India

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to 29 Mar 1858 Moghul Empire

20 Oct 1774 - 22 Jul 1947 British India

c.1885 - 1947 Flag of Governor-general

11 Nov 1928 - 22 Jul 1947 Unofficial

Adopted 22 Jul 1947

Map of India

Hear National Anthem"Jana-Gana-Mana"

(Thou Art the Ruler of theMinds of All People)

Text of National AnthemAdopted 24 Jan 1950

Constitution(26 Jan 1950)

Capital: New Delhi(Delhi 1192-1327, 1344-1501,

1648-1858; Daulatabad 1327-1344; Agra 1501- 1540,

1599-1613, 1616-1648; Fatehpur Sikri 1570-1585; Lahore

1585-1599; Ajmer 1613-1616)(British India: New Delhi from 1911; Calcutta 1774-12 Dec

1911;Summer capital: Simla

1911-1947)

Currency: Indian Rupee(INR)

National Holiday: 26 Jan (1950)Republic Day

Population: 1,147,995,904(2008)

GDP: $3.26 trillion (2008) Exports: $175.7 billion (2008)Imports: $287.5 billion (2008)Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%,

Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)

Total Active Armed Forces: 1,325,000 (2006)Declared Nuclear Power (1998): est. 40-95 weapons (2005)

Merchant marine: 501 ships (2008)

Religions: Hindu 72.04%, Muslim 12.26% (of whichSunni 8.06%, Shi'i 4.20%), Christian 6.81% (Protestant 1.74%,

Roman Catholic 1.62%, Orthodox 0.22%, other Christian 3.22%), traditional beliefs 3.83%, Sikh 1.87%, Buddhist 0.67%, Jain 0.51%, Baha'i 0.17%, Parsi (Zoroastrian) 0.02%,

India http://worldstatesmen.org/India.htm

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non-religious 1.22%, atheist 0.17%, other 0.43% (2005) International Organizations/Treaties: ACS (observer), AfDB (nonregional), ADB, AL (observer), ANT, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner),BIMSTEC, BIS, BTWC, C, CERN (observer), CICA, CP, EAS, ENMOD, FAO, G- 6, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM,IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, IOC, IOM, Interpol, Intersputnik, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA,NAM, NTBT, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC,UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

India Index Chronology

3300 BC - 1700 BC Indus Valley Civilization.1700 Bc - 1300 BC Late Harappan Culture.1500 BC - 500 Bc Vedic Civilization.1200 BC - 316 BC Kuru dynasty.700 BC - 321 BC Maha Janapadas684 BC - 321 BC Madadha Empire 321 Bc - 85 BC Mauryan Empirec.240 - 550 AD Gupta Empire848 - 1279 Chola Empire (in the south).1000 - 1346 Hoysala Empire (in the south).1210 - 19 Apr 1526 Delhi Sultanate (in the north).1347 - 1518 Bahmani Sultanate (in the south).1336 - 23 Jan 1565 Vijayanagara Empire (in the south). 27 May 1526 Babur founds the Empire of Hind (usually referred to by historians as the Mughal [Moghul] Empire).17 May 1540 The Mughal rulers are expelled and superseded by the Afghan Suri dynasty.23 Jul 1555 Empire of Hind under the Mughal rulers restored.18 Feb 1665 Bombay ceded to England by Portugal.c.1690 Calcutta founded by England.12 Aug 1765 British take over administration of Bengal (under British East India Company rule).20 Oct 1774 Union of all East India Company settlements. 29 Mar 1858 The last Mughal ruler is deposed. 2 Aug 1858 British Act of Parliament annexes the East India, areas creating British India (effective 1 Nov 1858)28 Apr 1876 By proclamation, the Queen of United Kingdom takes the style "Empress of India" (proclaimed in India on 1 Jan 1877).Mar 1942 - Aug 1945 Japanese occupy Andaman and Nicobar Islands.21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945 Provisional Government of Free India proclaimed (Arzi Hukumate-e-Azad Hind) at Singapore (administering the Andaman and Nicobar Islands only Dec 1943-Aug 1945).25 Aug 1946 India granted limited self rule.15 Aug 1947 British India, together with acceded states, is partitioned into Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan; style "Emperor of India" is abandoned (retroactive proclamation that is dated 22 Jun 1948).27 Oct 1947 Jammu and Kashmir accede to India.17 Sep 1948 Hyderabad annexed by India.26 Jan 1950 Republic of India, styled "India, that

Indian States(since 1947)

Princely statesA - J - K - Z

British IndiaProvinces

Free India inExile

(1943-1945)

British EastIndia Company

(1783-1858)

Jammu &Kashmir

Jammu Ladakh

Danish India(1620-1845)

Dutch India(1608-1825)

French India(1673-1954)

OstendCompany

(1719-1744)

PortugueseIndia

(1505-1962)

Sikkim(1642-1975)


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is Bharat." 1 Nov 1954 French India incorporated into India.26 Jan 1957 The incorporation of Jammu and Kashmir is declared to be complete.16 Mar 1962 Goa annexed by India.21 Nov 1962 China occupies Aksai Chin region of Kashmir.26 Apr 1975 Annexation of Sikkim.

Map of BritishIndia

(1934-1947)

Historical Mapsof India

Emperors (title Padshah, sometimes Padshah-i Hind - emperor of India)31 Jul 1658 - 2 Mar 1707 Mohyi ad-Din Abu'l Mozaffar (b. 1618 - d. 1707) Mohammad Awrangzib Bahadur Àlamgir Padshah-e Ghazi14 Mar 1707 - 27 Apr 1707 Qotb ad-Din Abu'l Fayaz (b. 1653 - d. 1707) Mohammad A`zam Shah Padshah-e Ghazi (continues in rebellion to 18 Jun 1707)27 Apr 1707 - 27 Feb 1712 Qotb ad-Din Abu'n Nasr Sayyed (b. 1643 - d. 1712) Mohammad Shah Àlam I Bahadur Shah Padshah-e Ghazi (b. 1643 - d. 1712) (retroactive to 23 Mar 1707)27 Apr 1707 - 13 Jan 1709 Mohammad Kam Bakhsh-e Dinpanah ebn Awrangzib Àlamgir Padshah (b. 1666 - d. 1709) (in rebellion)29 Feb 1712 - 17 Mar 1712 Mohammad Àzim ash-Shan ebn Bahadur Shah Padshah (b. 16.. - d. 1712)29 Feb 1712 - 28 Mar 1712 Mohammad Rafi` ash-Shan ebn (b. 16.. - d. 1712) Bahadur Shah Padshah (in rebellion)29 Feb 1712 - 27 Mar 1712 Jahan Shah ebn Bahadur Shah (b. 16.. - d. 1712) Padshah "Khojestan Akhtar" (in rebellion)30 Mar 1712 - 11 Jan 1713 Moèzz ad-Din Abu'l Fath (b. 1661 - d. 1713) Mohammad Jahandar Shah Padshah11 Jan 1713 - 1 Mar 1719 Moìn ad-Din (or Jalal ad-Din) (b. 1687 - d. 1719) Abu'l Mozaffar Mohammad Farrokhsiyar Padshah 1 Mar 1719 - 7 Jun 1719 Shams ad-Din Abu'l Barakat (b. c.1699 - d. 1719) Soltan Mohammad Rafi` ad-Darjat Padshah-e Ghazi30 Mar 1719 - 13 Aug 1719 Mohammad Shah Nikusiyar (in rebellion) 8 Jun 1719 - 6 Sep 1719 Mohammad Shah Jahan II Sani (b. c.1700 - d. 1719) Padshah (Mohammad Rafi` ad-Dawla)28 Sep 1719 - 26 Apr 1748 Naser ad-Din Abu'l Fath (b. 1702 - d. 1748) (from 1722 Abu'l-Mozaffar) Mohammad Shah Padshah-e Ghazi "Rawshan Akhtar"12 Oct 1720 - 19 Nov 1720 Zahir ad-Din Abu'l Fath Mohammad (d. 1720) Ebrahim Shah Padshah (in rebellion)29 Apr 1748 - 3 Jun 1754 Mojahed ad-Din Abu'n Nasr Ahmad (b. 1725 - d. 1775) Shah Bahadur Padshah-e Ghazi 3 Jun 1754 - 29 Nov 1759 Àziz ad-Din Abu'l-Àdl Mohammad (b. 1699 - d. 1759)


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Àlamgir Padhsh-e Ghazi11 Dec 1759 - 25 Dec 1759 Mohyi-e Millat (or Mohyi ad-Din) Shah Jahan III Sani ebn Mohyi-e Sannat Mohammad25 Dec 1759 - 1 Aug 1788 Jalal ad-Din Abul Mozaffar Mohammad Shah Àlam II Padshah "Ham-e Din" (1st time) (b. 1728 - d. 1806) 1 Aug 1788 - 9 Oct 1788 Mohammad Bidarbakht ebn Ahmad Shah16 Oct 1788 - 10 Nov 1806 Jalal ad-Din Abul Mozaffar Mohammad Shah Àlam II Padshah "Ham-e Din" (2nd time) (s.a.)18 Nov 1806 - 28 Sep 1837 Moìn ad-Din Abun Nasr Mohammad (b. 1759 - d. 1837) Akbar Padshah Saheb Qiran-e Sani29 Sep 1837 - 29 Mar 1858 Seraj ad-Din Abul Mozaffar (b. 1775 - d. 1862) Mohammad Bahadur Shah Padshah II (10 May 1857 - 22 Mar 1858, in in rebellion against British rule)Emperors (also monarchs of Great Britain) 1 Jan 1877 - 22 Jan 1901 Victoria -Empress (b. 1819 - d. 1901)22 Jan 1901 - 6 May 1910 Edward VII (b. 1841 - d. 1910) 6 May 1910 - 20 Jan 1936 George V (b. 1865 - d. 1936)20 Jan 1936 - 10 Dec 1936 Edward VIII (b. 1894 - d. 1972)12 Dec 1936 - 22 Jun 1948 George VI (b. 1895 - d. 1952)Governors-general (of the British East India Company)20 Oct 1774 - 1 Feb 1785 Warren Hastings (b. 1732 - d. 1818) 1 Feb 1785 - 12 Sep 1786 John Macpherson (acting) (b. 1745 - d. 1821)12 Sep 1786 - 28 Oct 1793 Charles Mann Cornwallis, (b. 1738 - d. 1805) Earl of Cornwallis (1st time) 28 Oct 1793 - Mar 1798 Sir John Shore (b. 1751 - d. 1834)Mar 1798 - 18 May 1798 Sir Alured Clarke (acting) (b. 1745 - d. 1832)18 May 1798 - 30 Jul 1805 Richard Colley Wellesley, (b. 1760 - d. 1842) Baron Wellesley (from 1799, Richard Colley Wellesley, Marquess Wellesley) 30 Jul 1805 - 5 Oct 1805 Charles Cornwallis, (s.a.) Marquess Cornwallis (2nd time) 10 Oct 1805 - 31 Jul 1807 Sir George Hilario Barlow (acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1846)31 Jul 1807 - 4 Oct 1813 Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Baron Minto (b. 1751 - d. 1814) 4 Oct 1813 - 9 Jan 1823 Francis Rawdon-Hastings, (b. 1754 - d. 1826) Earl of Moira (from 1817, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, Marquess of Hastings) 9 Jan 1823 - 1 Aug 1823 John Adam (acting) (b. 1779 - d. 1825) 1 Aug 1823 - 13 Mar 1828 William Pitt Amherst, (b. 1773 - d. 1857) Baron Amherst (from 1826, William Pitt Amherst, Earl Amherst) 13 Mar 1828 - 4 Jul 1828 William Butterworth Bayley (b. 1782 - d. 1860) (acting) 4 Jul 1828 - 20 Mar 1835 William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, (b. 1774 - d. 1839) Lord Bentinck 20 Mar 1835 - 4 Mar 1836 Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (b. 1785 - d. 1846) (acting) 4 Mar 1836 - 28 Feb 1842 George Eden, Baron Auckland (b. 1784 - d. 1849) (from 11 Dec 1839, George Eden, Earl of Auckland) 28 Feb 1842 - Jun 1844 Edward Law, Baron Ellenborough (b. 1790 - d. 1871)Jun 1844 - 23 Jul 1844 William Wilberforce Bird (acting) (b. 1784 - d. 1857)


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23 Jul 1844 - 12 Jan 1848 Henry Hardinge, (from 21 Apr 1846) (b. 1785 - d. 1856) Viscount Hardinge 12 Jan 1848 - 28 Feb 1856 James Andrew Broun Ramsay, (b. 1812 - d. 1860) (from 4 Jun 1849, Marquess and) Earl of Dalhousie 28 Feb 1856 - 1 Nov 1858 Charles John Canning, (b. 1812 - d. 1862) Viscount Canning Viceroys and Governors-general 1 Nov 1858 - 21 Mar 1862 Charles John Canning, (s.a.) Viscount Canning (from 12 May 1859, Charles John Canning, Earl Canning) 21 Mar 1862 - 20 Nov 1863 James Bruce, Earl of Elgin (b. 1811 - d. 1863)21 Nov 1863 - 2 Dec 1863 Sir Robert Cornelis Napier (b. 1810 - d. 1890) (acting) 2 Dec 1863 - 12 Jan 1864 Sir William Thomas Denison (b. 1804 - d. 1871) (acting)12 Jan 1864 - 12 Jan 1869 Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence (b. 1811 - d. 1879)12 Jan 1869 - 8 Feb 1872 Richard Southwell Bourke, (b. 1822 - d. 1872) Earl of Mayo 9 Feb 1872 - 23 Feb 1872 Sir John Strachey (acting) (b. 1823 - d. 1907)24 Feb 1872 - 3 May 1872 Francis Napier, Baron of Ettrick (b. 1819 - d. 1898) (acting) 3 May 1872 - 12 Apr 1876 Thomas George Baring, (b. 1826 - d. 1904) Viscount Baring of Lee 12 Apr 1876 - 8 Jun 1880 Robert Bulwer-Lytton, Baron Lytton (b. 1831 - d. 1891) 8 Jun 1880 - 13 Dec 1884 George Frederick Samuel Robinson, (b. 1827 - d. 1909) Marquess of Ripon 13 Dec 1884 - 10 Dec 1888 Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple- (b. 1826 - d. 1902) Blackwood, Earl of Dufferin 10 Dec 1888 - 11 Oct 1894 Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, (b. 1845 - d. 1927) Marquess of Lansdowne11 Oct 1894 - 6 Jan 1899 Victor Alexander Bruce, (b. 1849 - d. 1917) Earl of Elgin 6 Jan 1899 - 18 Nov 1905 George Nathaniel Curzon (b. 1859 - d. 1925)18 Nov 1905 - 23 Nov 1910 Gilbert John Elliot-Murray- (b. 1845 - d. 1914) Kynynmound, Earl of Minto 23 Nov 1910 - 4 Apr 1916 Charles Hardinge, Baron Hardinge (b. 1858 - d. 1944) of Penshurst 4 Apr 1916 - 2 Apr 1921 Frederic John Napier Thesiger, (b. 1868 - d. 1933) Baron Chelmsford 2 Apr 1921 - 3 Apr 1926 Rufus Daniel Isaacs, (b. 1860 - d. 1935) Baron Reading of Erleigh 10 Apr 1925 - 8 Aug 1925 Victor Alexander George Robert (b. 1876 - d. 1947) Bulwer-Lytton, Earl of Lytton (viceroy and acting governor-general) 3 Apr 1926 - 29 Jun 1929 Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, (b. 1881 - d. 1959) Baron Irwin 29 Jun 1929 - 18 Apr 1931 George Joachim Goschen, (b. 1866 - d. 1952) Viscount Goschen of Hawkhurst 18 Apr 1931 - 18 Apr 1936 George Freeman Freeman-Thomas, (b. 1866 - d. 1941) Earl of Willingdon 18 Apr 1936 - 1 Oct 1943 Victor Alexander John Hope, (b. 1887 - d. 1952) Marquess of Linlithgow 1 Oct 1943 - 21 Feb 1947 Archibald Percival Wavell, (b. 1883 - d. 1950) Viscount Wavell


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21 Feb 1947 - 15 Aug 1947 Louis Francis Mountbatten, (b. 1900 - d. 1979) Viscount Mountbatten of Burma Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)15 Aug 1947 - 21 Jun 1948 Louis Francis Mountbatten, (s.a.) Earl Mountbatten of Burma 21 Jun 1948 - 26 Jan 1950 Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (b. 1878 - d. 1972)Presidents26 Jan 1950 - 13 May 1962 Rajendra Prasad (b. 1884 - d. 1963)INC/Non-party13 May 1962 - 13 May 1967 Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (b. 1888 - d. 1975) Non-party13 May 1967 - 3 May 1969 Zakir Husain (b. 1897 - d. 1969) Non-party 3 May 1969 - 20 Jul 1969 Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1980) Non-party (acting) 20 Jul 1969 - 24 Aug 1969 Muhammad Hidayatullah (acting) (b. 1905 - d. 1992) Non-party24 Aug 1969 - 24 Aug 1974 Varahagiri Venkata Giri (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party24 Aug 1974 - 11 Feb 1977 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (b. 1905 - d. 1977)INC/Non-party11 Feb 1977 - 25 Jul 1977 Basappa Danappa Jatti (acting) (b. 1912 - d. 2002) Non-party25 Jul 1977 - 25 Jul 1982 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (b. 1913 - d. 1996)INc/Non-party25 Jul 1982 - 25 Jul 1987 Giani Zail Singh (b. 1916 - d. 1994)INC/Non-party25 Jul 1987 - 25 Jul 1992 Ramaswamy Venkataraman (b. 1910 - d. 2009)INC/Non-party25 Jul 1992 - 25 Jul 1997 Shankar Dayal Sharma (b. 1918 - d. 1999)INC/Non-party25 Jul 1997 - 25 Jul 2002 Kocheril Raman Narayanan (b. 1920 - d. 2005) Non-party25 Jul 2002 - 25 Jul 2007 Aavul Pakkiri Jainulabidin (A.P.J.)(b. 1931) Non-party Abdul Kalam25 Jul 2007 - Pratibha Devisingh Patil (f) (b. 1934) INC/Non-party

Secretaries of State for India (and from 1937, for Burma)(in London) 2 Sep 1858 - 18 Jun 1859 Edward Henry Stanley, (b. 1826 - d. 1893) Lord Stanley18 Jun 1859 - 16 Feb 1866 Sir Charles Wood (b. 1800 - d. 1885)16 Feb 1866 - 6 Jul 1866 George Frederick Samuel Robinson, Earl of Ripon 6 Jul 1866 - 8 Mar 1867 Robert Arthur Talbot (b. 1830 - d. 1903) Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne (1st time) 8 Mar 1867 - 9 Dec 1868 Sir Stafford Henry Northcote (b. 1818 - d. 1887) 9 Dec 1868 - 21 Feb 1874 George Douglas Campbell, (b. 1823 - d. 1900) Duke of Argyll21 Feb 1874 - 2 Apr 1878 Robert Arthur Talbot (s.a.) Gascoyne-Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury (2nd time) 2 Apr 1878 - 28 Apr 1880 Gathorne Hardy, Viscount Cranbrook (b. 1814 - d. 1906)28 Apr 1880 - 16 Dec 1882 Spencer Compton Cavendish, (b. 1833 - d. 1908) Marquess of Hartington16 Dec 1882 - 24 Jun 1885 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (b. 1826 - d. 1902) (1st time)24 Jun 1885 - 6 Feb 1886 Randolph Henry Spencher Churchill (b. 1849 - d. 1895) 6 Feb 1886 - 3 Aug 1886 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (s.a.) (2nd time) 3 Aug 1886 - 18 Aug 1892 Sir Richard Assheton, Viscount (b. 1823 - d. 1914) Cross (from 18 Aug 1886, Richard Assheton Cross, Viscount Cross) 18 Aug 1892 - 10 Mar 1894 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (s.a.) (3rd time)10 Mar 1894 - 4 Jul 1895 Henry Hartley Fowler (b. 1830 - d. 1911)


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4 Jul 1895 - 9 Oct 1903 Lord George Francis Hamilton (b. 1845 - d. 1927) 9 Oct 1903 - 11 Dec 1905 William St.John Fremantle Brodrick (b. 1856 - d. 1942)11 Dec 1905 - 3 Nov 1910 John Morley, (from 5 May 1908) (b. 1838 - d. 1923) Viscount Morley of Blackburn 7 Nov 1910 - 27 May 1915 Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl of Crewe (b. 1858 - d. 1945) (from 20 Jun 1911, Robert Crewe-Milnes, Marquess of Crewe) 7 Mar 1911 - 25 May 1911 John Morley, Viscount Morley of Blackburn (acting for Crewe) (s.a.)25 May 1915 - 17 Jul 1917 Joseph Austen Chamberlain (b. 1863 - d. 1937)17 Jul 1917 - 10 Mar 1922 Edwin Samuel Montagu (b. 1879 - d. 1924)21 Mar 1922 - 23 Jan 1924 William Robert Wellesley Peel, (b. 1867 - d. 1937) Viscount Peel (1st time)23 Jan 1924 - 7 Nov 1924 Sir Sydney Haldane Olivier, (b. 1859 - d. 1943) (from 12 Feb 1924, Sydney Haldane Olivier, Baron Olivier) 7 Nov 1924 - 22 Oct 1928 Frederick Edwin Smith, (b. 1872 - d. 1930) Earl of Birkenhead 1 Nov 1928 - 7 Jun 1929 William Robert Wellesley Peel, (s.a.) Viscount Peel (2nd time) 8 Jun 1929 - 26 Aug 1931 William Wedgwood Benn (b. 1877 - d. 1966)26 Aug 1931 - 7 Jun 1935 Sir Samuel John Gurney Hoare (b. 1880 - d. 1958) 7 Jun 1935 - 15 May 1940 Lawrence John Lumbey Dundas, (b. 1876 - d. 1961) Marquess of Zetland15 May 1940 - 3 Aug 1945 Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett (b. 1873 - d. 1955) Amery 3 Aug 1945 - 23 Apr 1947 Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence,(b. 1871 - d. 1961) Baron Pentick-Lawrence of Peaslake23 Apr 1947 - 15 Aug 1947 William Francis Hare, (b. 1906 - d. 1967) Earl of Listowel (to 4 Jan 1948 for Burma)Prime ministers25 Aug 1946 - 27 May 1964 Jawaharlal Nehru (b. 1889 - d. 1964) INC 27 May 1964 - 9 Jun 1964 Gulzarilal Nanda (1st time) (b. 1898 - d. 1998) INC 9 Jun 1964 - 11 Jan 1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri (b. 1904 - d. 1966) INC 11 Jan 1966 - 19 Jan 1966 Gulzarilal Nanda (2nd time) (s.a.) INC19 Jan 1966 - 24 Mar 1977 Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f) (b. 1917 - d. 1984) INC (1st time)24 Mar 1977 - 28 Jul 1979 Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (b. 1896 - d. 1995) JP 28 Jul 1979 - 14 Jan 1980 Choudhary Charan Singh (b. 1902 - d. 1987) JP/BLD14 Jan 1980 - 31 Oct 1984 Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f) (s.a.) INC-I (2nd time)31 Oct 1984 - 2 Dec 1989 Rajiv Gandhi (b. 1944 - d. 1991) INC-I 2 Dec 1989 - 10 Nov 1990 Vishwanath Pratap Singh (b. 1931 - d. 2008) JD10 Nov 1990 - 21 Jun 1991 Chandra Shekhar (b. 1927 - d. 2007) JD-S21 Jun 1991 - 16 May 1996 Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (b. 1921 - d. 2004) INC-I16 May 1996 - 1 Jun 1996 Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1st time) (b. 1924) BJP 1 Jun 1996 - 21 Apr 1997 Haradanahalli Dodde Gowda Deve (b. 1933) JD-NF Gowda21 Apr 1997 - 19 Mar 1998 Inder Kumar Gujral (b. 1919) JD-NF19 Mar 1998 - 22 May 2004 Atal Bihari Vajpayee (2nd time) (s.a.) BJP22 May 2004 - Manmohan Singh (b. 1932) INC

British Residents to the Mughal Empire (in Delhi)1803 - 25 Jun 1806 David Ochterlony (1st time) (b. 1758 - d. 1825)


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25 Jun 1806 - 1811 Archibald Seton (b. 1758 - d. 1818)25 Feb 1811 - 1818 Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (s.a.) (1st time) 1818 - 1820 Sir David Ochterlony (2nd time) (s.a.)1820 - 1823 Alexander Ross (b. 1777 - d. 18..)1823 William Fraser (1st time)(acting) (b. 1784 - d. 1835)1823 - Oct 1825 C. Elliott26 Aug 1825 - 31 Jul 1827 Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (s.a.) (2nd time)31 Jul 1827 - 1828 Edward Colebrooke1828 - 1829 William Fraser (2nd time)(acting) (s.a.)18 Sep 1829 - Nov 1830 Francis James Hawkins (b. 1806 - d. 1860)25 Nov 1830 - 1832 W.B. Martin 1832 - 22 Mar 1835 William Fraser (3rd time) (s.a.)1835 - 1853 Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe (b. 1795 - d. 1853)Nov 1853 - 11 May 1857 Simon Fraser (d. 1857)

Provisional Government of Free India

21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945

Hear National Anthem"Jana-Gana-Mana"

(Thou Art the Ruler of theMinds of All People)

Provisional Capital: Port Blair(Nicobar Islands)

Indian National Army (1945) :40,000 est.

Head of State and Prime minister of Provisional Government of Free India21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945 Subhas Chandra Bose (b. 1897 - d. 1945) AIFB (styled Netaji [the leader], recognized by Axis powers; in exile 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945 [in Singapore to Nov 1943, Nov 1944 - 10 Jan 1945; Nov 1943 - Nov 1944, Jan 1945 - 24 Apr 1945 in Rangoon, Burma; Apr - May 1945 in Bangkok, Thailand; Kuala Lumpur, Malaya May - 12 Aug 1945; then in Singapore])

Full style of the ruler:(a) 28 Apr 1876 - 22 Jan 1901: "By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britainand Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India";(b) 4 Nov 1901 - 13 May 1927: "By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain andIreland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor ofIndia";(c) 13 May 1927 - 22 Jun 1948: "By the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the BritishDominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India"; (d) 22 Jun 1948 - 26 Jan 1950: "By the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the BritishDominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith."

the Provisional Government of Free India was eventually recognized by nine Axis powers:Germany, Japan, Italy (Mussolini), Croatia, China (Wang Jing Wei), Thailand, Burma (Ba Maw),Manchukuo, and The Philippines (Jos Laurel).

Territorial Disputes: since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarizedboundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles toPakistan, and other matters continue; various talks and confidence-building measures have


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cautiously begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the Oct 2005 earthquakein the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and mostmilitarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China(Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); Indiaand Pakistan have maintained the 2004 cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions ondefusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencingthe highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the ChenabRiver in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the IndusRiver and its tributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) hasmaintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan'sceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussionson a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundaryin Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani mapscontinue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions with Bangladeshremain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, to exchange territory for 51Bangladeshi exclaves in India and 111 Indian exclaves in Bangladesh, to allocate dividedvillages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit ofterrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence offhigh-traffic sections of the border; dispute with Bangladesh over New Moore/SouthTalpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; Indiaseeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam separatists fromhiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues toexamine contested boundary sections, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over thesource of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoistinsurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal.

Party abbreviations: BJP = Bharatiya Janata Party (Indian People's Party, extreme Hinduist);INC = Indian National Congress ("Congress Party", populist, socialist, est.1885); JD = JanataDal (People's Party, social-democratic); JD-S = Janata Dal-Shekhar (People's Party-ChandraShekhar faction, social-democratic, split from JD); NF = National Front (formerly NationalFront-Left Front, leftist coalition inludes CPI, CPI-M, DMK, JD, JKNC, Socialist Party, TeluguDesam, DMK, et.al.);- Former parties: AIFB = All India Forward Bloc (left-wing Indian nationalist, est.1939,bySubhas Chandra Bose [formerly of INC], pro-independence, pro-Japan); BLD = Bharatiya Lok Dal(Indian People's Party); INC-I = Congress Party-Indira (INC Indira Ghandi faction,personalist, populist, socialist, 1980s-1990s)

British East India Company

1707 - 1 Jan 1801

British East India Company flag

1 Jan 1801 - 2 Aug 1858

British East India Company flag

Chairmen of the British East India Company (in London)Apr 1783 - Nov 1783 Sir Henry Fletcher (1st time) (b. 1727 - d. 1807)Nov 1783 - Apr 1785 Nathaniel Smith (1st time) (b. 1730 - d. 1794)Apr 1785 - Apr 1786 William Devaynes (1st time) (b. 1730 - d. 1809)Apr 1786 - Apr 1787 John Michie (d. 1788) Apr 1787 - Apr 1788 John Motteux Apr 1788 - Dec 1788 Nathaniel Smith (2nd time) (s.a.)Dec 1788 - Apr 1790 William Devaynes (2nd time) (s.a.)Apr 1790 - Apr 1791 Stephen Lushington (1st time) (b. 1744 - d. 1804)Apr 1791 - Apr 1792 John Smith BurgessApr 1792 - Apr 1793 Francis Baring (b. 1740 - d. 1810)Apr 1793 - Apr 1795 William Devaynes (3rd time) (s.a.)Apr 1795 - Apr 1796 Stephen Lushington (2nd time) (s.a.)Apr 1796 - Apr 1797 David Scott (1st time) (b. 1746 - d. 1805)Apr 1797 - Apr 1798 Hugh Inglis (1st time) (b. 1744 - d. 1822)Apr 1798 - Apr 1799 Jacob Bosanquet (1st time) (b. 1758 - d. 1828)Apr 1799 - Apr 1800 Stephen Lushington (3rd time) (s.a.)Apr 1800 - Apr 1801 Hugh Inglis (2nd time) (s.a.)


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Apr 1801 - Sep 1801 David Scott (2nd time) (s.a.)Sep 1801 - Apr 1802 Charles MillsApr 1802 - Apr 1803 John RobertsApr 1803 - Apr 1804 William Fullerton Elphinstone (b. 1740 - d. 1834) (1st time)Apr 1804 - Apr 1805 Charles Grant (1st time) (b. 1778 - d. 1866)Apr 1805 - Apr 1806 William Fullerton Elphinstone (s.a.) (2nd time)Apr 1806 - Apr 1809 Edward ParryApr 1809 - Apr 1810 Charles Grant (2nd time) (s.a.)Apr 1810 - Apr 1811 William Astell (1st time) (b. 1774 - d. 1847)Apr 1811 - Apr 1812 Jacob Bosanquet (2nd time) (s.a.)Apr 1812 - Apr 1813 Jacob Inglis (3rd time) (s.a.)Apr 1813 - Apr 1814 Robert ThorntonApr 1814 - Apr 1815 William Fullerton Elphinstone (s.a.) (3rd time) Apr 1815 - Apr 1816 Charles Grant (3rd time) (s.a.)Apr 1816 - Apr 1817 Thomas Reid (1st time)Apr 1817 - Apr 1818 John BebbApr 1818 - Apr 1819 James Pattison (1st time)Apr 1819 - Apr 1820 Campbell Majoribanks (1st time) (b. 1769 - d. 1840)Apr 1820 - Apr 1821 George Abercrombie Robinson (b. 1758 - d. 1832) (1st time)Apr 1821 - Apr 1822 Thomas Reid (2nd time)Apr 1822 - Apr 1823 James Pattison (2nd time)Apr 1823 - Apr 1824 William WigramApr 1824 - Apr 1825 William Astell (2nd time) (s.a.)Apr 1825 - Apr 1826 Campbell Majoribanks (2nd time) (s.a.)Apr 1826 - Apr 1827 George Abercrombie Robinson (s.a.) (2nd time)Apr 1827 - Apr 1828 Hugh Lindsay (b. 1765 - d. 1844)Apr 1828 - Apr 1829 William Astell (3rd time) (s.a.)Apr 1829 - Apr 1830 John Loch (b. 1781 - d. 1868)Apr 1830 - Apr 1831 William Astell (4th time) (s.a.)1831 Robert Campbell (d. 1858)1832 John Goldsborough Ravenshaw (d. 1840)1833 Campbell Marjoribanks (d. 1840)1833 John Loch1834 Henry St.George Tucker (1st time) (d. 1851)1835 William Stanley Clarke (d. 1844)1836 - 1838 James Rivett Carnac (b. 1784 - d. 1846)1838 James Law Lushington (1st time)1839 Richard Jenkins (d. 1853)1840 William Butterworth Bayley (d. 1860)1841 George Lyall1842 James Law Lushington1843 John Cotton (d. 1860)1844 John Shepherd (1st time) (d. 1859)1845 Henry Willock1846 James Weir Hogg (1st time) (d. 1876)1847 Henry St. George Tucker (2nd time) (s.a.)1848 John Law Lushington (2nd time) 1849 Archibald Galloway (d. 1850)1850 - 1852 John Shepherd (2nd time) (s.a.)1852 James Weir Hogg (2nd time) (s.a.)1853 Russell Ellice1854 James Oliphant1855 Elliot Macnaghten1856 William Henry Sykes (d. 1872)1857 Ross Donnelly Mangles (d. 1877)1858 Sir Frederick Currie (d. 1875)

Presidents of the Board of Control of the East India Company (in London) 3 Sep 1784 - 12 Mar 1790 Thomas Townshend, Baron Sydney (b. 1733 - d. 1800)12 Mar 1790 - 28 Jun 1793 William Wyndham Grenville, (b. 1759 - d. 1834) Baron Grenville of Wotton-under-Bernewood 28 Jun 1793 - 19 May 1801 Henry Dundas (b. 1742 - d. 1811)19 May 1801 - 12 Jul 1802 George Legge, Earl of Dartmouth (b. 1755 - d. 1810)12 Jul 1802 - 12 Feb 1806 Robert Stewart, Viscount (b. 1769 - d. 1822)


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Castlereagh12 Feb 1806 - 16 Jul 1806 Gilbert Elliot 16 Jul 1806 - 1 Oct 1806 Thomas Grenville (b. 1755 - d. 1846) 1 Oct 1806 - 6 Apr 1807 George Tierney (b. 1761 - d. 1830) 6 Apr 1807 - 17 Jul 1809 Robert Saunders-Dundas (1st time) (b. 1771 - d. 1851) 17 Jul 1809 - 13 Nov 1809 Dudley Ryder, Earl of Harrowby (b. 1762 - d. 1847)13 Nov 1809 - 7 Apr 1812 Robert Saunders-Dundas, (s.a.) Viscount Melville (2nd time) 7 Apr 1812 - 20 Jun 1816 Robert Hobart, (b. 1760 - d. 1816) Earl of Buckinghamshire20 Jun 1816 - 16 Jan 1821 George Canning (b. 1770 - d. 1827)16 Jan 1821 - 8 Feb 1822 Charles Bragge Bathurst (b. 1751 - d. 1831) 8 Feb 1822 - 31 Jul 1828 Charles Watkin Williams Wynn (b. 1775 - d. 1850)31 Jul 1828 - 24 Sep 1828 Robert Saunders-Dundas, (s.a.) Viscount Melville (3rd time)24 Sep 1828 - 1 Dec 1830 Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough (b. 1790 - d. 1871) (1st time) 1 Dec 1830 - 18 Dec 1834 Charles Grant (b. 1778 - d. 1866)18 Dec 1834 - 23 Apr 1835 Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough (2nd time)23 Apr 1835 - 4 Sep 1841 Sir John Cam Hobhouse (1st time) (b. 1786 - d. 1869) 4 Sep 1841 - 23 Oct 1841 Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough (s.a.) (3rd time)23 Oct 1841 - 17 May 1843 William Vesey-FitzGerald, (b. 1783 - d. 1857) Lord Fitzgerald17 May 1843 - 8 Jul 1846 Frederick John Robinson, (b. 1782 - d. 1859) Earl of Ripon 8 Jul 1846 - 5 Feb 1852 Sir John Cam Hobhouse (2nd time) (s.a.) 5 Feb 1852 - 28 Feb 1852 Fox Maule-Ramsey, Baron Panmure (b. 1801 - d. 1874)28 Feb 1852 - 30 Dec 1852 John Charles Herries (b. 1778 - d. 1855)30 Dec 1852 - 3 Mar 1855 Sir Charles Wood (b. 1800 - d. 1885) 3 Mar 1855 - 6 Mar 1858 Robert Vernon Smith 6 Mar 1858 - 5 Jun 1858 Edward Law, Earl of Ellenborough (s.a.) (4th time) 5 Jun 1858 - 2 Sep 1858 Edward Henry Stanley, (b. 1826 - d. 1893) Earl of Derby

Jammu and Kashmir

1846 - 1936

1846 - 1936 Maharaja's Flag

1936 - 1953

Adopted 1953

Map of Jammu and Kashmir Capital: Srinagar (summer),Jammu (winter)Currency: Indian Rupee

(INR)Population: 11,442,151

(2007)4,021,600 (1941)

.... Kingdom of Kashmir established in remote (legendary) antiquity.Early Middle Ages State of Jammu established.


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28 Jul 1589 Kashmir incorporated into (Mughal) Empire of Hind.May 1752 Kashmir conquered by the newly founded Afghan kingdom.1816 Jammu annexed to the Punjab. 5 Jul 1819 Kashmir annexed to the Punjab.17 Jun 1822 Independence of Jammu restored.15 Mar 1846 U.K. government cedes Kashmir to the ruler of Jammu, thus creating the state of Jammu and Kashmir.16 Mar 1846 - 15 Aug 1947 Jammu and Kashmir a British protectorate.27 Oct 1947 The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir declares the accession of the state to India in the face of tribal invasion from Pakistan (Azad Kashmir annexed to Pakistan).26 Jan 1957 The incorporation of Jammu and Kashmir into India is declared to be complete.21 Nov 1962 China occupies Aksai Chin region of Ladakh.

JammuRajas1675 - 1703 Gujai Dev (d. 1703)1703 - 1725 Dhruv Dev (d. 1725)1725 - 4 Apr 1782 Ranjit Dev (d. 1782) 4 Apr 1782 - 1787 Brij Raj Dev (d. 1787)1787 - Jun 1797 Sampuran Singh (b. 1786 - d. 1797)1787 - Jun 1797 Mian Mota -RegentJun 1797 - 1816 Jit Singh (d. 1816)1816 - 1820 Interregnum1820 - 4 May 1822 Kishore Singh (d. 1822) 4 May 1822 - 15 Mar 1846 Gulab Singh (b. 1792 - d. 1857)

Kashmir

Afghan Governors1753 (5 months) Ishak Aqasi1753 Abdullah Khan Kabuli1753 - 1762 Raja Sukh Jiwan Mal1762 (3 months) Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (1st time)1762 - 1764 Buland Khan Bamzai1764 - 1765 Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (2nd time)1765 - 1766 Jan Muhammad Khan1766 Lal Khan Khatak (1st time)1766 - 1767 Khurram Khan1767 Faqir Ullah Kanth1767 - 1770 Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (3rd time)1770 - 1771 Lal Khan Khatak (2nd time)1771 (6 months) Khurram Khan1771 - 1776 Amir Khan Jawansher1778 - 1783 Haji Karimdad Khan1783 - 1785 Azad Khan (d. 1785)1785 - 1786 Madad Khan1786 - 1788 Mirdad Khan1788 Mulla Ghafar Khan1788 - 1792 Juma Khan Alokzai1792 - 1793 Mirza Khan1793 - 1794 Mir Hazar Khan1794 Rahmatullah Khan1794 - 1795 Kifayat Khan1795 Muhammad Khan Jawansher29 Sep 1795 - Dec 1795 Sher Muhammad Khan1795 - 1801 Abdullah Khan Alokzai (1st time)1801 Vakil Khan1801 - 1812 Abdullah Khan Alokzai (2nd time)1812 (5 months) Sher Muhammad Khan1813 - 1819 Atta Muhammad Khan

Jammu and Kashmir


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Raja15 Mar 1846 - 9 Nov 1846 Gulab Singh (s.a.)Maharajas 9 Nov 1846 - 20 Feb 1856 Gulab Singh (s.a.)20 Feb 1856 - 12 Sep 1885 Ranbir Singh (b. 1830 - d. 1885)12 Sep 1885 - 17 Apr 1889 Pratap Singh (1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1925)17 Apr 1889 - 1898 Amar Singh (b. 1864 - d. 1909) (chairman regency council)1898 - 7 Sep 1925 Pratap Singh (2nd time) (s.a.) (chairman regency council to Oct 1905) 7 Sep 1925 - 17 Nov 1952 Hari Singh (b. 1895 - d. 1961)20 Jun 1949 - 17 Nov 1952 Karan Singh -Regent (b. 1931)Sadr-e Riyasat (roughly, "head of state")17 Nov 1952 - 30 Mar 1965 Karan Singh (s.a.)Governors30 Mar 1965 - 15 May 1967 Karan Singh (s.a.)15 May 1967 - 3 Jul 1973 Bhagwan Sahay (b. 1905) 3 Jul 1973 - 22 Feb 1981 Lakshmi Kant Jha (b. 1913 - d. 1988)22 Feb 1981 - 26 Apr 1984 Braj Kumar Nehru (b. 1909 - d. 2001)26 Apr 1984 - Jul 1989 Jagmohan (1st time) (b. 1927)Jul 1989 - 19 Jan 1990 K.V. Krishna Rao (1st time) (b. 1923)19 Jan 1990 - 26 May 1990 Jagmohan (2nd time) (s.a.)26 May 1990 - 12 Mar 1993 Girish Chandra Saxena (1st time) (b. 1928)12 Mar 1993 - 2 May 1998 K.V. Krishna Rao (2nd time) (s.a.) 2 May 1998 - 4 Jun 2003 Girish Chandra Saxena (2nd time) (s.a.) 4 Jun 2003 - 25 Jun 2008 S.K. Sinha (b. 1926)25 Jun 2008 - Narinder Nath Vohra (b. 1936)

Chief ministers (Dewan)1823 - 1836 Amir Chand (in Jammu)1836 - 1865 Jawala (Jwala) Sahai1865 - 1875/76 Kirpa Ram1875/76 - c.1879 Wazir Punnu18.. - 1885 Anant Ram1885 - 1886 Gobind Sahai1886 - 1889 Lachman Das1889 - 1909 Raja Amar Singh (s.a.)1909 - 1917 Amar Nath1917 - 1921 Raja Daljit SinghMar 1921 - Apr 1922 Bishandas1922 - 1926 Raja Hari Singh (s.a.)1926 - 1927 Jagat Dev Singh (b. 1903 - d. 1940)1927 Padam Deo Singh1927 - Mar 1929 Sir Albion Banerjee (b. 1871 - d. 1950)1929 - 25 Jul 1931 G.E.C. Wakefield (b. 1883 - d. 1950)1931 - 1933 Sir Hari Kishan Kaul (b. 1881 - d. 1949)Prime ministers1933 - 1936 Elliot James Dowell Colvin (b. 1885 - d. 1950)1936 Sir Barjor J. Dalal (acting) (b. 1871 - d. 19..)1936 - Jul 1943 N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar (b. 1882 - d. 1953) (from 1 Jan 1941, Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar)Jul 1943 - Feb 1944 Kailas Narain Haksar (b. 1878 - d. 1953)Feb 1944 - 28 Jun 1945 Sir Benegal Narsing Rau (b. 1887 - d. 1953)28 Jun 1945 - 11 Aug 1947 Ram Chandra Kak (b. 1893 - d. 1983)11 Aug 1947 - 15 Oct 1947 Janak Singh (acting)15 Oct 1947 - 5 Mar 1948 Mehr Chand Mahajan (b. 1889 - d. 1967)30 Oct 1947 - 9 Aug 1953 Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah (b. 1905 - d. 1982) JKNC "the Lion of Kashmir" (to 5 Mar 1948, head of the emergency administration) 9 Aug 1953 - 12 Oct 1963 Bakshi Ghulam Muhammad (b. 1907 - d. 1972) JKNC12 Oct 1963 - 29 Feb 1964 Khwaja Shams-ud-Din (b. 1922 - d. 1999) INC29 Feb 1964 - 30 Mar 1965 Ghulam Muhammad Sadiq (b. 1912 - d. 1971) INCChief ministers30 Mar 1965 - 12 Dec 1971 Ghulam Muhammad Sadiq (s.a.) INC12 Dec 1971 - 25 Feb 1975 Seyd Mir Qasim (b. 1921 - d. 2004) INC25 Feb 1975 - 26 Mar 1977 Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah (s.a.) JKNC (1st time)26 Mar 1977 - 9 Jul 1977 President's Rule


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9 Jul 1977 - 8 Sep 1982 Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah (s.a.) JKNC (2nd time) 8 Sep 1982 - 2 Jul 1984 Farooq Abdullah (1st time) (b. 1936) JKNC 2 Jul 1984 - 6 Mar 1986 Ghulam Mohammad Shah (b. 1920 - d. 2009) ANC 6 Mar 1986 - 7 Nov 1986 President's Rule 7 Nov 1986 - 19 Jan 1990 Farooq Abdullah (2nd time) (s.a.) JKNC19 Jan 1990 - 9 Oct 1996 President's Rule 9 Oct 1996 - 18 Oct 2002 Farooq Abdullah (3rd time) (s.a.) JKNC18 Oct 2002 - 2 Nov 2002 President's Rule 2 Nov 2002 - 2 Nov 2005 Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (b. 1936) PDP 2 Nov 2005 - 10 Jul 2008 Ghulam Nabi Azad (b. 1949) CLP10 Jul 2008 - 5 Jan 2009 President's Rule 5 Jan 2009 - Omar Abdullah (b. 1970) JKNC

British Residents (to 1885 in Hunza, then in Srinagar)15 Mar 1846 - 1877 None1877 - 1880 John Biddulph (b. 1840 - d. 1922)1880 - 1883 Vacant1883 - 1886 Sir Oliver Beauchamp Coventry (b. 1837 - d. 1891) St. John 1886 - Jan 1889 Trevor John Chichele (b. 1846 - d. 1905) Chichele-Plowden 1889 - 1892 Robert Parry Nisbet (b. 1839 - d. 1916)1892 - 1894 David William Keith Barr (b. 1846 - d. 1916)1894 - 1896 Hugh Shakespear Barnes (b. 1853 - d. 1940)1896 - 1900 Sir Adelbert Cecil Talbot (b. 1845 - d. 1920)1900 - 1901 Harold Arthur Deane (b. 1854 - d. 1908)1901 - 1903 Louis William Dane (b. 1856 - d. 1946)1903 - 1905 Elliot Graham Colvin (b. 1861 - d. 1940)1906 - 1909 Sir Francis Edward Younghusband (b. 1863 - d. 1942)1910 - 1911 John Ramsay (b. 1862 - d. 1942)1911 - 1914 Stuart Mitford Fraser (b. 1864 - d. 1963)1914 - 1915 Henry Venn Cobb (b. 1864 - d. 1949)1916 - 1917 John Manners Smith (b. 1864 - d. 1920)1917 - 1921 Arthur D'Arcy Gordon Bannerman (b. 1866 - d. 1955)1921 - 1923 Charles Joseph Windham (b. 1867 - d. 1941)1923 - 1927 Sir John Barry Wood (b. 1870 - d. 1933)1927 - 1929 Evelyn Berkeley Howell (b. 1877 - d. 1971)1929 - 1931 George Drummond Ogilvie (b. 1882 - d. 1966)1931 - 1932 Courtenay Latimer (b. 1880 - d. 1944)Jul 1932 - 1935 Frederick Marshman Bailey (b. 1882 - d. 1967)1925 - 1938 Lionel Edward Lang (b. 1885 - d. 1956)1938 - 1941 Denholm Fraser (b. 1889 - d. 1956)1941 - 1943 Leslie Eric Barton (b. 1889 - d. 1952)1943 - 1945 James Glasgow Acheson (b. 1889 - d. 1973)1945 - 1947 Wilfred Francis Webb (b. 1897 - d. 1973)

Party abbreviations: ANC = Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference; CLP = CongressLegislature Party; INC = Indian National Congress Party; JKNC = All Jammu and Kashmir NationalConference (Kasmir unity, pro-autonomy, est.1939, formerly All All Jammu and Kashmir MuslimConference 1932-39); PDP = People's Democratic Party

Ladakh

Adopted 1995

Capital: Leh Population: 270,126 (2001)

c.900 Mnga'-ris-skor-gsum (Ladakh) established by a


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West-Tibetan branch of the Yar-lung dynasty.1200's - 1300's Under Mongol suzerainty.1644 - 1685 Tributary of the (Mughal) Empire of Hind.1690's - 1700's Vassal state of Kashmir.1783 - 17 Sep 1842 Tributary of Tibet (which itself is under suzerainty of China).17 Sep 1842 Ladakh incorporated into the Jammu state, succeeded by Jammu and Kashmir (with some nominal autonomy).21 Nov 1962 China occupies Aksai Chin region.28 Aug 1995 Ladakh Hill Area Development Council established.

Kings (title Chos-rgyal-chen-po)1694 - 1729 Nyi-ma rNam-rgyal1729 - 20 Mar 1739 bDe-skyong rNam-rgyal1739 - 1753 Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal1753 - 1782 Tshe-dbang rNam-rgyal II1782 - 1802 Mi-jigs-tshe-brtan rNam-rgyal1802 - 1837 Tshe-dpal-mi-'gyur-don-grub (d. 1840) rNam-rgyal (1st time)1837 - 1839 dNgos-grub-bstan-'dzin -Regent (styled rGyal-tsab or sRid-skyong)1839 - 1840 Tshe-dpal-mi-'gyur-don-grub (s.a.) rNam-rgyal (2nd time)Jun 1840 - Jul 1840 'Jigs-med rNam-rgyal (1st time) (b. 1833 - d. c.1873)1840 - 1842 Kun-dga' rNam-rgyal II (b. c.1832 - d. ....)1842 - 17 Sep 1842 'Jigs-med rNam-rgyal (2nd time) (s.a.)Chairmen and Chief Executive Councillors of the Ladakh Hill Area Development Council 3 Sep 1995 - 2003 Thupstan Chhewang (b. 1947) Non-party2003 - 2005 Tsering Dorjay (1st time) LUTF (Chering Dorjey)2005 - 2007 Rigzin Spalbar (1st time) INC2007 - 2008 Tsering Dorjay (2nd time) LUTFSep 2008 - 2010 Kacho Ahmad Ali Khan (b. 1947) Non-party2010 - Rigzin Spalbar (2nd time) INC

From 1683 every ruler also used the name Aqibat Mahmud Khan.

Party abbreviations: INC = Indian National Congress ("Congress Party", populist, socialist);LUTF = Ladakh Union Territory Front (pro-Ladakh as separate Union Territory, est.2002)

Danish India

19 Nov 1620 - 7 Nov 1845

Map of Danish India Capital: Tranquebar

19 Nov 1620 Tranquebar (Dansborg) a Danish possession.1636 - 1643 Balasore a Danish possession.1696 - 1722 Oddeway Torre (on Malabar coast) a Danish possession. 1698 - 1714 Gondalpara (Dannemarksnagore) southeast of Chandernagore a Danish possession.1752 - 1791 Calicut a Danish possession.1755 - 1824 Colachel (on Malabar coast) a Danish possession. 1 Jan 1846 Frederik Islands (Nicobar Islands) a Danish colony. (subordinated to Tranquebar). 8 Oct 1755 Serampore (Frederiksnagore) a Danish possession.1763 Balasore a Danish possession.1779 Danish crown colony.1784 - 1807/09 Nicobar islands abandoned.12 May 1801 - 17 Aug 1802 British occupy Danish India.


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1807 - 1814 British occupy Nicobar Islands.13 Feb 1808 - 20 Sep 1815 British occupy Danish India.20 Sep 1815 Restored to Denmark.11 Oct 1845 Frederiksnagore sold to Britain. 7 Nov 1845 Tranquebar and remaining Danish India settlements sold to Britain, part of British India.16 Oct 1868 Danish rights to the Nicobar Islands sold to Britain, which become part of British India.

Governors (of the Danish East India Company to 1779)11 Oct 1620 - 13 Feb 1621 Ove Gedde (b. 1594 - d. 1660)14 Feb 1621 - 9 Nov 1636 Roland Crapp (d. 1645) 9 Nov 1636 - 5 Sep 1643 Bernt Pessart 5 Sep 1643 - 1648 Willem Leyel (b c.1593 - d. 1654)1648 - 7 Sep 1655 Poul Hansen Korsr (d. 1655) 7 Sep 1655 - 1669 Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke (b. 1615 - d. 1674)1669 - 1673 Henrik Eggers1673 - Oct 1682 Sivart Adeler (b. 1647 - d. 1683)Oct 1682 - 9 Jul 1686 Axel Juel (b. 1655 - d. 1720) 9 Jul 1686 - Oct 1687 Wolf Henrik von Kalnein (d. 1690)Oct 1687 - 1689 Christian Porck (1st time)1689 - 1690 Moritz Hartmann (b. 1656 - d. 1695)1690 - 1694 Christian Porck (2nd time)1694 - 19 May 1701 Claus Vogdt19 May 1701 - 1701 Andreas Andre (d. 1701)1701 - 1702 Mikkel Knudsen Crone (d. 1716)Jul 1702 - 1704 Jrgen Hermansen Bjrn (b. 1652 - d. 1704) 1 Jul 1704 - 20 Oct 1716 Johan Sigismund Hassius (b. 1664 - d. 1729)20 Oct 1716 - 21 Jan 1720 Christen Brun-Lundegaard (d. 1724)23 Jan 1720 - 12 Oct 1726 Christian Ulrich von Nissen (b. 1691 - d. 1756)12 Oct 1726 - 8 Aug 1730 Rasmus Hansen Attrup (d. 1745) 8 Aug 1730 - 1 Aug 1733 Diderich Mhlenport (d. 1746) 1 Aug 1733 - 13 Jul 1741 Poul Krisk Panck (b. 1690 - d. 1747)13 Jul 1741 - 17 Sep 1744 Ivar Bonsack (d. 1748)17 Sep 1744 - 5 Sep 1754 Hans Ernst Bonsack 5 Sep 1754 - 10 Aug 1759 Hans Georg Krog (b. 1720 - d. 1796) 9 May 1759 - 4 Jul 1760 Christian Frederik Hyer (d. 1763) 4 Jul 1760 - 27 Apr 1761 Herman Jacob Forck (d. 1761)29 Apr 1761 - 14 Feb 1775 Peter Hermann Abbestee (1st time) (b. 1728 - d. 1794)14 Feb 1775 - 17 Jan 1779 David Brown (d. 1784)17 Jan 1779 - 17 May 1788 Peter Hermann Abbestee (2nd time) (s.a.)17 May 1788 - 7 Feb 1806 Peter Anker (b. 1744 - d. 1832) 7 Feb 1806 - 13 Feb 1808 Johan Peter Hermannson (1st time) (d. 1822)13 Feb 1808 - 20 Sep 1815 British occupation20 Sep 1815 - 19 Nov 1816 Gerhard Sievers Bille (b. 1765 - d. 1816)19 Nov 1816 - 15 Feb 1822 Johan Peter Hermannson (2nd time) (s.a.)16 Feb 1822 - 7 May 1823 Jens Kofoed (b. 1775 - d. 1833) 7 May 1823 - 7 Mar 1825 Ulrich Anton Schnheyder (b. 1775 - d. 1858) 7 Mar 1825 - 26 Mar 1829 Hans Diderich Brinck-Seidelin (b. 1779 - d. 1859)26 Mar 1829 - 14 May 1832 Lauritz Christensen (b. 1793 - d. 1832)17 May 1832 - 1 May 1838 Conrad Emil Mourier (b. 1795 - d. 1865) 1 May 1838 - 18 Jun 1841 Johannes von Rehling (b. 1775 - d. 1841)18 Jun 1841 - 15 Sep 1841 Christian Tiemroth (b. 1799 - d. 1888)16 Oct 1841 - 7 Nov 1845 Peder Hansen (b. 1798 - d. 1880)

Dutch India

1608 - 1 Mar 1825

Map of Dutch India Capital: Cochin


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1608 Dutch rule1610 - 20 May 1784 Pulicat a Dutch possession.1658 - 20 Oct 1795 Tuticorin a Dutch possession.23 Jul 1658 - 1781 Negapatnam a Dutch possession.1780 - 20 May 1784 Coromandel Coast occupied by Britain.20 Oct 1795 - 1818 British occupation of Dutch India settlements.20 Sep 1817 Coromandel settlements restored to Netherlands, Malabar annexed to British India. 1 Mar 1825 Dutch Coromandel ceded to Britain, part of British India.

Coromandel Coast

Governors1608 - 1610 Pieter Issack Eyloff1610 - 1612 Johan van Wesicke1612 - 1615 Wemmer van Berchem (d. 1653)1616 Hans de Haze (1st time)1616 - 1617 Samuel Kint1617 - 1619 Adolf Thomassen1619 - 1620 Hans de Haze (2nd time)1620 - 1622 Andries Soury (1st time)1622 - 1624 Abraham van Uffelen1624 - 1626 Andries Soury (2nd time)1626 - 1632 Maerten Isbrantszoon (1st time)1632 Arent Gardenijs (1st time)1632 - 1633 David Pieterszoon1633 - 1636 Maerten Isbrantszoon (2nd time)1636 - 1638 Carel Reyniersz (b. 1604 - d. 1653)1638 - 1643 Arent Gardenijs (2nd time)1643 - 1650 Arnold Heussen (b. c.1605 - d. 1660)1650 - 1651 Laurens Pit (1st time)1651 Jacob de With1652 - 1663 Laurens Pit (2nd time)12 Jun 1663 - 1665 Cornelis Speelman (b. 1628 - d. 1684)1665 - 1676 Anthonie Paviljoen1676 - 1679 Jacques Caulier1679 - 1681 Willem Carel Hartsinck (d. 1695)1681 - 1686 Jacob Joriszoon Pits1686 - 1698 Laurens Pits de jonge1698 - 1705 Dirk Coomans1705 - 1710 Johannes van Steelandt1710 - 1716 Daniel Bernard Guilliams1716 - 1719 Adriaan de Visscher1719 - 1723 Gerard van Westrenen1723 - 1729 Dirck van Cloon (b. 1688 - d. 1735)1729 - 1733 Adriaan Pla1733 - 1737 Elias Guillot1738 - 1743 Jacob Mossel (b. 1704 - d. 1761)1743 - 1747 Galenus Mersen1747 - 1753 Librecht Hooreman (b. 1708 - d. 1774)1753 - 1758 Steven Vermont1758 - 1761 Lubbert Jan van Eck (b. 1719 - d. 1765)1761 - 1765 Christiaan van Teylingen1765 - 1773 Pieter Haksteen1773 - 1780 Reynier van Vlissingen1780 - 1784 British occupation1784 - 1789 Willem Blauwkamer1790 - 20 Oct 1795 Jacob Eilbracht1795 - 1818 British occupation1818 - 1824 F.C. Regel1824 - 1 Mar 1825 Henry Francis von Shsten (b. 1792 - d. 1866)

Malabar Coast

29 Dec 1658 - 14 Apr 1659 Quilon occupied by Dutch.24 Dec 1661 Quilon a Dutch possession.


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15 Jan 1662 Cranganore a Dutch possession. 8 Jan 1663 Cochin a Dutch possession.15 Feb 1663 Cannanore a Dutch possession.20 Oct 1795 - 1818 British occupation.1818 Annexed to British India.

Commanders1663 - 1665 Ludolph van Coulster1665 - 1667 Ijsbrand Goske (b. c.1626 - d. 1689)1667 - 1669 Lucas van der Dussen1669 - 1676 Hendrik Adriaan van Reede (b. 1636 - d. 1691) tot Drakestein1677 - 1678 Jacob Lobs1678 - 1683 Marten Huysman1683 - 1687 Gelmer Vosburgh1688 - 1693 Issack van Dielen1693 - 1694 Alexander Wigman1694 - 1697 Adriaan van Ommen1697 - 1701 Magnus Wichelman1701 - 1704 Abraham Vink1704 - 1708 Willem Moerman (b. 16.. - d. 1717)1708 - 1709 Adam van der Duyn1709 - 1716 Barend Ketel (b. c.1670 - d. 1719)1716 - 1723 Johannes Hertenberg1723 - 1731 Jacob de Jong1731 Wouter Hendriks1731 - 1734 Adriaan Maten1734 - 1742 Julius Valentyn Stein van Gollonesse1742 - 1747 Reinierus Siersma1747 - 1751 Corijn Stevens1751 Abraham Cornelis de la Haye1751 - 1756 Frederik Cunes1756 - 1761 Casparus de Jong1761 - 1765 Godefried Weyerman1765 - 1768 Cornelis Breekpot1768 - 1770 Christiaan Lodewijk Senff1770 - 1781 Adriaan Moens (b. 1728 - d. 1792)1781 - 1793 Johan Gerard van Angelbeek (b. 1727 - d. 1799)1793 - 20 Oct 1795 Jan Lambertus van Spall (b. 1748 - d. 1816)20 Oct 1795 - 1818 British occupation

Dutch Bengal

1635 Dutch factories at Pipley and Hougli (to 1676). 1635 - 1655 Administered by Coromandel.1676 Dutch factories at Patna and Baleshwar (Bellasoor).1710 - 1759 Dutch post at Murshidabad.1781 - 20 May 1784 British occupation.1795 Annexed to British India.

Directors1635 - 1655 the governors of Coromandel1655 - 1658 Pieter Sterthemius1658 - 1663 Mattheus van den Broucke (b. 1620 - d. 1685)1663 - 1665 Rogier van Heyningen1665 - 1669 Vacant1669 - 1673 Constantijn Ranst de jonge1673 - 1676 Franois de Haze1677 - 1678 Willem Volger1678 - 1680 Jacob Verburgh1681 - 1683 Nicolaas Baukes1683 - 1685 Marten Huysman1685 - 1688 Nicolaas Schaghen1688 Pieter Willeboorts1688 - 1696 Arnoldus Muykens1696 - 1701 Pieter van Dishoeck1701 - 1705 Jacob Pelgrom


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1705 - 1710 Willem de Roo1710 - 1716 Anthony Huysman1717 - 1722 Ewout van Dishoeck1722 - 1724 Pieter Vuyst1724 - 1727 Abraham Patras (b. 1671 - d. 1737)1727 - 1731 Jacob Sadelijn1731 - 1733 Rogier Beernards1734 - 1744 Jan Albert Sichterman1744 - 1750 Jan Huyghens1750 - 1755 Jan Kersseboom1755 Louis Taillefert (1st time)1755 - 1760 Adriaan Bisdom1760 - 1763 Louis Taillefert (2d time)1763 - 1769 George Lodewijk Vernet1769 - 6 May 1770 Boudewijn Versewel Faure (b. 1734 - d. 1770)1771 - 1776 Johannes Bacheracht1776 - 1781 Johannes Mattheus Ross1781 - 1784 British occupation1784 - 1785 Gregorius Herklots (acting)1785 - 1792 Isaac Titsing1792 - 1795 Cornelis van Citters Aarnoutszoon1795 Johan Willem Salomon von Haugwitz (acting)

French India

26 Sep 1816 - 1 Nov 1954

Map of French India Capital: Pondichry(Pondicherry)Currency: French India

Roupiah (INFR) Population: 332,045 (1948)

GDP: $N/A Exports: $N/AImports: $N/A Ethnic groups: French, Indian

Total Armed Forces: N/A Religions: Roman Catholic, Hindu, Muslim

1688 - 1720 French factory at Surat. 4 Feb 1673 Chandernagor (Chandernagore) a French possession.1674 Pondicherry (Pondichry) a French possession. 6 Sep 1693 - Sep 1699 Dutch occupation (see Dutch Coromandel). 2 Apr 1721 - Feb 1725 Mahe (Mah) a French possession.1731 Yanam (Yanaon) a French possession (confirmed 1750).Dec 1725 Mah a French possession.14 Feb 1739 Karikal a French possession.10 Sep 1746 - Aug 1749 French occupy Madras.1750 - 22 Jan 1760 Masulipatam a French possession.16 Jan 1761 - May 1765 British occupation (Changernagor from 23 Mar 1757); French Pondichry is leveled, Mah is given to rueler of Cannanore.18 Sep 1778 - 10 Mar 1783 British occupation (Changernagor from 6 Jul 1778, Mahe from 19 Mar 1779).23 Aug 1793 - 11 Jul 1803 British occupation, administered as part of Madras.25 Oct 1797 - 19 Apr 1801 French India nominally organized as Indes-Orientales dpartement of France (not effected because of British occupation).11 Jul 1803 - 11 Sep 1803 Brief restoration of French rule according to Treaty of Amiens. 1 Oct 1803 - 26 Sep 1816 British occupation (s.a.).26 Sep 1816 Chandernagore, Pondicherry, Karikal, Yanaon, and Mah restored to France (tablissements Franais dans l'Inde).16 Jun 1940 - 9 Sep 1940 Administration loyal to Vichy France (from 9 Sep 1940, under Free French; Chandernagore separately from 20 Jun 1940). 2 May 1950 Chandernagor transferred to India (formally on 11 Apr 1952) (see under Indian states).13 Jun 1954 Yanaon taken by Indian military police.


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15 Jul 1954 Mah taken by pro-Indian groups. 1 Nov 1954 Remaining territories (Pondichry and Karikal) transferred to India de facto (see under Indian states).16 Aug 1962 De jure transfer of French India to India.

Commissioners1668 - 1672 Franois Caron (b. 1600 - d. 1673)1672 - 1681 Franois Baron1681 - 6 Sep 1693 Franois Martin (b. 1634 - d. 1706) 6 Sep 1693 - Sep 1699 Dutch occupationGovernorsSep 1699 - 30 Dec 1706 Franois Martin (governor-general) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1707 - Jul 1708 Pierre Dulivier (1st time) (acting for Martin from 15 Jun 1705)Jul 1708 - 1712 Guillaume Andr d'Hbert (1st time) 7 Oct 1713 - 1715 Pierre Dulivier (2nd time)Aug 1715 - 1718 Guillaume Andr d'Hbert (2nd time)19 Aug 1718 - 11 Oct 1721 Pierre Andr Prvost de La (d. 1721) Prvostire11 Oct 1721 - 1723 Pierre Christoph Le Noir (1st time)(acting) 6 Oct 1723 - 1726 Joseph Beauvollier de Courchant 4 Sep 1726 - 1735 Pierre Christoph Le Noir (2nd time)19 Sep 1735 - 1741 Pierre Benot Dumas (b. 1668 - d. 1745)14 Jan 1742 - 1754 Joseph Franois Dupleix (b. 1697 - d. 1763) 2 Aug 1754 - 1755 Charles Robert Godeheu de Zaimont (acting)10 Feb 1755 - 1758 Georges Duval de Leyrit28 Apr 1758 - 16 Jan 1761 Thomas Arthur, (b. 1702 - d. 1766) comte de Lally-Tollendal16 Jan 1761 - May 1765 VacantMay 1765 - 1766 Franois Nicolas (acting)May 1766 - 1767 Antoine Boyelleau (acting)Mar 1767 - 1778 Jean Law de Lauriston (b. 1719 - d. 1797)Jan 1777 - 1778 Guillaume Lonard de Bellecombe, (b. 1728 - d. 1792) seigneur de Teirac (1st time)28 Jan 1778 - 1778 Louis Alexandre d'Albignac, (b. 1739 - d. 1825) baron d'Albignac d'Arre (acting)Jul 1778 - 18 Sep 1778 Guillaume Lonard de Bellecombe, (s.a.) seigneur de Teirac (2nd time) 18 Sep 1778 - 10 Mar 1783 British occupation10 Mar 1783 - 7 Jan 1785 Charles Joseph Ptissier, marquis de Bussy-Castelnau (b. 1718 - d. 1785) 8 Jan 1775 - May 1785 Nicolas Coutanceau des Algrains (acting)21 May 1785 - 1785 Franois, vicomte de Souillac (b. 1732 - d. 1803)24 Sep 1785 - 1787 David Charpentier de Cossigny (b. 1740 - d. 1801)20 Sep 1787 - 1789 Thomas, comte de Conway (b. 1733 - d. c.1800)Oct 1789 - 1793 Camille Charles Leclerc, chevalier de Fresne 5 Feb 1793 - 1793 L. Leroux de Touffreville (acting)18 Feb 1793 - Aug 1793 Dominique Prosper de Chermont (b. 1741 - d. 1798)British military governors1793 - 1794 Floyer1794 - 1795 Nixon1795 - 1803 John BraithwaiteGovernors11 Jul 1803 - 1 Oct 1803 Charles Matthieu Isidore, (b. 1769 - d. 1832) comte Decaen (appointed 18 Jun 1802)Aug 1803 - 1 Oct 1803 Binot (acting for comte Decaen)13 Jul 1803 - 1 Oct 1803 Benot Mottet de La (b. 1745 - d. 1820) Fontaine -PrefectBritish military governors1803 - 1804 St. John1804 - 1805 Keith


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1805 - 1810 E.W. Fallowfield1810 - 1812 Lockhart1812 - 1813 Hugh Fraser1812 - 26 Sep 1816 James Stuart Fraser -Commissioner (b. 1783 - d. 1869)Governors26 Sep 1816 - Oct 1825 Andr Julien, comte Dupuy (b. 1753? - d. 18..)15 Oct 1825 - 19 Jun 1826 Joseph Cordier (1st time) (acting) (b. 1773 - d. 18..) 19 Jun 1826 - 2 Aug 1828 Eugne Panon, comte (b. 1800 - d. 1859) Desbassayns de Richemont12 Aug 1828 - 14 Aug 1828 Scipion (acting)14 Aug 1828 - 10 Apr 1829 Joseph Cordier (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)10 Apr 1829 - 3 May 1835 Auguste Jacques Nicolas Peureux de Mlay 3 May 1835 - Apr 1840 Henri Jean Victor, (b. 1782 - d. 1865) marquis de Saint-Simon27 Apr 1840 - 1844 Paul de Nourquer du Camper10 Nov 1844 - 1849 Louis Pujol 5 Jan 1849 - 14 Jun 1850 Hyacinth Marie de Lalande de Calan (b. 1802 - d. 1850)14 Jun 1850 - 6 Jan 1851 Malassis (1st time)(acting) 6 Jan 1851 - 1851 Philippe Achille Bdier (b. 1791 - d. 1865) 1 Dec 1851 - 1852 Malassis (2nd time)(acting)29 Jul 1852 - Apr 1857 Raymond Jean Baptiste de Verninac (b. 1794 - d. 1873) de Saint-Maur 1 Apr 1857 - Jan 1863 Alexandre Jean Baptiste Joseph Jacques de Verninac Durand d'Ubraye18 Jan 1863 - Jun 1871 Napolon Joseph Louis Bontemps (b. 1813 - d. 1872)Jun 1871 - Nov 1871 MichauxNov 1871 - 1875 Pierre Aristide Faron (b. 1814 - d. 1879)1875 - 1878 Adolphe Joseph Antoine Trillard (b. 1826 - d. ....)1878 - Feb 1879 .... (acting)Feb 1879 - Apr 1881 Lonce Laugier (b. 1829 - d. ....)1881 - Oct 1884 Julien Thodore Drouet (b. 1817 - d. 1904)Oct 1884 - 1886 tienne Antoine Guillaume Richaud (b. 1841 - d. 1889)1886 - 1888 Louis Evenor douard Mans1888 - 1889 Georges Jules Piquet (b. 1839 - d. 1923)1889 - 1891 Louis Hippolyte Marie Nouet (b. 1844 - d. 1933)1891 - 1896 Lon mile Clment-Thomas1896 - Feb 1898 Louis Jean GirodFeb 1898 - 11 Jan 1902 Franois Pierre Rodier (b. 1854 - d. 1913)11 Jan 1902 - 1902 Pelletan (acting)1902 - 1904 Victor Louis Marie Lanrezac (b. 1854 - d. 19..)Aug 1904 - Apr 1905 Philema Lemaire (b. 1856 - d. 1932)Apr 1905 - Oct 1906 Joseph Pascal Franois (b. 1853 - d. 19..)Oct 1906 - 3 Dec 1907 Gabriel Louis Angoulvant (b. 1872 - d. 1932)1908 - 1909 Adrien Jules Jean Bonhoure (b. 1860 - d. 1929)1909 - 9 Jul 1910 Ernest Fernand Lvecque (b. 1852 - d. 19..) 9 Jul 1910 - Jul 1911 Alfred Albert Martineau (1st time) (b. 1857 - d. 1941)Jul 1910 - Nov 1913 Pierre Louis Alfred Duprat (b. 1880 - d. 1953)Nov 1913 - 29 Jun 1918 Alfred Albert Martineau (2nd time) (s.a.)29 Jun 1918 - 21 Feb 1919 Maurice Pierre Lapalud (acting) (b. 1868 - d. 19..)21 Feb 1919 - 11 Feb 1926 Louis Martial Innocent Gerbinis (b. 1871 - d. 1954)1926 - 1928 Pierre Jean Henri Didelot (b. 1870 - d. 1941)1928 - 1931 Robert Paul Marie de Guise1931 - 1934 Franois Adrien Juvanon (b. 1875 - d. 19..)Aug 1934 - 1936 Lon Solomiac (b. 1884 - d. 1960)1936 - 1938 Horace Valentin Crocicchia26 Sep 1938 - 1945 Louis Alexis tienne Bonvin (b. 1886 - d. 1946)1945 - 1946 Nicolas Ernest Marie Maurice (b. 1886 - d. 19..) Jeandin20 Mar 1946 - 20 Aug 1947 Charles Franois Henri Baron (b. 1900 - d. 1980)Commissioners20 Aug 1947 - 1949 Charles Franois Marie Baron (s.a.)May 1949 - 1950 Charles Chambon (b. 1896 - d. 1965)31 Jul 1950 - Oct 1954 Andr Mnard (b. 1907 - d. 1988)Oct 1954 - 1 Nov 1954 Georges Escargueil (acting) (b. 1907 - d. 1990)

Ostend East India Company


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23 Aug 1719 Cabelon post (on Coromandel coast) acquired.19 Dec 1722 Ostend East India Company, an association of Flemish merchants from the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) trading in the east is granted a charter by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI.Jul 1723 Banquibazar factory (in Bengal) opened.May 1727 Charter of Otsend Company suspended by the Emperor. 5 Jul 1727 Banquibazar officially ceded to Austria.16 Mar 1731 Ostend Company dissolved by (Second) Treaty of Vienna.Nov? 1744 Banquibazar factory lost.

Banquibazar

Governors-generalJul 1723 - 27 Jun 1724 Jacques Andr Cobb (d. 1724)27 Jun 1724 - 30 Jun 1724 Martin van Snaer + Pierre Sneyers (acting)30 Jun 1724 - 6 Feb 1726 Commanders - T. Kint (to 18 Jul 1724) - Vincent Parraber (from 18 Jul 1724) 6 Feb 1726 - 29 Aug 1726 Commanders - Jean Bos - Franois de Schonamille (d. 1745) (1st time) - Jean Ray29 Aug 1726 - Dec 1730 Alexandre HumeCommanderDec 1730 - 9 Nov 1744 Franois de Schonamille (s.a.) (2nd time)

Cabelon

13 Aug 1719 Cabelon factory on Coromandel coast opened.1750? Cabelon lost.

Commanders13 Aug 1719 - 1719 Godefroid de la Merveille1719 - 23 Jul 1726 Louis de la Pea23 Jul 1726 - 17.. Joseph Meratc.1730 Cointrel

Portuguese India (Goa)

to 19 Dec 1961

1967 (proposed colonial flag)

Map of Portuguese India Capital: Goa(Cochin 1500-1530)Currency: Portuguese India

Rupias (INPR) Population: 547,448 (1960)


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GDP: $N/AExports: 709.7 million

escudos (1960)Imports: 750.7 million

escudos (1960)Ethnic groups: Portuguese, Indian

Total Armed Forces: N/AMerchant marine: N/A Religions: Roman Catholic, Hindu, Muslim

Goa Dependencies

20 May 1498 Vasco da Gama arrives in India.27 Sep 1503 - 7 Jan 1663 Cochin a Portuguese possession.1502 15 Feb 1663 Cannanore a Portuguese possession.1502 24 Dec 1661 Quilon a Portuguese possession (Dutch occupation 29 Dec 1658 - 14 Apr 1659).13 Sep 1505 Anjediva (Angediva) acquired by Portugal.15 Feb 1510 - 30 May 1510 Portuguese occupy Goa. 30 May 1510 - 25 Nov 1510 Bijapur occupies Goa.25 Nov 1510 Goa a Portuguese colony.1523 15 Jan 1662 Cranganore (Kottappuram) a Portuguese possession.1523 - 1662 Portuguese settlement of So Tom de Meliapore.23 Dec 1534 Baaim (Bassein) and its dependencies ceded to Portugal; organized as the Northern Provinces.21 Dec 1535 Diu acquired by Portugal. 2 Feb 1559 Damo (Daman) acquired by Portugal .15 Jul 1580 - 1 Dec 1640 Portuguese India along with Portugal a Spanish possession.23 Jun 1661 Bombaim (Bombay) and its dependencies (s.a.) ceded to England.18 Feb 1665 Final cession of Bombay to England (without its dependencies).1687 - 21 Oct 1749 So Tom de Meliapore re-occupied by Portuguese.23 May 1739 Baaim lost.17 Dec 1779 Dadra, Nagar and Haveli acquired by Portugal. 7 Sep 1799 - Nov 1802 British troops garrison Goa, Portuguese rule continues. 3 Sep 1803 - 2 Apr 1813 British troops garrison Goa, Portuguese rule continues.18 Dec 1946 Overseas province of Portugal.21 Jul 1954 Dadra then Nagar and Haveli (2 Aug 1954) occupied by Indian nationalists (Aug 1961 annexed by India).19 Dec 1961 Goa, Damo, and Diu occupied by India.16 Mar 1962 Annexed by India (see under Indian states).31 Dec 1974 Annexation recognized by Portugal.

Viceroy24 Oct 1505 - 4 Sep 1509 Francisco de Almeida (b. c.1450 - d. 1510)Governors-general 4 Sep 1509 8 Sep 1515 Afonso de Albuquerque (b. 1453 - d. 1515) 8 Sep 1515 20 Dec 1518 Lopo Soares de Albergaria (b. c.1442 - d. c.1520)20 Dec 1518 22 Jan 1522 Diogo Lopes de Sequeira (b. 1465 - d. 1530)22 Jan 1522 4 Dec 1524 Duarte de Meneses (b. bf.1488 - d. 1539) 4 Dec 1524 - 24 Dec 1524 Vasco da Gama, conde de (b. 1460 - d. 1524) Vidigueira -Viceroy25 Dec 1524 - 2 Feb 1526 Henrique de Meneses (b. 1496 - d. 1526) 2 Feb 1526 18 Nov 1529 Lopo Vaz de Sampaio (b. c.1480 - d. 1538)18 Nov 1529 - 14 Sep 1538 Nuno da Cunha (b. 1487 - d. 1539)14 Sep 1538 - 3 Apr 1540 Garcia de Noronha -Viceroy (b. 1480 - d. 1540) 4 Apr 1540 7 May 1542 Estevo da Gama (b. c.1510 - d. 1575) 7 May 1542 12 Sep 1545 Martim Afonso de Sousa (b. 1500 - d. 1564)12 Sep 1545 - 6 Jun 1548 Joo de Castro -Viceroy (b. 1500 - d. 1548) 7 Jun 1548 - 13 Jun 1549 Garcia de S (b. c.1460 - d. 1549)13 Jun 1549 Nov 1550 Jorge Cabral (b. c.1500 - d. 15..)ViceroysNov 1550 16 Sep 1554 Afonso de Noronha (b. c.1510 - d. c.1586)16 Sep 1554 - 23 Jun 1555 Pedro Mascarenhas (b. 1470 - d. 1555)23 Jun 1555 8 Sep 1558 Francisco Barreto -Governor (b. 1520 - d. 1575) 8 Sep 1558 7 Sep 1561 Constantino de Bragana (b. 1532 - d. 1575) 7 Sep 1561 29 Feb 1564 Francisco Coutinho, conde do (b. 1517 - d. 1564) Redondo29 Feb 1564 3 Sep 1564 Joo de Mendona -Governor (b. c.1530 - d. 1578) 3 Sep 1564 10 Sep 1568 Anto de Noronha (b. c.1520 - d. 1569)10 Sep 1568 6 Sep 1571 Lus de Atade, conde (b. 1517 - d. 1580) de Atouguia (1st time)


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6 Sep 1571 9 Dec 1573 Antnio de Noronha (b. c.1510 - d. c.1574)Governors 9 Dec 1573 Sep 1577 Antnio Moniz Barreto (b. c.1530 - d. 1600)Sep 1577 31 Aug 1578 Diogo de Meneses (b. c.1540 - d. 1580)Viceroys31 Aug 1578 - 10 Mar 1580 Lus de Atade, conde (s.a.) de Atouguia (2nd time)10 Mar 1581 17 Sep 1581 Ferno Teles de Meneses, conde (b. c.1530 - d. 1605) de Vilar Maior -Governor17 Sep 1581 Nov 1584 Francisco Mascarenhas, conde (b. c.1530 - d. 1608) de Santa CruzNov 1584 - 4 May 1588 Duarte de Meneses, conde de (b. 1537 - d. 1588) Tarouca 4 May 1588 15 May 1591 Manuel de Sousa Coutinho -Governor (b. 1540 - d. 1591)15 May 1591 25 May 1597 Matias de Albuquerque (b. 1547 - d. 1609)25 May 1597 25 Dec 1600 Francisco da Gama, conde de (b. 1565 - d. 1632) Vidigueira (1st time)25 Dec 1600 20 May 1605 Aires de Saldanha (b. 1542 - d. 1605)20 May 1605 4 Jun 1607 Martim Afonso de Castro (b. c.1560 - d. 1649) 4 Jun 1607 27 May 1609 Aleixo de Menezes, arcebispo (b. 1559 - d. 1617) de Braga -Governor27 May 1609 5 Sep 1609 Andr Furtado de Mendona -Governor(b. 1558 - d. 1611) 5 Sep 1609 25 Dec 1612 Rui Loureno de Tvora (b. 1566 - d. 1616)25 Dec 1612 18 Nov 1617 Jernimo de Azevedo (b. 1540 - d. 1625)18 Nov 1617 11 Nov 1619 Joo Coutinho, conde de Redondo (b. c.1540 - d. 1619)11 Nov 1619 19 Dec 1622 Ferno de Albuquerque -Governor (b. 1540 - d. 1623)19 Dec 1622 8 Mar 1627 Francisco da Gama, conde de (s.a.) Vidigueira (2nd time) 8 Mar 1627 29 Jul 1629 Frei Luis de Brito e (b. c.1570 - d. 1629) Meneses -Governor29 Jul 1629 21 Oct 1629 Governing Commission - Nuno lvares Botelho (b. 1590 - d. 1631) - Loureno da Cunha (d. 1633) - Gonalo Pinto da Fonseca21 Oct 1629 9 Dec 1635 Miguel de Noronha, conde de (b. c.1585 - d. 1647) Linhares 9 Dec 1635 - 24 Jun 1639 Pedro da Silva (b. c.1580 - d. 1639)24 Jun 1639 24 Sep 1640 Antnio Teles de Menezes, conde (b. c.1600 - d. 1657) de Vila Pouca de Aguiar -Governor24 Sep 1640 30 Dec 1645 Joo da Silva Telo de Meneses, (b. c.1600 - d. 1650) conde de Aveiras30 Dec 1645 31 May 1651 Filipe Mascarenhas (b. c.1580 - d. 1652)31 May 1651 6 Sep 1652 Governing Commission - Frei Francisco dos Mrtires (b. 1583 - d. 1652) - Francisco de Melo de Castro (d. 1664) (1st time) - Antnio de Sousa Coutinho (d. 1668) (1st time) 6 Sep 1652 22 Oct 1653 Vasco Mascarenhas, conde (b. c.1605 - d. 1678) de bidos22 Oct 1653 23 Aug 1655 Brs de Castro -Governor (d. 1655)23 Aug 1655 - 14 Jan 1656 Rodrigo Lobo da Silveira, conde (b. c.1600 - d. 1656) de Sarzedas14 Jan 1656 22 May 1656 Manoel Mascarenhas Homem (b. c.1600 - d. 1657)22 May 1656 14 Jun 1661 Governing Commission - Manoel Mascarenhas Homem (s.a.) (1st time) - Francisco de Melo de Castro (s.a.) (2nd time) - Antnio de Sousa Coutinho (s.a.) (2nd time)14 Jun 1661 14 Dec 1662 Governing Commission - Luis de Mendona Furtado e Albuquerque - Pedro de Lancastre (d. 1663) - Manoel Mascarenhas Homem (s.a.) (2nd time)14 Dec 1662 17 Oct 1666 Antnio de Melo Castro (b. c.1640 - d. ....)17 Oct 1666 6 Nov 1668 Joo Nunes da Castro, conde de (b. 1619 - d. 1668)


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So Vicente 6 Nov 1668 22 May 1671 Governing Commission - Antnio de Melo e Castro (s.a.) - Luis de Miranda Henriques (d. 1669) (to Mar 1669) - Manoel Corte-Real de Sampaio22 May 1671 30 Oct 1677 Lus de Mendona Furtado e (b. c.1610 - d. 1677) Albuquerque, conde de Lavradio30 Oct 1677 24 Jan 1678 Pedro de Almeida, conde de Assumar (b. 1630 - d. 1679)24 Jan 1678 12 Sep 1681 Governing Commission - Frei Antnio Brando (b. 1620 - d. 1678) - Antnio Paes de Sande (d. 1695) - Francisco Cabral de Almada12 Sep 1681 13 Dec 1686 Francisco de Tvora, conde de (b. 1646 - d. 1710) Alvor13 Dec 1686 - 23 Jun 1690 Rodrigo da Costa -Governor (b. c.1640 - d. 1690)23 Jun 1690 9 Jan 1691 Miguel de Almeida -Governor (d. 1691) 9 Jan 1691 28 May 1693 Governing Commisison - Fernando Martins Mascarenhas de Lancastre - Frei Agostinho de Annunciao (b. 1652 - d. 1713) (1st time) - Luis Gonalves Cotta (to 1691) (d. 1691)28 May 1693 20 Sep 1698 Pedro Antnio de Noronha (b. 1661 - d. 1731) Albuquerque e Sousa, marqus de Angeja20 Sep 1698 17 Sep 1701 Antnio Lus Gonalves da Cmara (b. 1638 - d. 1702) Coutinho17 Sep 1701 - 2 Oct 1702 Governing Commission - Frei Agostinho da Annunciao (s.a.) (2nd time) - Vasco Lus Coutinho da Costa 2 Oct 1702 - 28 Oct 1707 Caetano de Melo e Castro (b. c.1680 - d. 1718)28 Oct 1707 - 21 Sep 1712 Rodrigo da Costa (b. 1657 - d. 1722)21 Sep 1712 - 13 Jan 1717 Vasco Fernandes Csar de Meneses (b. 1673 - d. 1743)13 Jan 1717 - 16 Oct 1717 Sebastio de Andrade Pessanha (b. c.1670 - d. 1737) arcebispo primaz de Goa -Governor16 Oct 1717 - 14 Sep 1720 Lus Carlos Incio Xavier (b. 1689 - d. 1742) de Meneses, marqus de Lourial

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