Index to Discussion and Editor's Comments Section

Discussion Section

Abberton On anterior tibial transfer to dorsum of lst

metatarsal for treatment of dynamic su­pination deformity, 427

Dissatisfaction with complete anterior tibial transfer, 427

Barnett Bimalleolar angle versus bimalleolar axis,

502 Cause of persistent supination with inver­

sion,272 Effect of extensor halluces longus on hind­

foot, 62 Medial-lateral column separation procedure,

272 Medial-lateral column separation is not a pri­

mary procedure, 272 Overlengthening of Achilles tendon, 388 Use of medial-lateral column separation with

CSTR,272 Vascular etiology as the possible cause for

the loss of contractility of muscles, 64 Barrio/het

On use of 1st ray angle for measurement of adduction without supination, 167, 168

Bruschini Severe equinus as contraindication for use of

Cincinnati incision, 229

Campos da Paz. Jr. Child's self image versus psychiatric and psy­

chological problems, 84, 85 Influence of gait study on age at surgery,

84 Cantin

On distraction with the Ilizarov technique, 219

On duration of postoperative immobiliza­tion as cause for failure of Ilizarov tech­nique, 321

Minimal age for use of Ilizarov technique, 219

On use of pins with Ilizarov technique, 219 Carroll

Calcaneocuboid release for calcaneocuboid subluxation, 232

Use of tissue expanders discontinued, 261 Catterall

Above knee versus below the knee casts, 194 Harmful effects of casts, 194 Inelasticity of Achilles and posterior tibial

muscle, 62

571

572

Catterall (continued) Overcorrection with anterior tibial tendon

transfer, 428 Preoperative use of casts, 194

Coleman On causes and prevention of tourniquet

burns, 388 Meary's angle as guide to one or two stage

procedure for cavus deformity, 389 Plantar release with Akron osteotomy, 389 Sliding calcaneal osteotomy versus Dwyer's

osteotomy, 388 Tissue expanders associated with high inci­

dence of complications, 261 Treatment of cavus with associated hindfoot

deformity, 388 Crawford

Dorsal talonavicular subluxation frequently associated with cavus deformity, 272

Effect of cast immobilization on muscle bi­opsy,62

Importance of intraoperative x-rays, 272 Talar axis through metatarsal base as param­

eter for x-ray diagnosis of dorsal talona­vicular subluxation, 272

Visualization of structures through Cincin­nati incision, 229

Crider On "pseudo" flat-top talus, 459 Quantification of blood flow with color

Doppler, 185 Retrograde flow with continuous Doppler,

185 On symptoms with flat-top talus, 459 On use of arteriograms, 185

Cummings Multiple muscle imbalance, 163 Reliability of inter-rater radiographic mea­

surements versus physical exam parame­ters, 142

Three unanswered questions regarding pa­rameters for evaluation of CTEV, 142

Dias Combination of Carroll's and McKay's tech­

nique, 232 On combined cuboid and cuneiform osteoto­

mies, 428 On experience with Cincinnati incision, 229

Index to Discussion and Editor's Comments Section

Experience with combined cuneiform and cu­boid osteotomies, 428

On interosseous talocalcaneal ligament, 230 Lateral sliding calcaneal osteotomy for varus

deformity, 388 On release of calcaneocuboid joint, 232

Dimeglio Poll of congress attendees regarding the fre­

quency of use of various incisions, 229 Drennan

Bone remodeling on MRI following conser­vative treatment, 84

Exner On possible causes of tourniquet burns,

389

Garcia-Ariz Talar decancellation, 518

Goldner On the ankle joint in triple arthrodesis, 519 Anterior tibial tendon, 271 Causes of dorsal bunion, 288, 389 Cincinnati incision, 230 Combined cuneiform and cuboid osteotom­

ies for correction of rotation of metatar­sus, 428

Complication with early use of Evans' proce­dure, 518

Evans' procedure versus cuboid osteotomy, 518

External rotational supramalleolar osteot-omy of tibia, 427

Heyman-Herndon procedure, 428 On indications for triple arthrodesis, 519 Lateral impingement syndrome, 272 Residual deformity at the proximal tarsal

joint in triple arthrodesis, 519 On use of Doppler with suspected vascular

compromise, 63 Use of magnification, 230

Gould Clubfeet requiring special incisions, 229 Discontinued use of tissue expanders, 261

Grant Indications for tissue expanders, 261 On routine compartment pressure studies

postoperatively, 459

Index to Discussion and Editor's Comments Section

Griffin On cavovarus deformity, 262 On fixed versus nonfixed supination defor­

mity, 428 Peroneal nerve palsy pre and postopera­

tively, 263 Postoperative pain and stiffness with the Ili­

zarov technique, 319 Supination with inverted cuboid after exten­

sive subtalar release, 272 Grill

On after care with Ilizarov technique, 319, 320

On pain and stiffness following Ilizarov tech­nique, 319, 320

Use of Ilizarov hinges for equinus, cavus and adductus, 319

On use of pins with Ilizarov technique, 319

Handelsman Effect of immobilization on muscle biopsies

of baboons, 62 Flexor halluces longus as a cause of dorsal

bunion, 388 On lengthening flexor halluces longus and

flexor digitorum longus, 388 Lengthening tendons above the pulley mech­

anism, 229 Location of lesions in spine versus central 10-

cation of lesions, 62 MT osteotomy with small fragment excision

of bases of fourth and fifth metatarsals, 428

On posterior tibial tendon insertion and level of lengthening, 230

Reasons for peroneal weakness, 63 Serpentine incision, 229 On the treatment of fixed flexion contract­

ures at MTP joints, 230 On the treatment of residual equinus follow­

ing conservative treatment, 230 Hansson

On discontinued use of talar neck osteot­omy, (Helmstedt), 317

Hootnick Collateral flow with continuous wave Dopp­

ler, 184 Delay in appearance of signs of impaired vas­

cularity, 63

Feet at risk for vascular compromise, 459 High risk feet for vascular insufficiency,

459 Increased oxygen demand, 63 Indications for color Doppler, 65 Late onset of pain with vascular insuffi­

ciency, 459

573

On possible causes of necrosis in CTEV sur­gery, 460

On postoperative impaired vascular supply, 63

Superiority of color Doppler over continu­ous wave Doppler, 184

Time of onset of cyanosis and necrosis, 460

Joshi On use of Joshi technique in young children,

320 On use of pins with Joshi technique, 319

Kinoshita On extensive soft tissue release, 229

Kitada Accuracy of the angle formed by the talar

body axis and calcaneus axis versus APTC angle, 168

Shape of ossification centers versus x-ray measurements as parameters of correc­tion of deformities, 166

Klaue On bimalleolar angle versus bimalleolar axis,

502 Explanation of "pseudo" flat-top talus, 502 Frequency of insufftciency of PMR follow­

ing soft tissue release, 233 Frequency of requirement for second proce­

dure following PR and PMR, 233 Indications for anterior tibial tendon length­

ening, 233 Persisting deformity following PMRs, 233

Kling On circumferential incision (quoting Lind­

seth),230 Recurrence of deformity after anterior tibial

tendon transfer (in Garceau's patients), 427

Kojima Effects of casts on muscle biopsy, 262

574

Kuo On the advantages and results of Cincinnati

incision versus posterior medial release incisions, 232

Contraindications to talectomy in clubfeet, 519

Peroneal function preoperatively versus post­operatively, 232

Split anterior tibial tendon transfer, 427

Lehman Decancellation of the cuboid, talus and cal-

caneus, 518 On the Ilizarov procedure, 519 On triple arthrosis, 519 Unsatisfactory results with TMT capsulo­

tomy, 428

Malan CSTR must accompany calcaneocuboid re­

lease in patients with calcaneocuboid subluxation, 261

Indications for osteotomy in patients with calcaneocuboid subluxation, 262

Tibialis anterior is primarily a dorsiflexor, 272

Martin EMG changes in extensor digitorum brevis,

65 Neurogenic theory of CTEV, 65

McKay K-wire fixation essential after CCR for CCS,

281 On release of gastrosoleus fascia, 271 Sliding calcaneal osteotomy versus sliding

calcaneal osteotomy with subtalar fu­sion for valgus deformity, 388

Motta Psychological exams in children with CTEV

over 1 year of age, 85

Ozeki 1st ray lengthening as part of talar neck oste­

otomy, 329 Absence of avascular necrosis as a complica­

tion of talar neck osteotomy, 368

Index to Discussion and Editor's Comments Section

Indications for talar neck osteotomy, 368 Possible causes of changes seen in medi­

cal column after talar neck osteotomy, 368

Use of talar neck osteotomy in older pa­tients, 367

Packard On multiple lesions and multiple causes of

CTEV in same patient, 64 Paley

Advantages of Ilizarov distraction technique with osteotomy, 368

Aftercare following Ilizarov technique, 319

Constrained versus nonconstrained Ilizarov technique, 319

On "hard" edema and "soft" edema, 367 Indications for soft tissue procedure with dis­

traction by Ilizarov technique (without osteotomy), 318, 319

On loss of muscle strength with Ilizarov dis­traction osteotomy technique, 367

Loss of nerve function, compartment syn­drome with Ilizarov distraction, osteot­omytechnique, 367

Need for overcorrection with Ilizarov tech­nique, 319

Postoperative care following Ilizarov tech­nique, 319

On rocker-bottom deformity with Seringe's articulated splint, 193

On swelling and pain with Ilizarov calf­widening procedure, 368

Triple arthrodesis versus Ilizarov distraction with osteotomy, 367

On use of pins with Ilizarov technique, 319 Peterson

On five factors pertaining to pin use in cor­recting physeal arrest of the lst metatar­sal,367

On the number and type of pins used in Ili­zarov foot correction, 319

Porat Clinical measurement of ankle dorsiflexion

during surgery, 502 Explanation of postoperative recovery of pe­

roneal muscles, 262, 263

Index to Discussion and Editor's Comments Section

Rab Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament, 85 Ligaments requiring release for complete cor­

rection,85 Uncorrected deformities (calcaneocuboid

structures) in 3-D model of the foot, 85

Uncorrected deformities (calcaneofibular lig­ament complex) in 3-D model of the foot, 85

Realyvasquez Lateral x-ray appearance of corrected hind­

foot, 166 Reiley

Pulse oximeter measurement of profusion, 185

Ryoppy Duration of immobilization postop, 387

Schoenecker EMG of anterior tibial muscle, 271

Seringe Advantages of a new above knee articulating

splint, 193 Comparative study with opening of the sub­

talar joint and not opening of the subta­lar joint, 502

On not opening the subtalar joint, 502 Rocker-bottom as a possible complication of

the new articulating splint, 193 Role of the physical therapist in the use of

the splint, 193 On the use of the new articulating splint, 193 Use of the splint in the newborn, 194

Shimizu Peroneal nerve palsy in CTEV, 63 Theory etiology of CTEV, 64

Simons Anterior calcaneal resection for marked

CCS, 262 Causes of toeing-in gait, 426, 427 Effect of epidural block on compartment

syndrome, 459 High risk feet for vascular insufficiency,

459 Late onset of pain with vascular insuffi­

ciency, 459 On a new 9th compartment of the foot,

459

575

Partial versus complete exsanguination of ex­tremity as means of identifying anoma­lous vessels, 184

Partial CCR for CCS, 262 (see also Editor's Comments, page 265)

Possible primary underlying cause of com­partment syndrome, 459

Tibial and fibular shortening for marked CCS, 262

Treatment of dorsal TNS and lateral TNS, 272

Treatment of incomplete calcaneal rota­tion, 427

Underlying cause of compartment syn­drome, 459

Sodre Aberrant muscle as rare cause for CTEV, 65 Inadequacy of continuous wave Doppler, 65

Stanitski Accuracy of pulse oximetry versus continu­

ous wave Doppler, 185 Pulse oximetry as measurement of oxygen

disassociation curve, 186 Retrograde flow with continuous wave

Doppler, 185 Stevens

Equinus CTEV severity grading system, 142 Reproducibility of x-ray measurements, 166

Stuart On the average age for the Evans' procedure,

519 On Whitman's talectomy, 519

Szabo On symptoms with flat top talus, 459

Tachdjian Fetal muscle biopsy in child with clubfeet, 62 On the use of pins and aftercare with 1st

metatarsal lengthening for physeal ar­rest, 368

Ways of overcoming tension of skin on me­dial side of foot, 261

Thometz Identification of feet with CCS which re­

quire CCR, 261 Release of peroneal tendon sheath and long

plantar ligament for CCS, 262

576

Wound healing with compartment syn­drome, 261

Turco "Atypical CTEV" - Conversion from CTEV

to vertical talus, 167 On Evans' procedure, 518 Historical prospective of treatment, 518 On lateral release with (Turco's) PMR, 503 Lateral tibio calcaneal angle, 167 On the learning curve with CTEV, 503 Lengthening toe flexor tendons, 230 On the necessity of interosseous talocalca­

neal ligament release in older children and some younger children, 502, 503

Severe equinus deformity as a cause of post-operative vascular insufficiency and de­layed wound healing, 63

Talar head deformity and fibrosis resulting from postoperative cast treatment, 194

On talectomy in clubfeet, 519 Talectomy and triple arthrodesis in Bedouin

tribesmen, 519 On wound healing by secondary intention,

459,460

Ward Persisting internal rotation of the foot after

Goldner's four quadrant procedure, 427 Watts

Circumferential (circumcision) incision, 230 On the difference between examiners in mea­

suring radiographic angles, 503 Distraction of joints and distraction of frac­

tures with lengthening techniques, 319 If etiology of CTEV is neurogenic, why

don't all patients with peripheral neu­ropathies and myopathies have CTEV, 162

Index to Discussion and Editor's Comments Section

Reproducibility of x-ray measurements, 166

Talectomy and triple arthrodesis in Bedouin tribesmen, 519, 520

On use of arteriograms, 185 On the use of Wagner's apparatus and mid­

foot capsulotomies with distraction for correction of severe medial deviation of mid foot and forefoot, 320

Weiner The advantages of Akron osteotomy, 389 Akron dome osteotomy indicated for mid­

foot deformity only, 389 Inadequacy of TMT capsulotomy when supi­

nation deformity is present, 428 Lower age as a factor in Akron osteotomy,

389 Second metatarsal osteotomy with TMT cap­

sulotomies, 428

Yamamoto BMC angle versus APTC angle as measure­

ment of varus, 167, 168 Lateral tibial calcaneal angle versus lateral

talar calcaneal angle, 167, 168 MTB angle versus talo-lst metatarsal angle,

167, 168

Zimbler Clinical signs of poor prognosis, 195 On compensatory posterior arterial flow in

CTEV, 63, 64 Correction of calcaneal rotation prevented

by intact calcaneofibular ligament, 194 Incidence of success with conservative treat­

ment alone, 195 The use of casts before surgery, 193

Index to Discussion and Editor's Comments Section

Editor's Comments

A Absent posterior tibial artery, 460 Ankle motion following surgical release and re­

duction, 232 Ankle range of motion pre versus postop, 273

B Blood supply to talus through a vessel in

ITCL,503

C Cause of decreased range of motion of ankle

joint postoperatively, 274, 275 Causes of dorsal bunion, 388 Causes of hindfoot valgus, 389 CCR for CCS required in some versus all

cases, 263 CCR with CSTR, 263 CCR by medial versus lateral approach, 263 CCS as cause of hindfoot valgus, 263 CSTR with CCR not corrective for forefoot ad­

duction, 263 Coalition in clubfeet, 520 Combined osteotomies for correction of supi­

nation, 430 Combined tarsal osteotomies, 429 Common pitfalls with posterior medial release,

461 Comparative evaluation of Turco's, Carroll's

and McKay's procedures, 504 Comparison of various x-ray measurements of

forefoot, 431 Contraindication for revision soft tissue sur­

gery in patients with excessive ligamentous laxity, 86

D Degenerative joint disease as result of cunei­

form osteotomy alone, 429 Delayed skeletal maturation in clubfeet, 460 Differences in Barnett's soft tissue release from

technique of McKay and of Simons, 232, 233

E Effect of each procedure on supination,

430 Effects of excessive ligamentous laxity, 86

577

The etiology of postoperative valgus deformity in clubfeet, 520

Evaluation of reduction and fixation by inter­operative radiographs, 263

F Failure to identify talonavicular joint, 461 Most frequent cause of dorsal TNS, 274 Functional disability with valgus hindfoot,

263

H Hindfoot deformity not a contra-indication to

combined osteotomies, 430

I Importance of venous blood in posterior tibial

veins, 65 Incidence of avascular necrosis of talus, 460 Incidence of patients with CTEV requiring

CCR,232 Indication for color Doppler in the future,

186 Indications for Abberton's anterior tibial ten­

don transfer (of medial one-half of inser­tion),429

Indications for combined osteotomies, 430 Indications for plantar release, 233 Infrequency of avascular necrosis of talus de-

spite routine CSTR, 460 On interosseous talocalcaneal ligament, 86, 87

K Use of K-wire fixation to prevent dorsal talona­

vicular subluxation, 232, 233 Use of K-wires with tarsal-metatarsal capsulo­

tomies and second metatarsal osteotomy and anterior tibial tendon transfer, 429

578

L Lateral TNS with and without CCS, 263

M McKay's fasciotomy of calf, 274 Medial and lateral column separation, Barnett,

274

o Open wound technique, 263 On opening wedge osteotomy of cuneiform

and metatarsal osteotomies, 429 Order of reduction of joints, 233

p

Partial CCR for CCS, 265 (see also Discussion, page 262)

Partial versus complete CCR, 263 Plantar release with CCR for CCS, 263 On posterior release versus partial subtalar re­

lease as definitive procedure for correction of equinus deformity, 232

Prevention of avascular necrosis of talus, 503

R Reasons for mal-reduction and pinning with

dorsal talonavicular subluxation (DTNS), 274

Reasons for valgus overcorrection of hindfoot with subtalar release, 503

Response to Seringe's and Maladi's comments on complications with subtalar release, 503

Index to Discussion and Editor's Comments Section

Response to Seringe's and Maladi's three rea­sons for not opening the subtalar joint, 503

Restricted plantar flexion treated by anterior tibial lengthening (Malan), 273

S Seringe's and Maladi's three reasons for not

opening the subtalar joint, 503 Significance of absence of both artery and

veins, 65 Significance of pain following subtalar release,

503 Smith and Weiner's TMT capsulotomy com­

bined with second MT osteotomy and an­terior tibial transfer, 429

T Talectomy in clubfeet, 520 Three complications which Seringe and Maladi

believe to be more frequent with subtalar release, 503

Treatment of residual forefoot adduction after CSTR,233

Treatment of restricted plantar flexion by ex­tensive soft tissue release, 233

Treatment of skin necrosis, 232

V View of structures through Cincinnati incision,

232

X X-ray findings with combined osteotomies, 430

Subject Index

A Abberton's procedure, 429-430, 523-524 Abductor hallucis release, 477 Aberrant muscle innervation, 32 Accessory soleus muscle, 44-45, 47 Achilles tendon, 35-36, 44, 62, 76, 78, 147,

152,157,191,198,201-202,208,210-211,221,223-224,230-232,266,273, 324-325,352,358,375-376,384,387, 458,482-483,489-490,507,509,537

anatomy of, 550 elongation of (ETA), 33, 548-551, 566 lengthening (ATL), 223, 230, 401, 453-454,

463,470,477,479,482,484,498,509, 516,537,542,547,566

Acquisition frame, 535 Adductor compartment, 433 Adductor hallucis release, 407, 411, 425 Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), 8, 11, 17-

18,23,34-35 Age (ag) factor, 529, 531-535 Akron midfoot dome osteotomy, 528

midfoot, 402 midtarsal, 370, 377, 380-383, 389, 401,

533 Algorithm, definition of, 535 Allergic skin reactions, 374 Amniotic rupture, 37 Anatomical landmarks, 216 Ankle capsulotomy, 463, 470 Ankle-foot orthosis (AFO), 311, 317, 380,

537-538, 541 braces, articulated, 192 splints, 211

Ankle joint, caps ulotomy of, 482 Ankle motion, 226, 498, 502 Ankle muscles, aberrant innervation of, 32-

33

Anterior subtalar capsulotomy, 475 Anterior tibial (AT) artery, 52, 460

deficiency of, 442 Anterior tibial tendon (A TT)

insertion, 523 lengthening, 522 release, 430 transfer, 391, 397,401-403,427-430,498,

522 Anterolateral release, 463, 465 Anteromedial release, 392, 396, 463, 467 Anteroposterior angle, 532 Anteroposterior talocalcaneal (APTC) angle,

90, 149-150, 152, 165-167, 191-192, 257-258,427,454-455,472-474,476, 547

Anteroposterior (AP) view, 213 Arterial dysgenesis, 172, 177 Arterial pattern in human leg, development of,

51-56 Arteriodynography, color, 176-177 Arteriography, 171-176, 178, 186, 443

conventional, 169 Arthritis, degenerative, 110, 338, 414 Arthrodesis, 293, 311, 324,343,345,349,367-

368,378,392,506 Arthrography, 100, 159-161, 164-165, 168,

351-352,354-356 Arthrogryposis, 22-23, 25-27, 29-30, 92, 99,

178,201,235,261,282,288,294,311, 368,397,519-520

distal T -C Bar, 507 multiplex congenita (AMC), 16,31,197,

490-491 Artificial intelligence, orthopedic applications

of, 525-526 Attribute, definition of, 535 Avascular necrosis, 368,453,460

579

580

B Babinski reflexes, 36 Banana theory, 501 Bands, 3-5, 7 Barriolhet's first ray angle, 431 Basement membrane, 4 Baumann's angle, 141 Bean-shaped foot, 417-418, 420-421, 424-425,

502 Bilateral dislocated hips, 444 Bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphies, 235 Bimalleolar angle, 532 Bimalleolar-foot axis, 471-472, 476-477, 492-

493 Bimaleollocalcaneal (BMC) angle, 148-155,

167-168 Blister formation, 287, 435 Boller's angle, 141 Bony procedures, 378 Bony resection, 293 Brachymetatarsia, 360 Brunet-Lezine test, 66-67 Bunnell-type suture, 397-398

C Calcaneal compartment, 433 Calcaneal osteotomy, 375-376, 378, 388 Calcaneal-pedal block, 462, 502

adduction of, (CFF) 463 Calcaneocuboid joint, 209, 215, 218, 228, 232,

234,245,247,260,490 capsulotomy of, 470, 475, 481 deformity, 234, 245-246, 253-260 release of, 234,253-254,261,484,486,490 technique of, 246-251

Calcaneocuboid subluxation, 168,232,234, 255-259,261-264,393,415,427

Calcaneofibular ligament, 70-75, 85, 98, 147, 194,198,201-202,211,217,231-232, 254,470,475,483,489,503,548

Calcaneovalgus deformity, 86 Calcaneus and forefoot (CFF), 189,463,465

adduction of, 465-466 Calf, hypoplasia of, 510 Callostasis, 360, 366 Capsulorraphy, 384 Capsulotomy, 268, 270, 320, 393-394 Carroll's clinical categories, 526 Carroll's medical skin incision, 248

Subject Index

Carroll's procedure, 462, 479-488, 490, 494-495,498,500,504,534

Caudal regression syndrome, 444 Cavus deformity, 96, 232, 519, 523, 533 Central compartment, 432 Cerebral palsy, 22-23, 25, 27, 29-30, 267, 380,

529 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 22-25, 27, 29-

30,62,289,291,311,380-381,529 Chopat fusion, 455, 457 Chromosomal theory, 2 Cincinnati approach, 44, 46, 170, 196,201-

207,228-229 Cincinnati incision, 178, 180, 196, 198-200,

210-211,215-216,222,229-230,232, 242,247,254,262,270,445,458-460, 477-480,484-488,490,502,522,524, 534, 546

Cineradiography, 100 Circumferential incision, 445-446, 484-485;

see also Cincinnati incision Clinical classification systems, 526-528 Closing-wedge osteotomy, 405-406, 412, 416

cuboid, 417,425, 533 lateral column, 498

Clubfoot, atypical, 230, 534 bilateral, 444 classification, 88-93 early management, 526, 530-531 Equinus Severity Grading Scale, 100, 102 etiology of, 48-58,521,529 evaluation of, 521

intraoperative, 103 preoperative, 93-102, 124-138 postoperative, 104-119, 138-139

fiber type distribution in, 10, 13-15, 19-20 intermediate management, 531-532 late management, 532-534 left, 444 morphometric study of muscles in, 7-15 neglected, 505-506 nonoperative treatment of, 521 pathology, see Muscle pathology postoperative management of, 114-119,521 Postoperative Rating System for, 140 postpositional, 124 postural, 91 rebellious, 15 relapsed, 519

Subject Index

reverse, 491 revision surgery of, 505, 516-520

materials and methods, 516 results, 516-518

right, 444 severe rigid, 133 severity grading scale (Stevens), 88, 98-100,

102, 120-121 surgical management of, 208, 222-223, 230 teratogenic, 124, 534 teratologic, 490-491, 523 term, 48, 124 true, 124 unilateral, 498

Cobb's angle, 141 Codivilla's incision, 202, 204-205, 207-209 Cole dorsal wedge osteotomy, 427 Collagen, 267

type III, 267 Compartment syndrome, 432-433, 435, 441-

459, 523, 528, 533 Complete calcaneocuboid release, 209, 211,

215 Complete subtalar release (CSTR), 168,254-

257,274,358,433,460,462,469,476-478,486

Complex congenital foot deformities (CCFD), 294-295

Computed tomography (CT), 45,100,245, 322,358

Computer-assisted decision system (CDSS), 525,534-535

Computer programming techniques, 526 Condition, definition of, 535 Conditional rules(CR), 525, 528-529, 530-536 Conditional statement, definition of, 535 Congenital high arch foot, 294 Congenital hip dislocation, 492 Congenital short femur (CSF), 266-267 Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV), 1, 10-

11,38-39,41,47,62,64-65,76-77,80, 124,188,198,203,209-211,232,240, 244-247,250,253,255,263,265-266, 268,273-275,282,288,293,295-296, 321-322,351,368,370-371,387-388, 395-396,432,441,455,463,489,503, 519-520,524,526,529,534,540,542, 545-547,549,551,555,559-560

anomalous muscles in, 42-47 atypical idiopathic clubfoot, 76-77, 86

bilateral, 43, 542 Catterall's clinical types of, 93 classification versus evaluation, 89-111 etiological theories of, 2, 7, 15,41, 172 evaluation, 66, 83, 86-87, 89, 143, 168 four basic categories of, 92 initial treatment of, 197 juvenile, 196,223-228 mathematical model of, 68-75 neurogenic origin of, 39-41

581

review of correction by PMR, 223-228 Severity Grading System, 97-98, 142 surgical managment of, 208, 222-223, 230,

391 tourniquet lesions in, 371-374 unilateral, 542

Congenital talipes planovagus, 384 Congenital vertical talus, 22-23, 25, 27-30 Consequent statement, definition of, 535 Constriction band, 513

left calf, 444 release of, 445 syndrome, 32-33, 37-38

congenital, 37-38, 99, 282 Contralateral foot deformities, 458 Counterrotation system (CRS), 483 Cronon,2 Cuboid and cuneiform osteotomies, combined,

430 Cuboid decancellation, 445, 518 Cyanosis, 433-436, 441, 446, 459-460

D Deformity (df) variable, 529-535 Deltoid ligament, 267 Denervation, 20, 22, 29-30, 64-65 Denis-Browne bar, 212 Denis-Browne splint, 352, 489, 556 Diabetes mellitis, 35 Diastrophic dwarfism, 97, 294 Digital imaging, definition of, 535 Digital subtraction arteriography, 169 Dillwyn Evans' procedure, 425, 513, 518-

519 Doppler device, 63

continuous-wave, 60, 63, 65, 173, 175-177, 185

Doppler technique, 1, 97, 169-171, 173-174, 177, 180, 183, 185-186

582

Doppler ultrasound imaging, 178 color, 59-65,169,176,184-186,446-448,

460,529 Dorsal bunion, 384 Dorsal compartment, 433 Dorsal navicular subluxation, 86,227-228,

357,465 Dorsal talonavicular subluxation, 268 Dorsiflexion, of ankle, 465 Down syndrome, 22-23, 27, 30, 278,180,183,

201 Dupuytren's contracture, 244 Dwyer's osteotomy, 378, 508, 556,568

calcaneal, 355, 498 closing-wedge, 388

Dyesthesia, 295 Dysraphism, 92

E Echography,45,358 Edema, 287

hard,367 pitting, 367 soft, 367 venous, 367

Elastase, nonspecific, 19 Electromyogram (EMG) studies, 1,39-41,45,

65,271,529 Embryonic theory, 2 Eosin, 3,17, 19,35 Epidural anesthesia, 441 Epidural blocks, 459, 523 Esmarch bandage, 371, 373 Evans' calcaneal resection, 262, 509, 556, 558 Expert system (ES), 525, 53115 External fixation, distraction devices, 275-279,

281-288,293-294,296-312,316-321, 350,368-369

F Factor, definition of, 535 Fascia, investing, 267 Fasciectomy, 267-268 Fasciotomy, 436, 441 Fetal development, arrest of, 31 Fetal theory, 2 Fisher's Exact Test, 82, 202

Flatfoot, 454 hypermobile, 497 relaxed, 133

Subject Index

Flattop talus, 90, 459, 475-476,502,512, 523

Flexor digitorum accessorius longus, 45-47 Flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscle, 3, 6, 16,

23,217 release, 425

Forefoot adduction (FFA), 90, 168,391,405,412-

413,416,425-426,428-429,454-455, 457,465,495,502,512,554-556,559-563,565,567-568

adductovarus,402 hindfoot alignment, 94 supination (FFS), 90, 96, 465, 554-556 undercorrection, 455

Fowler's technique, 415, 425 Fredenhagen's evaluation system, 358 Freedom of movement (fm), 529-535 Freeman-Sheldon syndrome, 97, 201-202,

206 Friedreich's ataxia, 380 Fuji computerized radiograms (FCRs), 354-

358 Function (fn), 529, 531, 535 Functional rating system (FRS), 81, 506, 513

G Gait

abnormal, 104 analysis, 81 calcaneal,502

Galactosamine, 267 Global adduction, 465 Global motion, of foot, 465 Glycogen levels, increase in, 27 Goldenhar's syndrome, 97 Goldner's four-quadrant release, 427,

523 Gosub, definition of, 535 Grade, definition of, 535 Great toe, flexion of, 492, 498 Green/Lloyd-Roberts classification, 401-

402 Grice procedure, 544 Grouping, 7

Subject Index

H Hallux rigidus, 384 Heel

valgus, residual, 476 varus, residual, 476 walking, 106,465,492

Hematoma, 240 Hematoxylin, 3, 17, 19,35 Hemivertebra L3, 507, 513 Henry's knot, 201, 250

incision of, 463 release of, 470, 480

Heyman-Herndon capsulotomies, 407, 409, 424-425,428,477,523

Heyman-Herndon-Strong technique, 533 Hindfoot, 465

adductus, 454 inversion of, 476 overcorrection, 455-457 tibia and, 94 undercorrection, 454-455 valgus, 233, 454-455, 543 varus (HFV), 454, 457, 493, 495, 543, 554-

556,559-563,565,567-568 manipulative techniques to correct, 561-

562 plaster casts for, 562 treatment of, 560-561

Hockey-stick incision, 198,420 Hoffman external fixator, 281, 363, 365 Hoke triple arthrodesis, 378 Horseradish peroxidage (HRP), 37 Hueter-Volkman law, 84 Hydroxylysine, elevated, 267 Hydroxylysinohydroxynorleucine, 267 Hyperbaric oxygen, 441, 460 Hypoplasia, 351 Hypotonia, 458

I Idiopathic pes cavus, 380 Ilizarov external fixator apparatus, 275, 281,

287-289,292-297,310-311,318,320-324,327,340,350,359,368,533

Ilizarov technique, 275, 281,292,295-298, 310,318-319,327,337,341,343,346, 349-350,368,528,533,541

Imaging applications, 525

Imperforate anus, 444, 507, 513 Implant puncture, 240 Infection, 240, 244, 360 Informatic processing, 525,535 Innervation, 20, 27, 30, 33-34, 36-38, 63 Internal nuclei, 27 Internal tibial torsion, 523, 563 Interosseous compartment, 433 Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament (ITCL),

85-86, 151, 155, 168 Intrauterine mechanical factors, 31 Intrauterine neuropraxia, 41 Intrauterine posture, abnormal, 20 Ischemia, 433, 436, 441,459-460 Isopenthane, 17

J Japas'V-osteotomy, 355, 379 Joshi's device, 275

K Karnovsky's fixative, 23 Keloid formation, 205 Kite's angle, 105, 110, 140, 413-415, 491 Kite's wedging technique, 286 Kling et al. 's procedure, 430 Knowledge base, definition of, 535 Kohler's disease, 414

L Larsen's syndrome, 97, 242 Lateral column shortening, 412-416 Lateral compartment, 433 Lateral first metatarsotalar angle, 149-150,

152, 167 Lateral impingement syndrome, 272 Lateral release, 208

583

Lateral talocalcaneal angle (TCA), 149-150, 152, 156, 158-159, 165-167, 191-192, 211,454-455,472-473,476

Lateral talonavicular capsulotomy, 475 Lateral tether, release of, 479 Lateral tibiocalcaneal angle, 149-150, 152-155,

166-167, 190 Lichtblau's calcaneal resection, 262 Lichtblau's lateral exision, 353, 358

584

Linear scale transformation, definition of, 535

Lines, M line, Z line, 4, 5, 7 Link mechanism, 94 Long flexible foot, 458 Lumbosacral agenesis, 22-23, 25-30, 529 Lymphedema, 36 Lymphocytic leukemia, 513

M Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 45-46, 66,

77,79-80,84,86,140-141,222,245 Mann-Whitney test, 202-203, 206 Mathematics base, definition of, 535 Matsuno's talar neck osteotomy, 556 McHale and Lenhart's procedure, 430 McKay's postoperative ankle cast brace, 498 McKay's procedure, 462, 488, 490-491, 495,

498,500,504,534 McKay rating system, 81, 147, 149-150, 152-

153, 156 Meary's angle, 370, 377, 389, 408-409, 420-

424,466,491,533 Medial column lengthening, 412-416 Medial compartment, 433 Medial and lateral columns, separation of,

268,522-523 Medial plantar release, 480 Medial release (MR), 33,468,549,551 Medial spin, 501 Metatarsal capsulotomies, 429 Metatarsal cuneiform release, 428 Metatarsalgia, 360 Metatarsal (MT) osteotomy, 324, 387, 391,

404-408,411-412,414,430,477,498 Metatarsophalangeal (MTP)

capsulotomy,444 joint, 225, 230, 273

Metatarsotalobimalleolar (MTB) angle, 148-144,166-168,532

Metatarsus adductovarus, 396, 402-403 Metatarsus adductus, 363, 365-366, 391, 405,

411-414,416,431,454,476-477 angle, 471, 473 compensating, 454 isolated, 454 residual, 471

Metatarsus varus, isolated, 456-457

Subject Index

Mirror image deformities, in foot, 29 Morita's operation, 524, 536-537, 540-541,

555 Motor development, delayed, 458 Motor dysfunction, 37 Multiple-stick compartment pressure testing,

436 Muscle pathology, 1-7 Myelodysplasia, 22-23, 25, 27, 99,380 Myeloid figures, 27 Myelomeningocele, 201, 230, 397, 491 Myofibril, 2-5, 7, see also Lines, Myofilament loss, 27 Myogenic theory, 2 Myotenotomy, 389

N Navicular necrosis, 530 Navicular position, on AP view, 476 Necrosis, 432, 442, 444-448, 460 Nerve injuries, traumatic, 367 Neurogenic theory, 2 Neuromuscular defects, 20, 31 Neuromuscular disease, 397 Neuromuscular dysfunction, 38 Neurovascular compromise, risk of, 295-

296 Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide, 17 Nonosteotomy correction, 297-298 Normalization, definition of, 536 Nutcracker effect, 477

o Oblique sliding osteotomy, 506 Oil red 0, 19 Oligohydramnios, 37 Opening wedge osteotomies, 351, 391, 406-

409,411,413,416,430 cuboid, 417, 425 first cuneiform, 429 medial column, 498 medial cuneiform, 417, 425, 533

Orthofix lengthener, 365 Ossification centers, variations in, 523 Osteomyelitis, 295 Otogenic theory, 2 Oxygen pulsimeter, 521

Subject Index

p

Pain, 295,465, 467,492, 503-504, 528 Paralysis, 295, 444 Patient ductus arteriosis (PDA), 235 Periodic acid-Schiff, 19 Peronea posterior superficialis (PPS), 52 Peroneal nerve

deficiency, 37-38 palsy, 37-38

Persistent medial spin, 499 Phelps-type brace, 401 Phosphorylase, 19 Pierre Robin syndrome, 97 Pilonidal dimple, 492 Pin tract infection, 295 Plantar fascia, 267 Plantar fascial release, 389,477,549,551 Plantar fasciectomy, 389-390 Plantar fasciotomy, 480 Plantar flexion

osteotomy, 384 strength, 476

Plantar flexor sheath resection, 266 Plantar grade foot, 519 Plantar release, 232, 251, 257, 263, 465, 468, 524 Plaster casts, 562 Polio, 367 Poliomyelitis, 22-23, 25, 27-30, 267, 380,405,

409 Polydactyly, 360 Posterior ankle capsulotomy, 445 Posterior calcaneal osteotomy, 325 Posterior capsulotomy, 477 Posterior release, 231, 468 Posterior talocalcaneal joint, 201 Posterior tibial arteries, absent, 460 Posterior tibiotalar joint, 201 Posterolateral knot release, 463 Posterolateral release (PLR), 463, 467, 524,

546-547 Posteromedial and lateral release (PMLR),

208-211,213-214 with two incisions (PMLR2), 210

Posteromedial posterior release (PMPR), 542-545

Posteromedial release, see Turco's posterome­dial release (PMR)

Post-head-injury hemiplegia, 22-23, 25, 27, 29-30

585

Postoperative rating systems, see a/so, Club­foot, Postoperative Rating System for, 101-102, 114-115, 117, 121, 149-150, 152,499

Postspecification defect, 48, 50 Premise, definition of, 536 Primary bone dis pI asia, 20 Procedural rules, 525-526, 534-536 Production rules, 526, 534, 536 Proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD), 267 Pulse oximetry technique, 169-171, 178, 184-

186

Q Quadratus plantae muscle, 433

R Rab's three-dimensional biomechanical club-

foot model, 85-86, 525 Radiological grade (OR), 529, 531 Ramus perforans cruris (RPC), 52 Rectourinary fistula, 444 Recurrence, 467, 478, 503, 523 Recurrent deformities, 458 Reinnervation, 22, 29, 38, 63-64 Resistant adduction, 404 Reverse dorsal bunion operation, 523 Reverse Jones procedure, 370,384-387,523,

528,533 Rigid adductovarus, 397 Ring fibers, 14-15 Rocker-bottom deformity, 193,458,519 Roentgenographic assessment, 97, 359,404,

408-409,416-417,419-425,489 Rule base, definition of, 536

S Sacral agenesis, 1, 35, 38 Sagittally-breached foot, see Bean-shaped foot Sarcomere, 3, 7 Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 2, 4 Satellite cells, 27 Scar tissue, 295, 541 SCENO test, 66-67 Schoenecker, Anderson et al.'s procedure,

430

586

Scoliosis, 507, 513 Seroma, 240 Shoe-fitting problems, 360 Skewfeet, 413 Skin

compromise, risk of, 295-296 lesions, 374 necrosis, 206, 232, 240, 441, 484, 487 problems, 472

Skin stretching ischemia, 295 Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, 97 Smith and Weiner's procedure, 430 Social, economic and psychoaesthetic (SEP)

factors, 529, 531-534, 536 Soft-soft feet, 93, 468 Soft-stiff feet, 93, 468 Soft tissue clubfoot release (STCFR), 197-198,

223,391-396,449-453,479,488,500, 505-509,512-513

Spastic diplegia, 311 Specification defect, 48-50 Spina bifida, 62, 64 Spinal dysraphism, 294 Split posterior tendon transfer (SPLOTT),

199 Spurr's resin, 23 Statistics base, 526, 536 Steindler plantar release, 246, 508-510 Stiff-soft feet, 92-93, 468, 534 Stiff-stiff feet, 92, 468, 534 Streeter's dysplasia, 1, 32 Subsarcolemmic inclusions, 27 Subtalar capsulotomy, 470, 482, 484 Subtalar radiographic index, 465 Subtalar release, 462, 466-467, 490, 502, 534 Superficial compartment, 432 Superficial deltoid ligament releases, 475 Supramalleolar osteotomy, 477 Sustentaculum tali, 218-220, 222 Syme's amputation, 445, 520 Syndactyly, 360, 363, 444, 492

T Talar avascular necrosis, 503 Talar dome flattening, 500 Talar neck osteotomy, 351-355, 357-359, 367-

369,522,568 Talectomy, 498, 519-520

Subject Index

Talipes equinovarus (TEV), 41, 57-58, 64-66, 173,175-176,192,268,442,458,521, 547

cavus component in, 376-377 classification of, 92-93 neurogenic, 32 surgical release and reduction, 216-222 types of, 92

Talocalcaneal (TC) angles, 221 Talocalcaneal neck osteotomies, 325 Talocalcaneal overlap,

on AP view, 476 Talocalcaneonavicular joint,

congenital dislocation of, 489 Talocaneal angle, 208 Talometatarsal (TM) angle, 225, 454 Talonavicular capsulotomy, 463, 470 Talonavicular joint, 461, 490

capsulotomy of, 217, 481 release of, 484, 486

Talonavicular subluxation, 168, 263-264, 393, 415,427,474

Talus, medial rotation of, 209-212 Tarsal capsulotomy, 391 Tarsal maldevelopment, 449 Tarsal mortise, 429 Tarsal tunnel syndrome, 339, 342 Tarsometatarsal (TMT)

capsulotomies, 391, 398, 402, 411, 414, 428, 465,508

joint, 401-402,411,414-415 degeneration, 401

mobilization, 397, 402-403, 424, 429-430 soft tissue release, 403 subchondral sclerosis, 402

Tendon insertions, aberrations of, 20 Tendon sheaths, abnormalities, in, 20 Tendon transfers, 378 Tenotomy, 394, 524

subcutaneous, 549-552 Tethers, 94 Thigh-foot angle, 499 Third Street operation, 270, 272 Tibialis anterior lengthening, 265-266 Tibialis posterior (TP) arterial filling, 443 Tibiotalar articulation, 461 Tibiotalar capsulotomy, 221 Tissue expanders, 235-240 Toe walking, 105-106,492

Subject Index

Transmalleolar axis, 499 Trauma, 267 Trichrome, modified, 19 Triple arthrodesis, 100,384,401,417,425,

505-506,512,518-520 Trisomy 18 syndrome, 22-23, 27 T system, 2, 4 Turco's posterior medial release (PMR), 33,

86, 143, 147, 149-155, 157, 168, 196, 201,208-210,226,230-232,233,246-247,389,396-397,407,432,442,444-445,454-455,457-458,461-463,475-477,490,495,497-500,504,507-509, 516,518,522,532,534,537,543,545

U Undercorrection, absolute, 454-455 Undescended testicles, 444 Unipodal jumping, 465 University of California-Berkeley (UCBL) in­

sert,421 U osteotomy, 324, 326, 329-330, 332, 520

V Vacuolization, 27 Vascular anomaly, 186 Vascular insufficiency, 459

Vascular monitoring, 521 Vector scale transformation, 536 Verbelyi-Ogston cuboid decancellation,

401 Vertebral anomalies, 444 V osteotomy, 325, 332-337, 379, 528, 533

W Wagner distraction apparatus, 279, 281 Wagner fixation-distraction device, 281 Wagner lengthening apparatus, 277,

320 Wagner's device, 275 Wheaton brace, 211 Wound

closure, 522 partial, 234, 241-244

dehiscence, 498 healing, 522

X Xerograms,45

Z Z-lengthening, 393, 513, 537, 566 Z line streaming, 7

587