allasani peddana-

Manucharitam

Tenali Ramakrishna-Panduranga Mahatyam

Krishandevara-Amuktamalyada




Bahamani kingdom(1347) Allaudin Hasan Bahaman Shah (Hasan gangu),capital at gulbarga Firuz Bahamani Most powerful ruler 5-Splinter States Nizam Shahis of AhmedNagar

Imad Shahis of Berar

Adilshahis of Bijapur

Barid Shahis of Bidar

Qutubshahis of Golkonda


Bhakti and Sufi movement

Bhakti,Karma,Gnan marga-to attain salvation Vasudev Krishna Bhagavatism

1-Phase south India Alvars-Vaishnavites(12) -Prabhandas Nayannars-Shaivaites (63 )-Tevarams

Adi Shankaracharya-Advaita(central upanish philosohy,TAT-VAM-ASI,Gyan marg is the best)

Ramanuja-Vishist Advait Madhavacharya-Dvait Nirambakacharya-Dvait-advait Vallabhacharya-Shuddh advaita Bassavacharya virashaivism-lingayats

Bhakti movement Ramanuja-Srivaishnavism Ramananda took it to north India




Sikhism-Guru Nanak Diff-Need for guru,Purity of Character 2-Angadh-Gurumukhi Script 5-Arjun-1-Adi-

Granth,Hermander Sahib 9-Guru Teg bahadur

executed 10-Guru gobind-Khalsa

Nirguna form-believe in formless god Kabir-Doha(Found in Bijak)

Guru Nanak

Dadu dayal-(Bani) Dadu Panthi

Saguna Bhakti-worshiping of a god in murthi Chaitanya-Bengal-keertans

Shankerdev-Assam

Surdas-U.P Sursagar,Sur Sarawali

Mirabhai-Rajasthan

Tulsidas-Ramcharithmanas



Sufism- Wahadat-ul-wuzud No difference between Haq(creator),Khalq Abu-Fazl mentions -14 major silsila Chisti Silsila most popular Moinuddin Chisti Qutubuddin kaki Nizamuddin Auliya Salim Chisti

Shurawati silsila served only ruling class Qadri silsila-Dara shikoh Qanqah= Place of living of Pir The followers are called Murids


1398: Timur of Samarkhand plunders Delhi and leaves 100,000 dead in 1 day.



Samrat Hemu Chandra Vikramaditya (Hemu) fights back the Afghans and takes back Delhi

Wins 22 battles against Afghans. Loses against Akbar due to a stray arrow

hitting him in the eye in the Second

Battle of Panipat (1556).



1526-1757: Mughal Dynasty.

Akbars lucky victory against

Hemu starts a 200 year Mughal dynasty that ruled a big chunk of north India.



Mughal(1526-40)(1555-1707),Sur Empire(1540-1555)

Mughals descendents of Mongols Babur Invited by Daulat Khan Lodi ,governor of punjab Battle of Panipat-1526 Battle of Kanwa Rana Sanga Battle of Ghagra

Humayun Battle of Chausa,Kanauj-defeated by sher

shah suri



Sur Dyanasty Sher Shah-5 year rule Admin Sarkars-Paraganas-Villages Revenue Classification of land,Assessment of land revenue on the basis of measurment of land Pattas,Qabuliyats

Trade &commerce Building new roads and restoration of old ones Built GT road Built rest houses along the roads Currency Reforms Issue of coins of silver(rupee) and copper(Dham) Mohar (Gold) added by Akbar


Sur Empire(1540-1555)


Mughal(1526-40)(1555-1707),Sur Empire(1540-1555)

Akbar Battle of panipat-2(Akbar-Hemu) Non Rajputs many campaigns Malwa-1561,Khandesh1601-last Campaign Rajputs slowly submitted except Ranas of

Mewar. Rebellion of Salim

Jahangir Rebellion of Price Khusaru Marriage to Nur-Jahan Final peace with Rana Amar Singh Shah Jahan Complete annexation of Ahmadnagar Bijapur and Gokonda Recognised Mughal

Suzerinity

Aurangazeb Imperialistic annexation of Bijapur(1686)

and Golkonda (1687)

Akbars Reforms Mansabdari system-Military-Civil

Bureaucracy Zat(determined personal pay, and horses),Sawar(How many in realty they maintained the number of horses) Jagirs-Land commuted in lieu of Salary Not hereditary but based on merit Zabti system-Todar Mal-revenue is

determined based on measurment of land.

Dahsals systems-revenue collected is avg past of 10 years were calculated and 1/3 of average produce

Social measures Prohibited Polygamy,sati Fixed age of marriage,girl schools.



By 1707 most of India is consolidated by the Mughal rulers.




Babur Babur Tuzuk-i-Babri

Humayun Gulbadanbegam(sister) Humayunama

Akbar Abu-Fazal Akbar-Nama 4-parts (first up to 1572) Up to 1588 Ain-i-Akbari Geography(people,cli

mate)

Nizam-uddin-Ahmed Akbarnama

Mustakkabh-ul-Tarikh Al-Badayuni

Jehangiri Jehangir Tuzuk-i-jahangiri


Mughal Architecture

Akbar Agra Fort,Lahore,Allahabad Fahtepur Sikri Buland Darwaza-To commemorate Gujarat Victory Jodha bhai Palace,Birbals house,Diwan-i-am,Diwan-i-Khas,Panch Mahal Humayun tomb,Salim Chisti Tomb,Akbars tomb

Jahangir Akbars Tomb Tomb of Imat-ud-daula at Agra-Pietra-dura

Shah jahan Red Fort Delhi Tajmahal Moti Masjid-Agra Jama Masjid-Delhi

Painting-Potrait,Miniature,Nature Humayun Abdus salaam,Mir sayyid Ali Akbar Hamza Nama, Karkanas Dasawanth,Basawan Jahangir Ustad Mansur Heights of mughal Painting



Aurangzeb: Last of the Mughal Emperors goes harsh on native Hindu population.



Marathas(1674-1818)

Shivaji Bhonsle : Father Shahaji Bhonsle under Adil Shahi Captures Torna Fort,Fight with Afzal Khan(1659),general of Adil shah Battle of Pratapgarh (1659) Battle of Kohlapur Aurangazeb now focuses on Shivaji Shaist Khan (defeated ) Raja Jai singh 1 1665-Treaty of Purandar(Insulted) 1666-Escape from Agra 1674-Coronation and assumption of Haindava Dharmodharak

Death in 1680



Successors of Shivaji Shambhaji(1680-1689) Killed by Aurangazeb

Rajaram(1689-1700) Shivaji-2(1700-1707) Shahu(1707-49) son of Shambaji Battle of Khed(1708) Rise of Peshwaship

Peshwas(1713-1818) Balaji Vishwanath

(1713-20) 1-peshwa,made peshwa most important,powerful,hereditary Baji Rao(1720-40) Greatest exponent of guerilla warfare System of confedaracy Gaekwad-Baroda Bhosle-Nagpur Holkar-Indore Scindihia-Gwalior Peshwa-Poona Balaji Baji Rao(1740-61) Nanasaheb Third battle of panipat -1761

Adminstration

Central Adminstration-Astapradhan Peshwa-Finance and general Adminstration Amatya-Accountant General Revenue Prants Chauth-1/4 of the land

revenue of on land not part of empire ,so that no raids would be conducted

Sardehmukhi-Additional levy of 10% on those Lands of Maharashtra over which Marathas claim hereditary Rights



Marathas of Central India: Bhosle Era (1674 - 1759) Shivaji introduces guerilla warfare against the Mughals. Hindu rulers fight back again.

B



By 1761, Marathas take control of most of north India.



1761: 3rd battle of Panipat. Marathas lose against the combined strength of Afghans and Persians. In 1818 a weakened Maratha Empire is completely defeated by the East India Company.



Indian History 2

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