India, Middle East and Africa

The Road to IndependenceBy 1945, what parts of the

world were not free from foreign rule?

Fall of the Ottoman Empire - Post WWI

European Imperialism (1800’s)

India: From Past to Present

What do you remember about the history of India?

Task: Create a list of any events,

people or characteristics associated with India (even from

Global I).

Answers:1. Indus/Ganges2. Dharma: duties; Karma: actions3. Fixed social structure; untouchables4. Nirvana5. Prince Siddhartha Gautama6. Leads to moksha7. Mauryan Empire/Gupta Dynasty8. Buddhists reject caste system9. Akbar the Great10. Mughal11. Rebellion against British laws12. Indian National Congress/Muslim League13. British East India Company14. Raj15. Taj Mahal; tomb for Emperor’s wife

Timeline of India: Key Events

AB

3,000 BC

500-500

C

1500’s

1800’s

D

Do Now: Put this timeline in your notes.

A)Indus & Ganges Rivers

FERTILE SOIL!

A)Indus River Valley (3,000 BCE)

Social Hierarchy: Caste System

SudrasSudras

VaisyasVaisyas

Kshatriyas Kshatriyas

BrahminsBrahmins

(Warriors)

(Farmers, artisans, merchants)

(The conquered, servants, laborers)

Pariahs [Harijan] Untouchables

(Priests)

CAST

ES

A)Hinduism vs. B)Buddhism• Hinduism

– Time: ca. 2,000 BCE– Goal: Moksha

•Role of dharma and karma

– Founder: ? (Aryanism)– Beliefs:

•Polytheistic•Reincarnation•Supports Caste

System

• Buddhism– Time: ca.500 BCE– Goal: Nirvana

• 4 Noble Truths• Eightfold Path

– Founder: Prince Siddhartha Gautama

– Beliefs: •Polytheistic•Reincarnation•Equality•Rejects caste system

B)Gupta Dynasty: Golden Age of India (ca. 200 BCE)

Reign of Asoka & the spread of Buddhism

Trade, Prosperity, Tolerance, Public Works, EDUCATION (math & science)

C) Mughal Rule in India (15th c/Muslim Dynasty):

Sha Jahan

Akbar The Great

Same dynasty that gets taken over by the Europeans (19th c)!

Religious

Toleration

D)The British in India –“Raj” “The Jewel in the Crown”

Multiple Choice Review1. 42. 13. 44. 15. C6. C7. C8. B9. A10.D11.A12.1 (horrible question)

13. C14. A15. B16. 417. 118. 319. 120. 221. B

What METHODS work best to achieve something you want

(or believe in)?Task: To be collected

1.Explain an instance when you felt strongly about an issue/or wanted something (that you believed in).

2. How did you attempt to pursue this issue/goal?

3.What were the results? Was your method effective? Why or Why not?

Methods of getting what you want…

1. Argue2. Protest or speaking up3. Persistence4. Challenging authority5. Going to an authority

(someone who will listen)6. Firm communication; voicing

opinion7. Convincing8. Make people realize…9. Organize people together10. Ignore the aggressor11. Patience12. Voting13. Self-Control14. Violence

16. Screaming

17. Bad Attitude/Being Angry

18. Prove your cause

19. Make your cause PUBLIC

20. Intimidation

Which methods what Gandhi

support?

The Indian National Congress The Indian National Congress (1885)(1885)

Muslim League• To partition India and

create a free Islamic state (1906)

to protect HINDU interests; to protect HINDU interests; SWARAJSWARAJ “independence”“independence”

Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi NEHRU

•Members of the INC; Demanding

independence pre-WWI

Gandhi: • What events

shaped his life?• What were his

beliefs?

Amritsar MassacreApril 1919

British open fire on unarmed gathering of men, women, and

children

Happy Monday - Announcements

1. Guided Reading: Thursday2. Holocaust Night of Remembrance:

Thursdaya. 7 PM, JFK (100%)

3. Select an event/achievement associated with the Middle East (3,000 BC – 1920) and write:

1. A description of such event/achievement2. Explain its significance TYPED - FRIDAY

GANDHITake notes on the following events & be

ready to discuss!

1. South Africa (begins with train scene)2. Conditions in India3. Gandhi’s Actions/Plan4. Amritsar Massacre5. Discussion w/British6. Salt March/Saltworks7. Funeral

Example of Satyagraha, “Soul Force” or

Civil Disobedience (Non-violent Resistance)Salt March (1930)

• Protest against the British salt tax; making it illegal to sell or produce salt– 23 days/240 miles to

coast– picks up salt

– breaks the law– others followed!– Leads to boycott of

British goods– Public Attention– This is India’s natural

resource!

• Arrested/Imprisoned

Salt MarchMarch 1930

Nonviolent protest against British imposed salt tax

Independence:1. India: Independence in

1947; a Hindu statea.World’s largest

democracyb.US ally

2. Creation of Pakistan; a Muslim state

3. Tensions:a. Disputed area: Kashmirb. Sikhism: Hindu & Islam

4. Both countries possess nuclear weaponsa. Threats

5. Gandhi’s dream unfulfilled

1. Nehru (1947-1964)

2. Indira Gandhi (Nehru’s daughter) (1964-1984)

Assassinated

3. Indira’s son, Rajiv (1984-1989)

Assassinated

India Today

1. Practice of untouchability still exists (rural areas)– Despite ban in

Constitution2. Less education for women3. Poverty (1/3); overcrowded

cities4. Sikhs demanding self-rule

in Punjab5. Green Revolution: method

to increase food production– New methods of irrigation,

seeds– Dependency on monsoons

PM Singh

Pakistan Today

1. Political Instability

2. As of 9/2008, elected President, Zardari

3. Aided US to find Bin Laden

- Unpopular with Islamic Fundamentalists in area

The Middle East: From Past to Present What do you remember about this part of the world?

Babylon = rectangle

Euphrates – diagonal

Kingdoms = small circles

Ocean = large circles (around world?)

An early world map (600 BC)

• Mesopotamia: Cuneiform

Babylon (city-state)

•King Hammurabi ~ 1792-1750 BCE

•CODE OF HAMMURABI

•1st written legal system

Mesopotamia: The Hebrews

Emergence of Islam (7th c)

Abbasid Dynasty: Golden Age

Coin of the Abbasids, Baghdad, Iraq, 1244 Holy Book

THE CRUSADESa series of wars fought between the Christian and Muslim

world for the “holy land”

“Deus lo volt!” – God wills it!

The Islamic Empire (approx 950)

Mughal (Muslim) Rule in India:

Sha Jahan

Akbar The Great

The Middle East – Post 1945

1. What was the political status of many Middle Eastern nations post-WWI (1920’s)?a. Why did this

happen?

2. What happened to Turkey? How?

Roman Empire (44 BCE)

Byzantine Empire (476)

Ottoman (Muslim) Empire (1453 - 1918)

Kemal Ataturk: Founder of Turkey“Father of the Turks”

• General/War hero (WWI)• Post WWI – Ottomans

defeated!• Defeats west (Independence)• Modernization/Westernization

– Islamic law replaced– Western calendar (in lieu of

Muslim)– Western Dress (no veils)– Alphabet (instead of Arabic)– Voting

Pan-ArabismArab nationalists want to be free from foreign control

Gamal Abdel Nasser: Egypt

• Arab Nationalist • Ends British influence (1954)• Suez Canal BELONGS to Egypt

Iranian Revolution (1979)

Iranian Revolution (1979)

1. Post WWI – Nationalism

2. Reza Khan Pahlavi becomes Shah of Iran– Models Ataturk’s

changes– Extravagance/Elite– Lacks support of

Muslim leaders•“a puppet of the

west”

3. Overthrow of Shah by Ayatollah

Khomeini– Islamic Republic– “1st day of God’s

government”(theocracy)

•Islamic

Fundamentalist

1. What two groups of people want independence in Jerusalem? 2. Independence from who? Why?

Arab-Israeli Conflict

1.Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire

2.Acquired by the British (post-WWI); Balfour Declaration (1917) – Jewish “right to homeland”

Palestine Populatio

n in 1946

Arab-Israeli Conflict

3. Israel Becomes a Nation:

May 14, 1948

3. Israel Becomes a Nation:

May 14, 1948

David Ben-Gurion:

1st Prime Minister

David Ben-Gurion:

1st Prime Minister

MAY 15th = WAR(S)

A Brief Review of this week…

Where is he from? Role?1. Shah Reza Pahlavi

2. Kemal Ataturk

3. Ayatollah Khomeini

4. Gamal Abdel Nasser

5. David Ben-Gurion

6. Saddam Hussein

Do Now:

What interest(s) does the US have in the Middle East?

OPECOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

• Created in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela TO CONTROL OIL INDUSTRY (production & prices)

• 11 members today• 40% of world’s production & OVER

75% reservesWhat is the significance of this data?

DEPENDENCY

What does this mean for us?

Persian Gulf War’90-91

• Iraqi invasion of Kuwait– OIL

• UN mission– Operation Desert

Storm

• Liberation of Kuwait– UN Success

Kurds in Iraq/Iran

•Minority group seeking independence (Kurdistan?)

•Victims of Human rights abuses

Nuclear Capabilities

United Nations – Statement 1960

“The subjection of people to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation is contrary to the Charter of the United

Nations and is an impediment to the promotion of world peace and cooperation.”

What is the main idea?

Nelson Mandela• ANC (African National

Congress)– Desires an end to

APARTHEID•System of segregation

which discriminated against the Black majority

•Nations put Sanctions on SA.

– Desires political participation

– Desires MAJORITY political party

• Imprisoned – 27 years

Apartheid Ends - 1994• Republic of South Africa

– Nelson Mandela elected president•Democratic

– Rival groups within majority•Ethnic and regional differences

• Nations seek to invest/trade w/S.Africa