WELCOME

INDIA

Presented By: Group “E”

Introduction

History of India

Geography of India

Location of India

Basic information

Rankings of India

In the Beginning…

• Civilization developed along the Indus River around 2500 BCE

• Historically, the subcontinent of India includes Pakistan and Bangladesh

Vedic Age (1500-500 BCE)

• Rigveda written in

Sanskrit

• Mahabharata &

Ramayana

Mughal Empire (1526-1858)

• 1500 – Central Asians, led

by Mugals, established a

kingdom in northern India

• Akbar (1556-1605)

Conquest of central

India

Religious tolerance

Business and

commerce encouraged

British Colonial India

British India 1613–

1947

• East India Company:

1612–1757

• Company rule in India:

1757–1857

• British Raj: 1858–1947

Indian Independence and a

Separate Muslim State

Independence in 1947

Hindu – Muslim

violence Kashmir

Independence for

Pakistan

Geography of India

Area: Total: 3,287,590 sq

km

Land: 2,973,190 sq

km

Water: 314,400 sq km

Area : comparative:

slightly more than

one-third the size of

the US.

Land boundaries : Total

14,103 km

Absolute location of India

New Delhi 28°36.8′N 77°12.5′E

Relative locations and land borders

Basic information

• Full name: Republic of India

• Population: 1.23 billion (2014 census) and density 381.1/km2

• Independence: 15 August 1947

• Capital: New Delhi

• Most-populated city: Mumbai (Bombay)

• Major languages: Hindi, English and at least 16 other official languages

• Major religions: Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism

• States: 29

• Currency: Indiana rupee

• GDP: $7.277 trillion (2014)

Rankings of India

• Rank 1 : Largest democracy

• Rank 2 : Total population, size of arm

forces.

• Rank 3 : GDP (ppp) , Internet users

• Rank 4 : Television broadcast stations

• Rank 5 : GDP growth rate

• Rank 6 : Coffee Production

• Rank 7 : Total land area

• Rank 8 : Carbon dioxide emissions

• Rank 9 : Telephone lines in use

• Rank 10: Richest country.

THE PHYSICAL

FEATURES OF

INDIA

physical features of India can be

grouped under the following

physiographic divisions:

(i) The Himalayan Mountains

(ii) The Northern Plains

(iii) The Peninsular Plateau

(iv) The Indian Desert

(v) The Coastal Plains

(vi) The Islands

(i) THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAIN

• The Himalayan ranges contain several high peaks. Mount

Everest is the highest peak in the world.

• Their length is about 2000 kilometers and width between

230 and 400 kilometers.

The Himalayas have three

main ranges That are:

(i)The greater Himalayas

(ii) The lesser Himalayas

(iii) The Shivalik hill ranges

The Greater Himalayas

The highest range of

the Himalayas is

known as the greater

Himalayas. It is also

called the Himadri.

The lesser Himalayas

The range lying to the south of the Himadri forms the

most mountain system & known as Himachal or the

lesser Himalayas.

The altitude varies between 3700 & 4500 meters And

Average width is of 50 km.

The Shivalik Ranges

Shivalik Hills

Kedarnath (Shivalik)

A view of Shivalik Range

Northern Plains

The narrow belt of about 8 to 16 km in width lying parallel to the slopes

of shiwalik are called Bhabar.

The streams and rivers re-emerge and create a wet ,swampy and

marshy region known as terai.

The flood plains of the rivers and present a terrace like feature is

known as bhangar.

The soil in this region contains calcareous deposits known as khadar.

The Peninsular Plateau

The peninsular plateau is a tableland composed of the old

crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks.

It is formed due to the breaking and drifting of the

gondwana land.

It has a broad and shallow valleys and rounded hills

Western Ghats

EASTERN GHATS

A place that receives less than 10 inches (25 centimeters) of

rain per year is considered a desert. Deserts cover more than

one fifth of the Earth's land, and they are found on every

continent. Deserts are.

INDIAN DESERT

The coastal plains

The Island

Lakshadweep

Andaman and

Nicobar

NEXT

Climate of India . . .

Part-I Climatic Diversity of India

Part-II Factors Affecting Climate of India

Part-III Rhythm of Seasons

Part-IV Distribution of Rainfall

Part-V Change of Climate

Climatic Diversity

Drass -450C in

December night

Tawang 190C in

June

Chennai 200C in

December night

Jodhpur 550C

in June

Cherrapunji &

Mawsynram have

1080cm rainJaisalmer

receives 9cm

rainfall

Kerala Diurnal

range of 80C

Thar desert

Diurnal range

of 300C

More diversities…

Churu in Rajasthan records a

temperature of 50°C or more on

a June day.

Snow fall over the Himalayas.

Most parts of India receives

rainfall during June to

September.

Tura of Meghalaya receives

rainfall in a single day is equal

to the total rainfall of Ten years

in Jaisalmer of Rajastan.

It is 19°C in Tawang

(Arunachal Pradesh) on the

same day.

Only rainfall over rest of India.

Tamilnadu coast remains dry

during these months.

Very low rainfall in North west

Himalayas and western

Rajastan which is equal to 10cm

per year.

Factors affecting Indian climate

RELATED TO LOCATION

& RELIEF

•Latitude

•Altitude

•Relief

•Distance from Sea

•The Himalayan Mt.

•Distribution of Land & water

RELATED TO AIR

PRESSURE & WIND

Surface pressure & wind

Upper air circulation

Western cyclones

Rhythm of Seasons

COLD WEATHER

HOT WEATHER

SOUTH WEST MONSOON

RETREATING MONSOON

► It extends from December to

February.

► Vertical sun rays shift towards

southern hemisphere.

► North India experiences intense

cold where as this season is not

well defined in south India.

► Light wind blow makes this season

pleasant in south India.

► Occasional tropical cyclone visit

eastern coast in this season.

Cold Weather Season

100C`150C

200C

250C

200C

► It extends from March to

May.

► Vertical sun rays shift

towards Northern

hemisphere.

► Temperature rises

gradually from south to

north.

► Highest Temperature

experiences in Karnataka in

March, Madhya Pradesh in

April and Rajastan in May.

Hot Weather Season

May 480C

April 380C

March 300C

► It extends from June to

September.

► Intense heating in north

west India creates low

pressure region.

► Low pressure attract the

wind from the surrounding

region.

► After having rains for a few

days sometime monsoon

fails to occur for one or

more weeks is known as

break in the monsoon.

SOUTH WEST MONSOON SEASON

► It extends from October to

November.

► Vertical sun rays start shifting

towards Northern

hemisphere.

► Low pressure region shift

from northern parts of India

towards south.

► Owing to the conditions of

high temperature and

humidity, the weather

becomes rather oppressive.

This is commonly known as

the ‘October heat’

RETREATING MONSOON SEASON

LOW PRESSURE

DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL

Rainfall and average temperature

► India has long coast line and

rise of sea level will submerge

large area.

► A population of 7.1 million

living in coastal areas will be

affected.

► Production of crops like wheat,

rice etc will decrease.

► The natural disasters like

cyclone, floods and drought

will increase in frequency as

well as intensity.

CLIMATE CHANGE & INDIA

KOLKOTA

CHENNAI

MUMBAI

Indian River System

Indian rivers overview

Himalayan

and

Karkoram

Ranges

Vindhyas,

Satpuras,

Central

Plateau

Western

Ghats

Bay of

Bengal

Arabian

Ocean

India

Himalayan Rivers

River types

Peninsular Rivers

River system

of India

Himalayan Rivers Peninsular Rivers

Indus

Brahmaputra Mahanadi Narmada

Ganga

THE HIMALAYAS ARE DRAINED BY 16

MAJOR RIVERS. THE MAJOR

HIMALAYAN RIVERS ARE THE INDUS,

GANGES, AND BRAHMAPUTRA. THESE

RIVERS ARE LONG, AND ARE JOINED BY

MANY LARGE AND IMPORTANT

TRIBUTARIES. HIMALAYAN RIVERS

HAVE LONG COURSES FROM THEIR

SOURCE TO SEA.

Himalayan Rivers

The Ganges River

The head waters of The Ganges called the ‘Bhagirathi’ is fed by Gangotriglacier.

It emerges from mountains joined by the Alaknanda and Devaparyag at Uttarakhand.

Flowing towards north- 1,500 km.

Tributaries are – Kavi , Damodar, Yamuna, Gomti, Kosi, Gandak.

Indus River

The river Indus rises in Tibet, near lake Mansarovar.

Flowing towards West –2900 km Course.

Enters India through Ladakh district of J&K .

Tributaries are- the Zaskar, Nubra, Shyok & hunza.

Brahmaputra river

It rises in Tibet near the

Mansarovar lake. It is slightly

longer than the Indus.

It flows from East to West and is

2900 (In India its 916)km.

Tributaries are – Dibang, Lohit

etc. and many other.

Peninsular Rivers

The main water divide in the peninsular India is formed by the Western Ghats, from the north and the south close to the western coast. Major rivers are Mahanadi , Godavari, flow eastwards and drain into Bay Of Bengal.

Mahanadi River

The in the Mahanadi River

rises in the highland of

Chhattisgarh.

It flows towards east and ends

its journey in the Bay of

Bengal

Its course is 860 km.

The Narmada River

It rises in the Amarkantakhills in the Madhya Pradesh.

Flowing towards West -1300 km course.

Tributaries are- Banjar, Tawa, Barna, Halon river.

All the tributaries are short of River Narmada river and join the main stream at right angle.

NEXT

Minerals of India

• India is quite rich in minerals. Substances which are found in

the rocks or are lying hidden under the ground are called

minerals. These substances are mined out or pumped out of the

earth.

• India has a large number of economically useful minerals and

they constitute one-quarter of the world's known mineral

resources.

• Almost all kinds of minerals are found in different places of

India.

Distribution of the Minerals of India

Types of Minerals of India

There are three kinds of Minerals in India. These are:

• Power Mineral Resource.

• Metallic Mineral Resource.

• Non-Metallic Mineral Resource.

Power Minerals of India

• Power resources is one of the most important natural resources

and is very essential for the economic development of a

country.

• The economy of India is enriched by the rich deposition of

different power minerals.

Types of Power Minerals of India

• Coal

• Petroleum And Natural Gas

• Nuclear Energy

• Hydel Power

• Wind Energy

• Tidal Energy

• Geothermal Energy

• Solar Energy

• Biogas.

Metallic Minerals of India

The metallic minerals are:

• Iron

• Copper

• Aluminum

• Manganese

• Gold

Non-Metallic Minerals of India

• India also produces a large number of non-metallic

minerals although only a few of them have assumed as

much industrial and economic importance as is done by

the metallic minerals.

• Different kinds of Non-Metallic Minerals of India are

described below.

Mica

• Mica is found in different places of India includes

01.Andrah Pradesh

02.Rajasthan

03.Bihar and Jharkhand

04.Gujarat

05.Kerala

06. Tamil Nadu etc.

Limeston

• Limestone is found in different places of India includes

01.Madhyaprodesh.

02. Rajasthan

03.Andra Pradesh

04.Gujrat

05.Chhattsgarh

06.Tamil Nadu

07.Karnataka etc.

Dolomite

• Dolomite is found in different places of India includes

01.Orissa

02.Chhattisgarh

03.Jharkhodo

04.Rajastan

05.Karnakto etc.

Asbestos

• Asbestos is found in different places of India includes

01.Rajastan

02.Andra Pradesh

03.Jharkhodo

04.Madhya Pradesh

05.Chhattisgarh

06.Tamil Nadu

07.Gujrat etc.

Magnesite

• Magnesite is found in different places of India includes

01.Tamil Nadu

02.Rajastan

03.Uttaranchal

04.Karnataka

Kyanite

• Kyanite is found in different places of India includes

01.Jharkondo

02.Maharastra

03.Karnataka

04. Orissa

05. Rajasthan

06.Tamil Nadu

Gypsum

• Gypsum is found in different places of India includes

01.Tamil Nadu

02. Jammu and Kashmir

03.Gujarat

04.Uttar Pradesh

Diamonds

• Gypsum is found in different places of India includes

01.Andhra Pradesh

02.Madhya Pradesh

03.Karnataka etc.

Forest of India

India is a very big country and it houses different types of

forests and woodlands.

These forests include protected forests or reserved forests.

Prior to the independence of the country, the forests of the

country were protected under the Indian Forest Act, 1927.

The different types of forests of India

• Tropical rainforests

• Temperate deciduous forests

• Himalayan subtropical pine forests

• Indian tidal or mangrove forests

• Indian dry deciduous forests

• Humid deciduous forests of the eastern highlands

• Dry evergreen forests of the east deccan region

• Monsoon forests

Distribution of forests in Indian state

Economics

• Significant forest products of India include paper, plywood,

sawnwood, timber, poles, pulp and matchwood, fuelwood, sal

seeds, tendu leaves, gums and resins, cane and rattan, bamboo,

grass and fodder, drugs, spices and condiments, herbs,

cosmetics, tannins.

• Approximately 20% of the overall forest cover of India is

located in the state of Madhya Pradesh.

• States like Maharashtra, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar

Pradesh, and Arunachal Pradesh also house a considerable

volume of forest.

Biodiversity in Indian forests

Biodiversity in Indian forests

• Indian forests are home to some of earth's unique flora and

fauna.

• Indian forests represent one of the 12 mega bio diverse regions

of the world.

• Indian forests and wetlands serve as temporary home to many

migrant birds.

Forest right

• In 1969, forestry in India underwent a major change with the

passage of the Forest Right Act, a new legislation that sought

to address the needs of forest dwelling communities that

resulted from the failure to record their rights over forest land

and resources. It also sought to bring in new forms of

community conservation.

NEXT

POPULATION

Current Population of India

India, with 1,236,344,631(2014) or 1.23 billion

people is the second most populous country in

the world, while China is on the top with over

1,350,044,605 (1.35 billion) people. .

Census of India 2011

Population of India in 2011 1,210,200,000 (1.21 billion)

Total Male Population in India 628,800,000 (628.8 million)

Total Female Population in India 591,400,000 (591.4 million)

Sex Ratio 940 females per 1,000 males

Age structure0 to 25 years 50% of India's current

population

India's Population in 2011 1.21 billion

India's Population in 2001 1.02 billion

Population of India in 1947 350 million

51 children are born in every 1 minute.....

51 51=

Percent(%) of World Population

Country

Percent(%)

of World

Population

China 19.4

India 17.5

USA 4.5

Indonesia 3.4

Brazil 2.8

Pakistan 2.7

Bangladesh 2.4

Nigeria 2.3

Russia

Federal2.0

Japan 1.9

Others 41.2

Sr. No. State Name PopulationPercent(%) of

IndiaDensity

1 Uttar Pradesh 19,95,81,477 16.49 828

2 Maharashtra 11,23,72,972 9.29 365

3 Bihar 10,38,04,637 8.58 1,102

4 West Bengal 9,13,47,736 7.55 1,029

5Andhra

Pradesh8,46,65,533 7.00 308

6Madhya

Pradesh7,25,97,565 6.00 236

7 Tamil Nadu 7,21,38,958 5.96 555

8 Rajasthan 6,86,21,012 5.67 201

9 Karnataka 6,11,30,704 5.05 319

10 Gujarat 6,03,83,628 4.99 308

Top Ten States of highest Population in

India as per India Cencus 2011

India Population (in millions): 1901-2011

India Population Density

Birth rate & Death rate

Age composition

The population of a nation is generally grouped into three broad categories:

Children (generally below 15 years)

Working Age (15-59 years)

Aged (Above 59 years)

India is projected to overtake

China as the world's most

populous nation by 2030. India's

population growth has raised

concerns that it would lead to

widespread unemployment and

political instability.

Year Population

2020: 1,326,093,000

2030: 1,460,743,000

2040: 1,571,715,000

2050: 1,656,554,000

INDIAN ECONOMY

Economic Indicators

GDP at market prices US $ 1.01 trillion

GDP at PPP US $ 4.16 trillion

Per Capita Income US $ 1000

GDP per capita growth % 9.4 %

Exports (Feb - YTD) US$ 78 Bn

Imports (Feb - YTD) US$ 115 Bn

Foreign exchange reserves US$ 200 Bn

Current account balance US$ 11.8 Bn

Currency: 1 Indian Rupee (INR) 100 Paisa

Trade organizations: WTO, G-20 and others

Japan - 6.1

Germany 3.7

UK - 3.1

France - 2.8

Italy - 2.6

Russia - 2.6

Brazil - 2.5

Spain - 1.8

Canada - 1.7S Korea - 1.7

Mexico - 1.7 Turkey - 1.0

China - 15.8

US - 19.3

India - 6.4

Indonesia - 1.4

Australia - 1.0

Iran - 0.9Taiwan - 1.0

Thailand - 0.9

US - 19.3 China - 15.8 India - 6.4 Japan - 6.1 Germany 3.7 UK - 3.1 France - 2.8

Italy - 2.6 Russia - 2.6 Brazil - 2.5 Spain - 1.8 Canada - 1.7 S Korea - 1.7 Mexico - 1.7

Indonesia - 1.4 Taiwan - 1.0 Australia - 1.0 Turkey - 1.0 Iran - 0.9 Thailand - 0.9

SHARE OF WORLD GDP

Sectors contributing to GDP

Import and Export

Export goods petroleum products, precious stones, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, vehicles, apparel

Import goods crude oil, precious stones, machinery, fertilizer, iron and steel, chemicals

Main export partners US 12.6%, UAE 12.2%, China 8.1%, Hong Kong 4.1% (2009)

Main import partners China 12.4%, UAE 6.5%, Saudi Arabia 5.8%, US 5.7%, Australia 4.5% (2009)

Economy operating sectors

Industry and services

Textile

Services

Retail

Tourism

Mining

Agriculture

Banking and finance

A MAP SHOWING REGIONS FOR INDIAN EXPORTS

Global trade relations

The eleventh plan has the

following objectives:

Income & Poverty

Education

Health

Women and Children

Infrastructure

Target growth:8.33%

achieved:7.94%

Education Of India

India is a well educated country ;literacy rate of

India is 74.04% (2011).There is a wide gender

disparity in the literacy rate in India: effective

literacy rates (age 7 and above) in 2011 were

82.14% for men and 65.46% for women.

Problems In Indian Education

Lack of money.

Lack of qualified teachers.

Insensitive school personnel.

Differing expectations of education programs

Lack of involvement in and control of educational matters.

Difficulties of students in higher education. Too many instant-Indian education

NEXT

Languages Of India

The List major languages of IndiaSanskrit

Hindi

English

Gujarati

Punjabi

Bengali

Assamese

Dogri

Urdu

Oriya

Marathi

Kannada

Tamil

Telugu

Malayalam

Language Map of India

Language Counts

The number of individual languages listed for

India is 461. Of these, 447 are living and 14

are extinct. Of the living languages, 63 are

institutional, 130 are developing, 187 are

vigorous, 54 are in trouble, and 13 are dying.

RELIGION OF INDIA

Major Religions In India

HINDUISM

ISLAM

CHRISTIANITY

SIKHISM

BUDDHISM

JAINISM

ZOROASTRIANISM

JUDAISM

Religion Map Of India

Religions of Indian Origins

HINDUISM

SIKHISM

BUDDHISM

JAINISM

HINDUISM

Origin: Indus valley, about 1500BC.

Originators: Persian settlers influenced by

Aryan invaders.

Holy city: Varanisi, on the river Ganges.

Followers: 650 million. About 80% of all Indians

are Hindi.

BUDDHISM

Origin: North India, 5th century BC, a

Hindi protest group.

Originator: Prince Siddhartha

Gautama (563-483BC), Buddha.

Main text: Three

Followers: 307 million.

JAINISM

Origin: 6th century India.

Originator: Break away group of Hindus led by

Mahavira.

Main text: Siddharta.

Followers: 4 million.

SIKHISM

Origin: India 16th century.

Originator: Guru Nanak (1469-

1539).

Main text: Guru Granth Sahib.

Holy city: Amritsar in the

Punjab.

Followers: 16.5 million.

Wildlife In India

• It is home to Bengal tigers, deer, pythons, wolves, foxes,

bears, crocodiles, camels, wild dogs, monkeys, snakes,

antelope species and varieties of bison and not to mention

the mighty Asian elephant.

• 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of avian, 6.2% of reptilian,

and 6.0% of flowering plant speciesamong Indian species,

only 12.6% of mammals and 4.5% of birds are endemic,

contrasting with 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of

amphibians

• The varied and rich wildlife of India has had a profound

impact on the region's popular culture.

National Parks and wildlife

Sanctuaries of India

Major Wild Animals In India

Indian Asiatic LionAsiatic Lions once used to roam around the area, stretching from northern

Greece, across Southwest Asia, to central India. However, today the natural habitat of the majestic animal has been reduced to the Gir forests of India only, making the Asiatic Lion almost synonymous with the Indian Lion.

Bengal Tiger Bengal tiger is a subspecies of tiger, which is found in the Bengal region of the

Indian subcontinent. One of the most common tiger subspecies of asia.

Indian Black BearIndian black bear is also known by the names of Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus

thibetanus), Tibetan black bear, Himalayan black bear and Moon bear. They grow to a length of approximately 4 to 6 feet, right from the nose to the tail.

NEXT

Indian Agriculture

One of the strong sector of Indian economy.• Around 58 % population of India depends on Agriculture.

• Average growth rate of agriculture and allied sector in 2006-07 & 2007-08 has been 4% per annum.

• 140.7 million hectare area is available for sown.• Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed,

cotton, jute, tea.

History

• Indian agriculture began by 9000 BC as a result of early cultivation of plants.

• Double monsoon leads two harvest in a year.

• The Grow More Food Campaign (1940s) and the Integrated Production Program (1950s) focused on food

and cash crops supply respectively.

• In 1960s Green revolution took place. Agriculture production rose. Export increased at 10% in 1990s.

Contribution of Agriculture In India

• India ranks second worldwide in farm output

• Total Geographical Area - 328 million hectares

• Net Area sown - 142 million hectares• Gross Cropped Area – 190.8 million

hectares• Major Crop Production » Rice 94.1

million tones » Wheat 74.8 million tones » Coarse Cereals 36.1 million tones » Pulses 219.3 million tones » Oilseeds

340.3 million tones » Food Grains 27.2 million tones

• Contributes to 14% of GDP • Provides food to 1Billion people

• Sustains 65% of the population : helps alleviate poverty

• Produces 51 major Crops• Provides Raw Material to Industries• Contributes to 1/6th of the export

earnings

Strength

• Indian agriculture is famous for its rich bio-diversity

• Almost 60% of Indian land comprises of agricultural land

• Climate is suitable for agriculture

• Strong and well dispersed research and extension system

Weakness

• Average yield in India is just 30% to 50% of the highest average yield in the world

• Agriculture in India is not technically developed

• Irrigation facilities are inadequate, which results in farmers still being dependent on

rainfall

• Illiteracy and socio-economic backwardness results in low productivity in India

• Share of agriculture in GDP has declined in past few years

Industrialization in India:

Since independence to 1980:

During this period there was restrictive growth of privatesector and government's permission was required to set upany private enterprise in India. Despite this the GDP grew at arate of 1.4% per annum from 1940 – 1970. Other factors suchas poverty and famine lowered India's economic growth rateduring this period and with the presence of very few topproducers of major industrial goods the absorption ofdomestic productivity was greater, which lead tomonopolisticpricing.

1980 to mid-1990s:Post 1980s India saw liberalization and achieved furtherimpetus in Mid-1991. The nation witnessed historical upsurgein per capita GNP. In 1994-95 the industrial output-growthregistered 8.4% growth and the exports rose by 27%. Thisresulted in a 10% drop in inflation in the mid-1990s.

1990s to 2000s:Since its liberalization policy, India has opened several public sector enterprises. The exports saw a 17% rise in 1994 and 28% in 1995-96. Over 90% of India's imports are backed by export revenues. At present the current account arrears is less than 1% of GDP and foreign-exchange profits are soaring at $20 billion. The food stocks have witnessed an all-time increase of 37m tonnes.

Since independence to 1980:

During this period there was restrictive growth of privatesector and government's permission was required to set upany private enterprise in India. Despite this the GDP grew at arate of 1.4% per annum from 1940 – 1970. Other factors suchas poverty and famine lowered India's economic growth rateduring this period and with the presence of very few topproducers of major industrial goods the absorption ofdomestic productivity was greater, which lead tomonopolisticpricing.

Major Industries in India

1. Textile Industry

2. Food processing industry3. Chemical Industry4. Cement Industry5. Steel Industry6. Software Industry7. Mininig Industry8. Petroleum Industry

Cotton Textiles Silk Textiles Woolen Textiles Readymade Garments Hand-crafted Textiles Jute and Coir

Fig: India textile industries Fig: location of indian steel industries

Fig: Location of indian software industries Fig: location of indian cement plants

Transportation in India

The Railways in India provide the principal mode oftransportation for freight and passengers. It brings togetherpeople from the farthest corners of the country and makespossible the conduct of business, sightseeing, pilgrimage andeducation. Indian Railways is the largest railway system in theworld under a single management.

Railways

Roads

India has one of the largest road networks in the world,aggregating to about 33 lakh kilometers at present. Thecountry's road network consists of National High-ways, StateHighways, major/other district roads and villages/ruralroads. The National Highways have further been classifeddepending upon the carriageway width of the Highway.Generally, a lane has a width of 3.75 m in case of single laneand 3.5 per lane in case of multilane National Highways.

SHIPPING

Shipping plays an important role in the transport sector ofIndia's economy. Approximately, 90 percent of thecountry's trade by volume (70 per cent in terms of value) ismoved by sea. India has the largest merchant shipping fleetamong the developing countries and ranks 20th amongstthe countries with the largest cargo carrying fleet with 8.83million GT as on 01.06.2008 and the average of the fleetbeing 18 years.

Ports

The coastline of India is dotted with 12 Major Ports and about200 Non-major Ports. The Major Ports are under the purviewof the central while the Non-major Ports come under thejudrisdiction of the respective State Governments.

NEXT

Family

Family plays a significant role in the Indian culture. For

generations, India has had a prevailing tradition of the

joint family system. It is a system under which extended

members of a family – parents, children, the children’s

spouses and their offspring, etc.

MarriageFor centuries, arranged marriages have been the

tradition in Indian society though men and women

have always had the choice of who they want to

marry. Even today, the vast majority of Indians

have their marriages planned by their parents and

other respected family-members.

The Guest is GodAtithi Devo Bhava literally means "be one for whom the Mother is God, be one for whom the Father is God, be one for whom the Teacher is God, be one for whom the guest is God” is a Sanskrit verse, taken from an ancient Hindu scripture which became part of the "code of conduct" for Hindu society. Atithi Devo Bhava regards a procedure of the Host-Guest relationship.

ATITHI DEVO BHAVA

NATIONAL ANIMALTiger

NATIONAL BIRDPeacock

NATIONAL FLOWER

Lotus

INDIAN CLOTHING

Traditional clothing in India greatly varies

across different parts of the country

It is influenced immensely by local culture,

geography and climate.

Popular styles of dress include draped

garments such as sari for women and Dhoti

or lungi for men; in addition, stitched

clothes such as churidar for women and

kurta-pyjama and European-style trousers

and shirts for men, are also popular.

Indian Dance Forms

•India has thousands of year old tradition of

fine arts and classical and folk music and

dances.

•Some of the world-famous dance forms that

originated and evolved in India are

Bharatnatyam, Kathak, Kathakali, Kuchipudi,

Manipuri, Mohiniattam and Odissi.

•All these dance forms were originally

performed in the temples to entertain various

Gods and Goddesses.

Different Dances

Famous Festivals Of India

India, being a multi-cultural and multi-religious society,

celebrates holidays and festivals of various religions.

The three national holidays in India, the Independence Day,

the Republic Day and the Gandhi Jayanti, are celebrated

with zeal and

• DURGA PUJA, THE MOST IMPORTANT FESTIVAL OF WEST

BENGAL, IS MARKED BY CELEBRATIONS THAT LAST FOR

FIVE LONG DAYS.

• IT IS CELEBRATED DURING SEP – OCT EVERY YEAR.

Durga Puja

• DIWALI, ALSO TERMED AS DEEPAVALI, IS WIDELY CELEBRATED

AND THE MOST FAMOUS INDIAN FESTIVAL. IT HAS ITS MENTION

IN THE GREAT INDIAN EPIC RAMAYANA AND IS CELEBRATED TO

COMMEMORATE THE VICTORY OF LORD RAMA OVER RAVANA.

• IT IS THE FESTIVAL OF LIGHT.

• CELEBRATED DURING OCT – NOV, EVERY YEAR.

Diwali

• HOLI IS THE FESTIVAL OF COLOURS .

• THE DAY ‘BASANTA PANCHAMI’ IS MARKED AS THE

FIRST DAY OF SPRING.

• OBSERVED IN MARCH.

Holi

• THIS FESTIVAL IS CELEBRATED IN ORISSA MAINLY.

• GOD JAGANNATHA LEAVES HIS TEMPLE AND GET OUT ON

ROAD ON HOLY CHARIOT TO MEET THE MASS.

Ratha Yatra

• DEVOTED TO THE BEAUTIFUL RELATIONSHIP SHARED BY

BROTHERS AND SISTERS. IT SPEAKS ABOUT UNDYING LOVE

BETWEEN TWO OF THEM, RAKSHA BANDHAN IS A PROMISE TO

PROTECT THIS SACRED BOND FOREVER.

• DURING PARTITION OF INDIA, TAGORE CELEBRATED RAKSHA

BANDHAN TO STRENGTHEN THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PEOPLE

OF ALL RELIGIONS.

Raksha Bandhan

• EID IS AN ARABIC WORD THAT MEANS FESTIVITY. MUSLIMS IN

INDIA PRIMARILY CELEBRATE TWO EIDS – EID UL-FITR AND EID-

UL-ZUHA.

• EID UL-FITR MARKS THE END OF RAMADAN AND IS A THREE-DAY

MUSLIM CELEBRATION. RAMADAN IS THE ISLAMIC HOLY MONTH

OF FASTING DURING WHICH FOLLOWERS OF MUSLIM RELIGION

OBSERVE A STRICT FAST FROM DAWN-TO-SUNSET. EID UL-FITR IS

THUS CELEBRATED WITH GREAT ENTHUSIASM

Eid

Indian Architecture

• Indian architecture encompasses a multitude of

expressions over space and time, constantly

absorbing new ideas.

• The result is an evolving range of architectural

production that nonetheless retains a certain amount

of continuity across history.

Architecture during Mauryan and Gupta Empire

• Several Buddhist Architectural complexes, such as Ajanta and Ellora Caves

and the monumental Sanchi Stupa were built.

South Indian Architecture

• South India produced several Hindu temples like:

i. Chennakesava Temple at Belur

ii. The Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu

iii. The Kesava Temple at Somanathapura

iv. Brihadeeswara Temple, Thanjavur

v. The Sun Temple, Konark

vi. The Buddha stupa at Bhattiprolu

Mughal Architecture

• With the advent of Islamic influence from the west, Indian architecture was adapted to allow the traditions of the new religion.

• Fatehpur Sikri, Taj Mahal, Gol Gumbaz, Qutub Minar, Red Fort of Delhi are creations of this era.

Indian Foods

EATING HABITS

• Climate

•Ingredients available

• Wealth

• Water

• Livestock

•Religious / Cultural

customs

Rajasthan – Thar Desert

Extremely hot and dry area

Food had to be curried to preserve it

High use of dairy products – water is scarce

Few vegetable ingredients

Goa• Formerly a Portuguese colony

• Most famous for the Vindaloo

• This is actually a Portuguese meal called vinho de alho

• Goan food also has lots of coconut milk and seafood

Mumbai/ Marathi cuisine

• Lots of vegetables

• Rich in spices

• Lots of peanuts and cashew nuts

• Fertile farming region so the food is far more elaborate

• Lots of contact with Europe so a real fusion of food.

Kashmir / Punjab - North

These are the types of Indian food most commonly cooked in UK

restaurants

Flat breads such as Naan

Tandoori cooking – the tandoor is a large, circular oven

Samosas and pakoras

Korma, Pasanda, Rogan Josh

Southern coast

• Very spicy food

• Lots of coconuts used

• Seafood – Indian Ocean is plentiful

• Traditionally Banana leaves are used as plates

Eastern India / Kolkatta

• Very little meat – animals are scarce, farmers farmed

crops not livestock.

• Food is dominated by fish and rice.

• Lots of mangoes grown here.

British influences

During colonial times Indian food was toned down to make it more acceptable to the British.

Migration to the UK from India saw the growth of Indian food in the UK.

Chicken Tikka is often described as our most popular food.

The hottest dish – the phall – is believed to have been created for the British colonists.

Gilli-Danda is an amateur

sport played in the rural areas

and small towns all over India

and Pakistan as well

as Cambodia and Italy. The

game is played with two

sticks: a large one called

a danda, which is used to hit a

smaller one, the gilli.

• Kabaddi is a wrestling sport

from India.

• India has taken part in

four Asian Games in

kabaddi, and won gold in

all of them.

• So far India is the

unbeaten champion in

Kabaddi World Cup.

Kancha

Pittu Garam (Seven Stones)traditional South

Asian game played between two teams. The game

requires a tennis ball and set of seven stones

which can be stacked up to form a small tower.

The aim of the game is to be able to break the

tower and then rebuild it before getting hit by one

of the opponent.

Sports played in modern india are

Cricket

Hockey

Tennis

Football

Chess

Atheletics

FOOTBALL

• Football was introduced in India during the British Rule and

in some parts of the country, it is equally popular as cricket.

• India was an Asian powerhouse in 1960’s, finishing as

runners-up in the 1964 AFC Asian Cup.

• India ranks 154th in the FIFA rankings as of February 29th,

2012.

THE NATIONAL SPORT

HOCKY

The Most Popular Game

Cricket is the most popular sport in India. It is played by many people in open

spaces throughout the country.[The Indian national cricket team won the 1983

Cricket World Cup, the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, and the 2011 Cricket

World Cup, the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy, and shared the 2002 ICC

Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka.

Ghats in Varanasi

Ghats in Varanasi

are the most

holiest places of

the city situated

along with the

banks of holy river

Ganges.

Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal, a

beautiful white

marble Monument

located in the city

of Agra on the

banks of the holy

river Yamuna in

the state of Uttar

Pradesh.

The Golden Temple

The Golden Temple is

known as Harmandir

Sahib is a Sikh

Gurdwara located in

the Amritsar, Punjab.

The Mahabodhi TempleThe Mahabodhi Temple or Great

Awakening Temple is a

Buddhist temple located in the

Gaya district of Bihar state. Mahabodhi

Temple is count on one of the 7

wonders of India.

Brihadishwara Temple

Brihadishwar

a Temple also

called Periya

Koyil or Big

Temple is one

of the India’s

largest temple

located in the

Thanjavur at

the Indian

state of Tamil

Nadu.

The Shore Temple

The Shore

Temple is

situated on the

shore of the Bay

of Bengal at

Mahabalipura

m,in the state of

Tamil Nadu.

which are

UNESCO

World Heritage

Site.

The Lotus Temple

The Lotus

Temple of

Delhi is

called Bahai

Temples,

situated near

kalka Ji.

Hawa Mahal

The great monuments of the royal Rajputs of Rajasthan,

Hawa Mahal also Palace of Winds is situated in the heart of

pink city and the capital of Rajasthan,Ja

ipur.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus

Chhatrapati Shivaji

Terminus or Victoria

Terminus is a historic railway station

situated in the dream

city of India Mumbai,

Maharashtra.

The Victoria MemorialThe Victoria

Memorial Hall is located in the capital of West Bengal, Kolkata and dedicated to

Queen VictoriaVictoria Memorial was declared as one of the

UNESCO World

Heritage Site in India.

Great Indian

Personalities

FATHER OF THE NATION• Mohandas Karamchand

Gandhi ( 2 October 1869 –30 January 1948) was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

He invented the Zero. Also invented Aryabhatta cipher to calculate

trigonometric ratios.

Aryabhatta

Great Indian Mathematician Postulated and proved 3,542

Theorems

Ramanujana

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

He is a scientist and ex-president of India from years 2002-2007. Also invented the defense missile AGNI-V

Rabindranath Tagore

1913 – Nobel Prize in Literature

1930 - Nobel Laureate in Physics .Work on scattering of light and Raman effect

C.V. Raman

Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity, a Roman Catholic religious congregation, which in 2012 consisted of over 4,500 sisters and is active in 133 countries. She received Nobel Peace Prize in 1973.

The Little master Sachin

Tendulkar is an Indian cricketer,

greatest batsmen of all time. He

holds the records for the most

cumulative runs in One-Day

Internationals, and the most

number of centuries scored in

both One-day Internationals and

Test cricket. He made his

international debut against

Pakistan in 1989 at the age of

sixteen, becoming India's

youngest Test player.

Sachin Tendulkar

Indian Astronauts

Kalpana Chawla Rakesh Sharma

Indian Beauties

Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Miss

World 1994.

Sushmita Sen, Miss Universe

1994

Priyanka Chopra, Miss World

2000

RENOWNED FILMSTARS