Index [s3.amazonaws.com]...passive, 18 revolutionary states, 214 stores up trouble, 24 stroking...

Index

273

Abruptnesssudden diplomacy the worst that can be

practiced, 219

Absencethe absent are always wrong, 1not at the table, you’re on the menu, 1

Academicsdiplomats and soldiers distinguished, 1

Accessiondefined, 1

Accordsdefined, 1

Accreditationdefined, 1

Acheson, Deanamity not inevitable result of close

relations, 196clearance process promotes vagueness,

agreement by exhaustion, 41commercial restrictions cannot substitute for

war, 203fumbles at summits leave the goal line

open, 220function of diplomats to report and affect

events, 63memoranda of conversation, 199morality necessary to inspire trust between

states, 137negotiation, war by other means, 144perseverance in policy key to success, 165planning most profitable investment

of time, 169prestige is shadow cast by powersanctions unsuccessful means of interference

in internal affairs, 111summitry distracts policymakers from their

task, 220training makes diplomats cautious, not

innovative, 62

Acton, Lordbalance of power described, 173power corrupts, 175

Ad referendumdefined, 1virtue of in negotiation, 144

Adams, Abigailusefulness of large-scale entertainment, 74

Adams, Henrydiplomats should not complain about lies, 68

Adams, Johna bribe well placed, an intrigue of pleasure

with a woman, 25interests, not cultural affinities, determine

friendship, 90

Adams, John QuincyAmerica goes not abroad in search of

monsters to destroy, 117

Adjustmentconflict resolution awaits a ripe moment, 2more conducive to justice than resort

to force, 1possible only within context of agreed

international order, 211tactical maneuvers only when order itself

challenged, 157

Adversariesknowledge of them invaluable, 2mutual dependence of reflected in concepts, 2opportunities from domestic difficulties of, 2treaties with less durable than understandings

with friends, 233

Advocacydiplomatic, 2ideas don’t sell themselves, 2policy recommendations to sovereigns, 2problem of ‘localitis’, 127

Aeschylusin war, truth is the first casualty, 184

Aesopappeasement, 16quarrels of friends benefit foes, 191

Affabilitymust be tempered with dignity, 219

© Copyright by the Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace

274 Index

Agentsselection of, 3

Agents, diplomaticdefined, 3indispensable, 3necessary at even the smallest courts, 71

Agent-Generaldefined, 3

Aggressioncannot be condoned regardless of who is the

attacker, 3nation armed and bankrupt, dangerous, 3self-defense sometimes dictates, 21usually disguised as self-defense, 3

Agréationprocess of requesting and receiving agrément, 4

Agreementsagreeing to disagree, 15constitute relationships, 145durable treaties based on reciprocal

advantage, 4enforcement of, 4enhancing confidence in, 231implementation, 145impossible without secrecy, 148in principle fine because they entail no

commitments, 181in principle not agreements, 3in principle, disagreements in practice, 181last like roses and young girls, 4multilateral conferences, 38must be tolerable to those who can wreck

them, 130must rest on real interests, not trust, 109observed while in harmony with interests, 4one-sided advantage fatal, 4only agree to what you can do, 233public scrutiny of vs. publicity about

negotiations, 147require compromise, which needs secrecy, 147selecting negotiator to reach, 152source of disagreements, 16the higher the summit the flimsier the, 221types concluded between states, 4understanding must be precise, 177

Agrémentdefined, 4

Ahimsadoctrine of avoidance of harm, 4

Aid advancing another power ruinous, 5can rent not buy allegiance, 5dangers of dependence on, 5foreign, 5friendship not the object of, 91to assure loyalty of client states, 5to neighbors a sign of weakness, 176utility of timely bribes, 25

Aide-mémoiredefined, 5

Alcohol drinking is a voluntary madness, 5international conferences, 38loosens self-control, 5

Alexander II (of Russia)unadulterated stupidity of diplomats, 248

Alignmentdefined, 5

Allen, George Venableforeign policy and propaganda go hand in

hand, 186

Alliancebasis of, 6defined, 6purpose, 6

Alliancesbased on sentiment, 7birth and death of, 7entangling with none, 34evolution of in conflict, 6friends, enemies, 7held together by fear, not love, 6leadership of, 7 like all fraternizations, disintegrate, 6like chains, weak links do not strengthen, 6made by hate for the same thing, not love, 7means by which states add to capacity to

persuade, 84means of buttressing against changing

interest, 6never make them with the powerful, 6only weakness dictates, 6reinsure by negotiating with the other side, 6to endure require care, respect, and shared

advantages, 7treaties of, 7union of thieves, 6weakness of, 7with neighbors in war, 161


275Index

Alliesclose relations may not engender amity, 196defined by their enemies, 8dependent, 8distant are preferable, 8fighting with and without, 8no eternal, 110weak, 8

Ally defined, 8

Almeida, Francisco detime comes when mystery about negotiations

criminal, 147

Alternatdefined, 8

Ambassadoreffective, 9honest man sent to lie abroad, 9

Ambassador-at-largedefined, 9

Ambassadorsaccountability, 9activities of American described, 9advocacy, 2age of, 9amateur, 10, 13, 18, 100amateurism vs. professionalism, 10appearance, 16chiefs of diplomatic missions, 12contrasted with ministers of foreign affairs, 12contributions to policy formation by, 10credibility from their government, 11duties, 11duty to aggrandize their own state, 11empathetic advocates, 11expected to take charge, 10expertise on their host country, 12eyes and ears of states, 14have no battleships, 15how govern kingdom that know not how to

use?, 9indefatigable readers, 119initiative in absence of instructions, 105innkeepers to itinerant officials, 12insights about their own country, 11instructions, 105intelligence collectors, 10judgment is the controlling qualification, 12moral duties of, 137

much depends on personality and ability of, 13

must be men of strictest honor, 11necessity of, 75never off duty, 13obedience to instructions by, 13one official the state cannot do without, 9peace and war in their hands, 13probity essential, 182qualifications of 10, 13, 14qualities of effective, 14selection of 14, 66skill as orators required, 156skilled work requires a skilled workman, 10spies, 14spies with licenses, 14titled spies, 14to stand up for, you must stand up to, your

government, 10unwittingly mislead their hosts, 13using them well, 15welfare of nations dependent on, 15why do their work for them?, 75why people want to be one, 9wives never off duty, 210

Ambiguity, creative agreeing to disagree, 15

Amiabilitysustains communication, 15

Amitybonds across distance and cultural

differences, 15cordiality between nations based on

respect, 41maintained only by mutual respect, 15not inevitable result of close relations, 196

Analysisintelligence, 107worst case, 15

Analystsstatesmen, 16

Anger contrary to wise deliberation, 16indignation and rancor foreign to diplomacy,

198man prone to ill-fitted to negotiation, 16never get angry except on purpose, 16

Annexationdefined, 16


276 Index

Annihilationdefined, 16

Anonymous [La embajada española]ambassadors’ knowledge of their host country,

12diplomacy is deceit, 54flattery generates goodwill, 83

Antagonistslearning from, 16

Appearancean ambassador should be good-looking, 16

Appeasementa power which begins to yield is finished, 16acquiescence under insult no escape

from war, 17appeasers hope crocodiles will eat

them last, 17conciliating a tiger, 17defined, 16, 17justification for, 17only give up what you could hold, 17passive, 18revolutionary states, 214stores up trouble, 24stroking tigers won’t make them kittens, 17unyielding stubbornness as risky as, 17 yield to all and end with nothing, 16

Appointees, politicalbizarre American tradition, 18business experience as qualification for

ambassadorship, 13distinguished credentials in other fields, 13ingrates and enemies, 18legation is stuffed mattress for political

acrobats, 171men with the most money and the fewest

votes, 18named for the good of the nominee, not the

country, 18risk of appointment, 10scum and refuse of the political puddle, 171seek sinecures and luxurious enjoyment, 18skilled work requires a skilled workman, 10some sent because needed, some not wanted

at home, 18travel at government expense and write a

book, 18United Nations, 18

Apprehensionsfear of danger justifies war, 19

Arbitral awarddefined, 19

Arbitration better to lose in the courts than in the

foxholes, 19defense through resort to, 19defined, 19substitution of burning for smoldering

issues, 19when to use, 19

Argumentsmemoranda of conversation, 199negotiation should never degenerate to, 19

Aristophanes learning from enemies, 73

Aristotle civil confusions springs from trifles, 103 war must be regarded as only a means to

peace, 239

Armsdiplomacy without them, 20

Arms controldefense conducted by other means, 20defined, 20negotiations not a form of conflict resolution,

20

Arms salesuseful instrument of state policy, 20

Aron, Raymonddiplomacy is convincing without resort to

force, 58strategy and diplomacy inseparable, 135

Arrestsduties of consular officers, 20

Arthasastra of Kautilyaa king without power is conquered, 173an assassin achieves more than full army, 21benefits of peace or war, 24 duties of ambassadors, 11Earth devours a king who is inclined to peace,

159intelligence and science can overreach energy

and might, 114intelligence and statecraft can overcome

power, 108inviolability of ambassadors, 182


277Index

king ready to strike inspires awe, 51methods of dealing with contentious

situations, 40miraculous results achieved by practice of

subversion, 219only weakness calls for conciliation and

alliances, 6pursuit of wrong policy provokes enemies, 170strength is power, success is happiness, 219three components of power, 172welfare of state depends on active foreign

policy, 87wise man can kill using intellect, 106

Assassinationan assassin achieves more than full army, 21defined, 21

Assistance, foreignbribery, 25can rent not buy allegiance, 5 utility of devalued by time, 5

Asylum, politicaldefined, 21

Athenian ambassadorsrecourse to words following reverses in war, 47

Attachédefined, 21

Attachés, militaryfunctions of, 21synonym for spy, 21

Attachés, pressvital role of, 21

Attackattitudes toward preemptive determined by

geopolitics, 21preemptive justified by imminent danger, 22prevent a mischief before it occurs, 22principles of, 22self-defense sometimes dictates aggression, 22

Attritiondefined, 22

Augustine, Saint

charity not substitute for justice withheld, 118purpose of all war is peace, 163

Austin, Warrenbetter diplomats be bored than young men

die, 60

Authoritydefined, 22of ambassadors to question instructions, 10legitimacy is proof of, 22

Azomessengers like magpies, 134

Backgroundbasis for discussion with journalists, 23

Background, deepbasis for discussion with journalists, 23

Bacon, Franciscourtesy to strangers, 216dealing with opponents in negotiations, 152just fear of danger a lawful cause of war, 19selection of diplomatic agents, 3transparent countenances reveal secret hearts,

79

Badchoices, 29difference between bad and worse, 23

Bagehot, Walter

old diplomacy carried on in drawing rooms, 155

Bailey, Nathanthreats without power like powder without

ball, 227

Bailey, Thomas A.agreements in principle, disagreements in

practice, 181arbitration preferable to war, 19distance weakens power, 172do not do in secrecy that which is shameful,

205rattling the scabbard, 84self-interest as the basis of foreign policy, 109

Balancecapabilities of, 23fervor of, 81

Balancerdefined, 23

Balfour, Arthur Jamespeacemaking undercut by public statements,

164


278 Index

Balzac, Honoré degratitude expected only by fools, 94

Barbaro, Ermolaofirst duty of ambassadors, 11

Bargainingbetween states, 24contrasted with persuasion, 166defined, 23large part of diplomacy as of all politics, 24principle of diplomacy, 24

Bargaining powerdefined, 24depends on apparent options, 24victors’ diminishes with time, 236

Bartoli, Domenicodrawbacks of summit meetings, 222

Battle means of untying knot that would not yield to

the tongue, 24right strategy can lose all battles but win war,

24

Battlefield resultsdiplomacy can’t better, 24

BeaumarchaisVilify! Vilify! Some of it will stick, 184

Belisariusmost complete victory to compel enemy to

give up, 237

Belligerencydefined, 24

Benefitsof peace or war, 24

Berle, Adolf A.economics a means of peace, 71

Bierce, Ambrosealliances defined, 6battle unties knots that the tongue could

not, 24compromise means each gets what he ought

not to have, 36consuls, definition of in American politics, 39definition of diplomacy, 55international arbitration, 19

Bilateraldefined, 24

Bismarck, Otto vona power which begins to yield is finished, 16in politics there is no place for pity, 47no sentimental alliances!, 7our generals save us from our diplomats, 25politeness even in war, 171politics is the art of the possible, 172preventive war like committing suicide out of

fear of death, 244sentimental policy knows no reciprocity, 208special interests must not override national,

111tasks of statesmen, 216

Black, Eugenerole and tasks of planning, 167

Blaker, Michaelbargaining power defined, 24domino effect in negotiations, 145sham concessions, 36

Blaker, Michael, citing otherskey to success in negotiations, 140

Blocdefined, 25

Blockade defined, 25

Bluffingdeadlines and ultimata, 25fostering trust essential to carry out, 230more effective, if believed, than sincere threat

not believed, 25threats and, 227

Blundersbureaucratic, usual cause of quarrels, 25generals rectify diplomatic misfortunes, 25protocol, 187

Boerne, Ludwigdiplomacy to speak French, nothing, and

falsehood, 55

Bohlen, Charles E.diplomats’ primary business with

governments, 62


279Index

Bonham-Carter, Violetpolitics is power of persuading others to

accept ideas, 172specialists not infallible policy advisers, 170

Bordersnot changed by conferences, 25

Boren, James H.when in doubt, mumble, 26

Boswell, Jamespoliteness makes happiness, 171

Boyce, Richard Fyfecompliments make new friends, 81diplomacy’s critics, 43

Boycottpolitical merits of, 203Woodrow Wilson on power of, 203

Bozeman, Addacold wars are covert and protracted, 239history foremost tool for political analysis, 98

Bragaccia, Gasparodiplomacy, making peace and coalitions for

war, 51

Braun, Konradambassadors must be eloquent, 71

Brevityvirtues of in reporting, 198

Bribery humane investment, 25law of nations not concerned with, 25man may serve his country well with, 25

Briggs, Ellisalways be in with the outs, 156appeasement stores up trouble, 17criteria for diplomatic recognition, 194criteria for recognition of new governments,

28modifying other countries’ institutions, 111political appointments for good of nominees,

not the country, 18protection of diplomats by host country, 182something-for-something is good diplomacy,

229weak allies, 8

Brinkmanshipgoing to the verge, but not into war, 26

British governmentright to deal in a neutral language, 121

Broglie, Albert dediplomacy prevents force alone from

governing relations, 53

Bryan, William Jennings nothing is final between friends, 89

Brzezinski, Zbigniewforce unguided by political ends makes

political messes, 83toothless diplomacy not persuasive, 88

Buddhist scripturerules of friendship, 91true friends, 90

Bufferdefined, 26

Bülow, Bernard vondiplomacy a first-class seat at theater

of life, 58

Bülow, Heinrich vondiplomat’s duty to be active in society, 40diplomats should not be taken by surprise, 223indignation and rancor foreign to

diplomacy, 198

Bundy, McGeorgebeing known to have strength, 218relationship between policy and military

power, 176

Bureaucracyspirit of contrasted with spirit of policy, 169

Bureaucratsdistinguished from statesmen, 26foreign ministry, 26man on the spot wiser than, 62no old, bold bureaucrats, 26

Burke, Edmunddefinition of diplomacy, 55fear robs the mind of power and reasoning, 81great empires and little minds go ill

together, 73hatred of nations, 74heart of diplomacy to grant graciously, 36


280 Index

terrorist lies beneath surface of ideology, 102learning from enemies, 16power sets few limitations on itself, 173use of force alone is but temporary, 84

Burton, Richardinstructions to his wife on moving, 211peace is the dream of the wise, 163

Businessdefined, 26

Businessmen

as ambassadors, 14, 18

Busk, Douglashelpfulness of rules of protocol, 187

Caccia, Haroldto stand up for, you must stand up to your

government, 10

Caesar, Juliusbad precedents begin as justifiable

measures, 177conquerors may do as they please with the

vanquished, 236human nature imbued with desire for

liberty, 125inviolability of ambassadors sacred, 182

Caligulalet them hate us as long as they fear us, 50

Callières, Françoise dea lie leaves a drop of poison, 68alcohol in diplomacy, 5amateur diplomatists seldom succeed, 10amateurs serve costly apprenticeship in

diplomacy, 61cipher worth more than gold, 206clarity and simplicity essential in

reporting, 198command of temper important in

diplomacy, 15cooks are excellent conciliators, 40dictation by the powerful is not

negotiation, 143diplomacy is a profession as exacting as

others, 183diplomatic colleagues, 33diplomats must control the urge to speak, 207dishonesty proof of smallness of mind, 68effects of good food and drink, 74essential qualities of ambassadors defined, 64harmonizing real interests, 110

lawyers make poor diplomats, 122negotiators should be apt listeners, 150no better investment than espionage, 75objectives of diplomats, 64powerful nations should make the first

move, 177reciprocal advantage in agreements

essential, 3relationships of ambassadors with citizens

abroad, 30secrecy the soul of diplomacy, 205

Calling cardsp.c., 159p.f., 159p.p.c., 159p.r., 159

Calls defined, 27

Cambon, Julesambassadors must be men of strictest

honor, 11ambassadors vs. foreign ministers, 12best instrument the words of a decent man, 74comradeship among diplomatic colleagues, 32diplomats should not succeed with a bang, 148foreign policy not a matter of sentiment, 87insincerity a grave defect in a public man, 104moral influence most essential qualification of

diplomats, 104necessity of judgment in ambassadors, 12negotiation confidential like a conversation,

147new diplomacy nothing new, 153no truly secret diplomacy, 147secrecy of negotiations forgiven by

posterity, 61the day secrecy is abolished, 205word of an honest man the best tool, 153

Cambon, Paulan ambassador is not a subaltern, 105

Camus, Albertcharm, getting the answer yes, 29

Candidmeaning of, 27

Candordiplomatic, 27 guileless speech, 27more likely than subtlety to achieve

success, 27


281Index

Canning, Georgeallies in balance of power defined by

enemies, 8

Cao Caowho wishes to fight must first reckon the cost,

244

Capabilitiesnational purposes must be proportional to, 189

Capabilities and intentions foreign policy must plan on basis of both, 27reporting on, influencing, 27

Capitalsgreat capitals foster great delusions, 27

Capitulationdefined, 27

Carteldefined, 27

Castlereagh, Viscountright of interference in internal affairs, 111

Casus belli, defined, 28foederis, defined, 28

Catherine II (of Russia) power without nation’s confidence is

nothing, 175

Catlin, Wynndiplomacy saying ‘nice doggie’ till you

find a rock, 54

Censorshipdefined, 28

Ceremoniesget the formalities right, never mind

moralities, 28

Chamberlain, Austenconferences inhibit compromise and

agreement, 38

Champagneno government could survive without, 28

Chancerydefined, 28head of, defined, 28

Changebalance of power uncertain during, 174difficulties of initiating new order, 156nations are changed by time, 28nations wax and wane, 28perils of reform by evil governments, 195

Change of governmentcriteria for recognition, 28

Characterindicated by company a man keeps, 28

Character, judgingto understand a person, look at aspirations, 29

Chargé d’affairesad interim, defined, 29defined, 29

Charitybeware its recipients, 29donor shouldn’t publicize, 29donor values more than recipient, 29generosity captures the decent, antagonizes

the mean, 29

Charmgetting the answer without asking the

question, 29

Charterdefined, 29

Chen Haotruce proposal may be a plot, 230

Chesterfield, Lordnever seem wiser than others, 100

Childs, J. Rivespolicy is substance, diplomacy is process, 169

Choices, badwhen all bad, worst not so dreadful, 29

Choiseultruth is artifice, 231

Churchill, Winstonallies develop opinions of their own, 8appeasement, 17diplomatic relations a convenience, not a

compliment, 197doctrine helps deal with surprises, 69


282 Index

evaluation of diplomatic reporting, 199fighting with and without allies, 8in victory, magnanimity; in peace, good will,

236jaw-jaw better than war-war, 249longer look back, farther can look forward, 98mistaken policies born in dishonest advice,

170problems of victory difficult, 237secrets of statecraft found in history, 98

Cicero aim of war to live unhurt in peace, 244victory by nature insolent and haughty, 236

Circumstanceimprisons more than it helps, 29

Citizens abroad ambassadors’ duties to, 29arrests, 20entertainment by ambassadors, 30useful sources of information, 30

Civil warsintervention in, 30

Civilians war hath no fury like a non-combatant, 245

Civilitybe civil to all, 30

Clark, Ericfunctions of military attachés, 21protocol enables orderly diplomacy, 187

Clark, Eric, citing othersconsuls the Cinderellas of the diplomatic

service, 40information and cultural diplomacy, 58

Classificationintended to determine degree of protection

required, 30

Clausewitz, Carl Maria vonmany intelligence reports contradictory

during war, 108peace seldom reigns in Europe, never

throughout the world, 161pursue one great decisive aim with

determination, 189the weak must be armed so as not to be

overwhelmed, 179victory defined 236

war is continuation of policy by other means, 245

Clemency, Georgeswar too important to be left to the generals,

239

Clevernessif sufficiently clever, can outwit self, 30

Client statesdefined, 30expect no real favors from other nations, 81nothing so imperious as feebleness supported

by force, 30passionate attachments for, 80

Coalitondefined, 30

Coalitionsat the mercy of most determined member, 31celebrate victory by dividing into parts, 32created out of fear not affection, 30fewer the objectives, more durable the

cohesion, 32for war, diplomacy and, 52great states demand position of supreme

leadership, 31interest in survival transcends ideology in, 103making and breaking, 31natural history of imperils status quo

powers, 32reasons for dissolution, 31require a single point of command and

control, 31rise and fall of, 31

Cobden, Richardfree trade breaks down barriers between

nations, 228

Coerciondefined, 32

Coexistenceno promise of universal concord, 103

Colleaguescollegiality of the diplomatic profession, 32corporate spirit and comradeship between, 32

Colleagues, diplomaticselecting which to cultivate, 33sources of information, 33utility of collegiality of diplomatic corps, 41


283Index

Colton, Charles Calebgrant what you cannot refuse, conciliate who

you cannot conquer, 83

Command, leadershipdefined, 33

Command presenceambassadors and heads of delegation must

have, 33

Commerceambassadors are chief trade promotion

officers, 34contrasted with diplomacy, 33diplomacy especially concerned with, 48establishes a Community of Interests, 33free trade breaks barriers between nations, 229imperialism from, 34natural effect is peace, 34peace, commerce, and honest friendship with

all, 34rivalries a source of war, 34trade promotion by ambassadors, 34unprincipled, 34

Commines, Philippe detwo great princes should never meet face-to-

face, 220

Commitmentsagreements in principle are fine as they entail

none, 181fidelity to those of negotiators, 34treaties must be observed, 34

Common sensenothing more loathesome than a man

lacking, 12

Communicationamong diplomats a two-way street, 35

Communicationssecrecy of, 206security of, 35strategic, 35

Communiquédefined, 35

Communitydefined, 35

Compactdefined, 35

Compellencedefined, 35more demanding than deterrence, 35

Compromise each gets what he ought not to have, 35give-and-take essential, 36impossible for moral claims, 101inability to make can strengthen a negotiator,

149liabilities of doctrine emphasizing, 144

Concessionsdifficulties of democracies making, 49good diplomacy cedes few, 36he who would preserve everything, preserves

nothing, 218heart of diplomacy to grant graciously, 36necessary, 36sham, 36the more made in negotiation the more

expected, 36

Conciliationdefined, 36first conciliate, then crush, 37only weakness calls for, 6

Conciliatorsmotivations of, 36

Concorddefined, 37

Concordatdefined, 37

CondescensionNeither argument nor seductive dance, 37

Conferencedefined, 37

Conferencesborders not changed by, 25chance to get sore, scare up a war, 38conditions for successful diplomacy at, 37criteria for success of, 38factors in success of, 37liver damage consequent to, 38name-calling at, left to the foreign ministers,

37only succeed when results arranged

beforehand, 37poor places to reach agreements, 37preclude compromise and agreement, 37


284 Index

promote obstinacy rather than solutions, 37

Confidenceskeeping confidences central to diplomacy, 38

Conflict resolutionarms control not a form of, 20when negotiation is necessary to achieve, 139

Conquestthe cruel working of political madness and

abused power, 38

Consentdefined, 38

Consistencyvacillation inconsistent with success and

dignity, 38

Constancyno disgrace in disregarding promises made

under duress, 184of republics more reliable than princes, 38

Constitution defined, 39

Constructivedefined, 39

Consul generaldefined, 39

Consular agentdefined, 39

Consular relationsdefined, 196

Consulatedefined, 39

Consulate generaldefined, 40

Consulsarrested citizens, 20Cinderellas of the diplomatic service, 40powers and responsibilities, 40

Contacts be wary of those most eager for, 40diplomat’s duty to work on human flesh, 40

Contentious situationmethods of dealing, 40

Conventiondefined, 40

Conversationintimate talk made unthreatening by

diplomats, 40

Conviction advantages of having, 69

Cooper, J. Fenimorecommercial imperialism, 34

Coordinationclearance process promotes vagueness and

agreement by exhaustion, 41

Cordialmeaning of, 41

Cordialitybetween negotiators, 149rests on mutual respect, 41

Cornford, F. M.propaganda, 184

Corps consular, defined, 41dean of diplomatic, defined, 45diplomatic, defined, 41

Counselappear to be reminding, not correcting, 1

Counselorof embassy, defined, 41qualifications of good, 41

Coup d’étatdefined, 41

Couragepolitical victory from military defeat, 41

Courierdiplomatic, defined, 41

Courtesydefined, 42keeps doors open, 42seldom costs anything and demonstrates

confident strength, 42should mark international intercourse, 42


285Index

Couve de Murville, Maurice-Jacquesone does not negotiate to conclude something,

143

Covenantdefined, 42

Craig, Gordon A. and George, Alexander L.coercive diplomacy defined and described, 52deterrence defined, 51

Cramb, J. A.peace a truce on the battlefield of time, 160

Creaghe, John St. G., citing othershumor helps solve problems, 100management of delegations at conferences, 142

Credentialsdefined, 42

Credibilitycannot be enhanced by a reputation for

failure, 42he don’t believe you, you don’t believe him, 42like virginity, can’t be recovered once

breached, 42

Crimes, warthreat to charge adds to resistance, 42

Crisis, responsebetter to be adequate at once than perfect

when too late, 43

Crisesdeflate by talking it to death, 43frighten the weak but inspire the strong, 42let women run things, 43never treat cold, only hot, 42responses of bureaucrats, statesmen to, 26usual response of international organizations

to, 43

Criticismavoid joining natives in toward their own

country, 43

Crocker, Chester A.bias not an obstacle to success in

peacemaking, 132borrowed leverage in mediation, 130creating formulae for peacemaking, 130effectiveness in foreign policy, 86end games in peacemaking, 165

existing situation may give peacemaker leverage, 131

grand strategy does not wait for right conditions, 217

joint mediation, 131knowledge demanded of peacemakers, 131leverage from others in peacemaking, 131need for secure reporting channels,

confidentiality, 35peacemakers must respect parties and their

concerns, 134peacemaking may require action to ripen the

conflict, 132power and leverage of mediators, 133proposals for settlement from the mediator in

peacemaking, 134reframing questions to induce negotiation, 179role of mediators vis-à-vis the parties, 133smart statecraft results when wits, wallets and

muscle pull together, 213smart statecraft uses hard power intelligently,

175strategy for prenegotiation phase, 179third parties as source of leverage in

peacemaking, 131

Cromwell, Oliverinterest keeps peace, 162man-of-war best ambassador, 176

Culbertson, Elypower politics, law of the jungle, 176

Customsignorance of a source of war, 44men prefer their own usages, 33never export your nation’s but learn your

hosts’, 44

Damage, battledefined, 45

Damage, collateralprovides motivation to fight on, not surrender,

45

Danès, Bishopconceal nothing in reporting, 198

Dargent, Josephchampagne and diplomats, 28

Davies, John Patonsuccessful diplomacy is unpublicized, 220


286 Index

Dawes, Charles G.diplomacy easy on the brain but hell on the

feet, 231

De Gaulle, Charlesdiplomats useful only in fair weather, 67graveyards full of indispensable men, 103state has no friends, only interests, 89treaties are like roses and young girls, 4

Deadlinesfocus resistance and must be enforced, 45

Deandiplomatic corps, defined, 45

Debrah, Kojoradios, TVs, and jet planes in diplomacy, 225

Decadencewhen good intentions exceed power to fulfill,

45

Deceitcountering in time-honored ways, 46deception central to most techniques of

statecraft, 46diplomacy an honored mode of, 54diplomats deceive after dumbness causes

war, 45diplomats have no cause to complain about, 68dishonesty is proof of smallness of mind, 68dissembling excusable in public business, 69laudable in war, 45not a qualification of a modern diplomat, 45only rulers should have privilege of, 45Palmerston’s ‘Eleventh Commandment’, 46self-defeating, 45

Deceptiondeceive diplomatists by speaking truth, 46likely to succeed if concealed from enemy

until execution, 46most necessary when press is free to report, 46with force, governs international relations, 46

Deception, militaryusing force is matter of, 46

Declarationdefined, 47

Defeatalternative ways of coping with, 47in politics there is no place for pity, 47instruction from, 47

negation of diplomacy, 230reverses lead to diplomacy, 47supreme stimulus for a nation of spirit, 237wars ended by losers, not victors, 246

Defeat, strategicfailure to achieve war aims, 47

Defeatismman who believes he will be beaten a bad

diplomat, 47

Defense, destructioncannot save something by provoking others to

destroy, 48

Defense, retreatbest to retreat to stronger less vulnerable

position, 48

Definitions of diplomacyacademic, 54art of convincing without resort to force, 58art of resolving difficulties peacefully, 56art of taking the possible beyond its local

dimensions, 54bargaining from interests without

sentimentality, 53continuation of war by other means, 56diplomats’ method of perpetuating their

profession, 52entire fabric of foreign relations, 59expression of national strength in discourse,

55honored mode of deceit, 54letting someone else have your way, 55lie and deny, 54managing by measures short of war, 56managing relations through negotiation, 55means of adjusting quarrels, quelling

controversies, 53obscure art hidden in deceit and cloaked in

mystery, 56parliamentary diplomacy, factors in, 57patriotic art of lying, 55peaceable coercion, 57policy and conduct of relations distinguished,

55political rape disguised as seduction, 59say ‘nice doggie’ till you find a rock, 55say nastiest things nicely, 57science of negotiation, 57skill in conduct of international intercourse, 55software of national security policy, 59speaking French, nothing, and falsehood, 55the police in grand costume, 51


287Index

Defoe, Danielintelligence the soul of public business, 107

Delayfact-finding missions, 79incompetence as means of achieving, 48negotiating to gain time, 48offers to talk, 225time is useful product of foreign ministries, 48until others wane, 48

Demagogueryneeds an enemy and will find one, 48

Demandsexactions undermine relationships, 76

Demands, publicdon’t make unless have reason, 48

Démarchedefined, 48

Démarcheslevel of determines impact, 48perils of embellishing, 49

Demeanoract as friend or foe as circumstance requires,

49

Democraciescrowd psychology a source of war, 50difficulties in making concessions to

foreigners, 49dilatory diplomacy, 49passionate diplomacy, 50popular passion for war, 240propensity for impulse rather than prudence,

50war and peace, 50

Demosthenesaccountability of ambassadors, 9ambassadors have no battleships, 15diplomacy in democracies, 49

Deniability, plausiblecovert action incurs costs of overt action, 50

Desperationif choices disastrous, worst for opponent is

best, 50

Detaineedefined, 50

Détentedefined, 50must be seen in facts, 51

Deterrencecomponents of, 51defined, 52 failure of, 51let them hate as long as they fear, 51one sword keeps another in the sheath, 51potent and credible threats, 52preparation for war effective in preserving

peace, 52speak softly and carry a big stick, 51strategy contrasted, 217to secure peace be ready always for war, 193world in awe of the king ready to strike, 51

Dialoguekeep friends close, enemies closer, 52

Dialogue, diplomatictool for dealing with difficult countries, 52

Differences among friendssmall ones not damage great friendships, 52

Dining social bonding, 52soul of diplomacy, 74

Diodorus, the Athenianprecipitation and anger contrary to wise

deliberation, 16

Diplomacyabuse of in ideological warfare, 53alternative to force alone governing

relations, 53application of intelligence and tact to conduct

of relations, 52as dangerous to the morals as local politics, 58aspect of politics, requires confidentiality, 206backed by power, 58beginnings of, 53best leaves other side reasonably satisfied, 56better for diplomats to be bored than for men

to die, 60by conference, 37changeless for good reason, 59coercive, defined, 53coercive, strategy of, 54communication with accuracy, imagination,

tact, good sense, 54contrasted with law, 54critics of, 43


288 Index

defense not a substitute, 73defined, 54 enables nation to avoid perishing heroically,

60engage opponents in web of common

interests, 59first-class seat at theater of life, 58fomenting feuds between enemies, 57form of national security policy in normal

times, 170function of identifying common interests, 110hard trade with many demands, 183helps form and restrain foreign policy, 85is not policy but its effectuation, 170know one’s own mind, let others know it, 60less costly and hazardous than war, 58like dance, calls for sureness of footing, 60like good bookkeeping, 42limits of when force has abdicated, 83logic of no use in, 127making peace and coalitions for war, 52must be judged by what it prevents, 54must be kept separate from domestic

politics, 56necessity of, 57of mediation, 132of women like that of eunuchs, 60open a contradiction in terms, 57parliamentary, defined, 57personal diplomacy ephemeral, 57plot and counterplot, 58practice of relies on confidence and credit, 58practice of ways and means, not grand

designs, 58process by which policy carried out, 170purpose not to outwit opponents, 59revolutionary regimes and, 59secret nothing more than established

method, 59servant of statecraft, 213sewer through which flows the scum, 171sincere no more possible than dry water, 250strategy and, 217subject matter of, 59sudden success very costly in, 219too portentous for politicians, too political

for generals, 59triumphs leave resentment and suspicion

behind, 58ultima ratio of its war, 56war strategy and, 247with women, 60

Diplomacy, amateurlike world’s oldest profession, undermined by

amateurs, 53

Diplomacy, breakoutlike maneuver warfare, 53

Diplomacy, combatunarmed combat between states, 54

Diplomacy, democraticrequires empathy which is hard for

democracies, 56

Diplomacy, languagewords that prevent reaching for swords, 56

Diplomacy, peacecan bring gift of peace, 57

Diplomacy, publicdefined, 59governed by foreign policy needs, 59

Diplomacy, shuttledefined, 59

Diplomacy, tacticsmeasures short of war, 60

Diplomacy, warcomplements not substitutes for military

measures, 60

Diplomatic agentsdefined, 3why have a dog and bark yourself?, 3you don’t buy a canary and sing yourself, 75

Diplomatic corpsdistinct society of professionals, 64not a school of virtue, 137utility of collegiality of, 33

Diplomatic lifeeasy on the brain, hell on the feet, 60made up of protocol, Geritol, alcohol, 60

Diplomatic workaffects the life of the nation, 61

Diplomatsamateur serve apprenticeship damaging to

their trust. 62approach every problem with an open mouth,

61best interested in what they find at post, 62can cut neighbor’s throat without him noticing

it, 61


289Index

can tell you to go to hell so you look forward to it, 61

chameleons, 62chief purpose the transaction of business with

governments, 62communication among a two-way street, 35critics of, 43difference from military men, 67distinctive business of, 61empathy which comes from experience, 72envoys, reporters, representatives, 64essential qualities for effectiveness, 86essential to starting wars, 67estrangement from compatriots, 63function of relations with party in power, 63function of to observe, report, affect events, 63icons of their nation, 63, 66implement policies of statesmen by peaceful

means, 212insults, 64irony a serious fault in, 115journalists contrasted with, 64leads parade when run out of town, 61lessen tensions and promote understanding,

61magpies, 134man on the spot wiser than bureaucrats in

capital, 62missionaries, fanatics and lawyers, 62moral influence essential qualification of, 104most civilized portion of the human race, 184most useful qualities of, 65must tend the international system, 63negotiators and protectors of compatriots

abroad, 64not enough to be an ass, 171not fussed over by historians, 62objectives for, 64presence on scene a unique asset, 66professional brothers to warriors, 67qualifications of good, 64qualities for successful, 65qualities of, 65qualities of good reporting officers, 107qualities of the perfect enumerated, 65responsibilities to statesmen, 215selection of, 66self-image vs. popular image, 63share responsibility for foreign policy with

home governments, 65should not be taken by surprise, 223standards for recruitment, 65task of to make up for misunderstanding,

ignorance, 94thinks twice before saying nothing, 61

training makes them cautious rather than innovative, 62

training of, 66try to solve problems made by other

diplomats, 61unadulterated stupidity compared to soldiers,

248use ears, not mouth, 64useful only in fair weather, 67warriors and, 248warriors without weapons, 67winners called statesmen, 66work of practical intercourse with men, 66

Disagreements, resolvingfocus on active disputes, 67

Disarmamentdefined, 67difficulty of, 68

Disastersprotection of resident nationals, 30

Discourtesymanifests arrogance, envy, belligerence, 68

Discretionapprentice diplomats must learn, 66avoid hornet sting by not intruding on nest, 68evidence of reliability, 68more to regret from words than silence, 68protection of confidences by other states, 206

Dishonestya lie leaves a drop of poison, 68diplomats have no cause to complain about, 68no occasion can justify, 126proof of smallness of mind, 68reputation for trickiness will dog a diplomat,

68telling chiefs what they want to hear makes

bad policies, 170

Disillusionmenthappens only if develop illusions, 68

Dispatch defined, 69

Displaced persondefined, 69

Disraeli, Benjaminimportance of knowing when to forego

advantage, 83


290 Index

in politics nothing contemptible, 172public opinion generally means public

sentiment, 187weak government eager to resort to strong

measures, 94

Dissemblingexcusable in public business, 69

Dissentduty and limits of by ambassadors, 69manner of graceful and effective, 2often taken for insult, 69

Distance makes no enmity but enmity makes distance,

15

Divide and ruleaggravate differences between smaller parties,

69

Documentspreservation of in negotiations, 145

Doctrinetransform intelligence into effective action, 69

Doctrine, rulesyoung men know rules, older men know

exceptions, 70

Dolcet, Etienneambassadors should be good-looking, 16

Domestic politicsautistic delusions from, 70do not excuse foreign disasters, 70suffering of diplomats from, 70

Douglas-Home, Alexanderdon’t buy a canary and sing yourself, 75

Doyenne defined, 70

Draftingnever place an adjective before a noun, 70telegrams, 199the shorter the greater the impact, 199

Draftsadvantageous to provide first draft of

agreement, 70

Drake, Francis

prevent a mischief betimes rather than revenge it too late, 22

Drinkeffects of at conferences, 38how to, 5

Dryden, John peace is war in masquerade, 160

Du Muemploy the wise, brave, covetous, and stupid,

166victory without pain uncelebrated, 237war may be defined as punishment, 245

Dulles, Allenqualities of good reporting officers, 108

Dulles, John Fosterbrinkmanship defined, 26cannot condone aggression, 3friendship not a foreign policy objective, 91no nation’s policy can be ascertained from

official statements, 213

Duplicitydiplomacy not a science of, 70

Durant, Willdiplomacy is art of saying nothing when

speaking, 103statesman cannot afford to be a moralist, 137

Eagernessa liability in negotiation, 71

Earle, Edward Meadgrand strategy defined, 217strategy defined, 216

Eayrs, Jamescredibility of propaganda rests on gullibility,

185deception central to most techniques of

statecraft, 46paradox of power works to advantage of small

states, 209power consists in having things your way, 223scratch a diplomat, find a frustrated planner,

168statesman incapable of statecraft should find a

new job, 86

Eban, Abbaauthority of negotiators, 149


291Index

bluff that is believed, 25breaking relations, 196 diplomacy in wartime, 248if power factors change rapidly,

miscalculation, 173international organizations as police, 112judge diplomacy by what it prevents, 54media attention inhibits success in

negotiations, 147media disrupts diplomacy, 147negotiations endangered by premature

publicity, 148oratory at international organizations, 112semantic obsessions of diplomats, 210wisdom occurs when other alternatives

exhausted, 249

Economic powerstring one can pull not push, 71

Economic sectiondefined, 71

Economicsburden of sanctions falls where you do not

wish, 203economic balance like strategic balance, 71money is not the sinews of war, 175not an end in itself, 71of war, 240

Eden, Anthonydiplomacy is strategy’s twin, 217good diplomacy to resist a score, 56nothing more dangerous than unrealistic

foreign policy, 85technology cuts distance, sharpens shock, 225

Egan, Maurice Francisman on the spot wiser than bureaucrats in

foreign offices, 62

Einstein, Albertimportance of ambassadors of small states,

209

Eisenhower, Dwight D.a people that values privilege above principles,

181destroying from within what trying to defend

from without, 89manufacture general war scare to achieve

political aims, 81plans are useless but planning indispensable,

167premature disclosures bar agreements, 188

war is sterile of positive result, 247

Ekvall, Robert B.character and qualities needed by interpreters,

113interpreter is faithful echo, 114loss of nuance in simultaneous interpreting,

113translation of meaningless statements, 229

Elizabeth Ido not tell secrets to those not tested, 205monarchs ought to put to death instigators of

war, 241

Eloquenceambassadors must be good orators, 156prudence and learning avail little without, 71

Embassies locally hired employees, 71morale, 136necessary at even the smallest courts, 71staffing levels, 211

Embassy defined, 71

Emerson, Ralph Waldoflattery confirms our importance to us, 82strike at a king, you must kill him, 243to have a friend, be one, 90

Emissarydefined, 71

Empathyattention to the judgment of others important,

71contrasted with sympathy in negotiation, 223diplomacy more effective with, 71fingerspitzengefühl comes from experience, 71perils of with home government, 71problem of ‘localitis’, 127utility of in negotiation, 71

Empire, durationall claim to be eternal, none are, 72

Empire, hegemonicenlist universal resistance, 72

Empiresgreat and little minds go ill together, 73

Enemiesallies of tomorrow, 73


292 Index

be known by your, 73befriend, check, or fight, 73choosing, 73contact with, 73enemies of enemies are friends, 73hatred of, 73hatred of affects judgement, 73learning from, 73make enemy to make friends, 73neighbors are natural, 73no perpetual, 110observe them to find out faults, 73support the weaker against the stronger, 73threats from, 228use to catch a snake, 73

Enemy demandsdon’t discount course of action that coincides

with, 74

Enmity indictments against a whole people, 74poor basis for policy, 74

Ententedefined, 74rapprochement, 193

Entertainmentambassadors must be liberal and magnificent,

74citizens abroad, 29cooks are excellent conciliators, 41cultivate relationships with influential people,

74dining is the soul of diplomacy, 74farewell parties, 79give good dinners and pay attention to the

women, 52management of ambassador’s residence, 200more can be accomplished at one party, 74receptions like mousetraps, 194

Envoydefined, 74

Envoysnecessity for, 75

Envoys, specialyou don’t buy a canary and sing yourself, 75

Equilibriumdefined, 75

Erasmusonly those with no experience delight in war,

239war begets war; equity, equity, 247worst peace better than most just war, 161

Escalationdefined, 75

Escalation, grand strategyopposite of, 75

Espionageforeknowledge needs spies, 76imperative to know what to do, 75intelligence the soul of public business, 107money opens the most secret cabinets, 75money well spent, 75necessity for, 75scruples about, 76sixth sense of the state, 75turncoats help honest men know the truth, 75

Espritenergy charged with enthusiasm, 76

Euphemismsmoothes path to agreement, lays basis for

misunderstanding, 76

Ethics ambassadors must tend the international

system, 63

Evasionneither confirm nor deny, 76the prudent man’s exit from trouble, 76

Ex gratia defined, 76

Exactionsincessant . . . breed indifference, 76

Exequaturdefined, 77

Exiles folly of relying on as instruments of influence,

77Expertise

sail in wake of one who knows the ports, 77

Expertsnever trust, 77


293Index

Expressionstransparent countenances and secret hearts,

77

Exterritorialdefined, 77

Extradition defined, 77

Extraterritorialdefined, 77

Eye for an eyeleaves everyone blind, 77

Facedefined, 79

Fact-finding missions means of delay, 79

Factsdo not cease to exist because ignored, 79diplomatist and general need grasp of, 79

Failureno struggle that can’t be lost, 79

Failure, intelligenceonly two possibilities, 79

Failure, reinforcingnever reinforce, 80

Farquhar, Georgestrike while the iron is hot, 156

Faultsavoid exemplifying your nation’s, 80

Faure, Guy Olivieron mediation, 131

Favoritismno real favors from nation to nation, 80

Favorsto receive one is to sell your liberty, 81

Fear robs mind of powers and reasoning, 81

Fear-mongeringmanufacture general war scare to achieve

political aims, 81

Fear, politics ofkeep populace alarmed, 81

Felice, Fortune Barthélemy deall life is continual negotiation, 143convincing through insinuation, 104how to influence men to act, 104negotiations an antidote to weakness for the

astute, 144qualities of public negotiators outlined, 151sincerity greatly facilitates the conduct of

affairs, 208to dominate others’ emotions we must master

our own, 207

Féneloninsults are arguments for those who are

wrong, 106prevent excessive aggrandizement of

neighbors, 173

Final act defined, 81

Final offernot inevitably the last proposal, 81

Financeweapon of diplomacy, 81

Fingerspitzengefühlgrows with experience, 72

Fisher, Rogermust know what you want to get it, 155

Flatteryall right, if you don’t inhale, 82call even a dog ‘Sir’ to get what you need, 82diplomats must know how to inspire

delusions of grandeur in others, 81disintegrating influence of, 82flatterers also slander, 81gaining influence through, 82kiss the hand you cannot bite, 82magnet of goodwill, 83mark of importance, 82negotiating ploy, 83pleases very generally, 82praise from enemies is suspicious, 82those who object to it, 82will make new friends, 82

Fletcher, Henry Pratherretort to ‘diplomacy easy on the brain, hell on

the feet’, 60


294 Index

Flexibilityfirst, conciliate; failing that, crush, 37grant what you cannot refuse, conciliate who

you cannot conquer, 83

Fog factories international organizations, 111

Follyhighest wisdom to simulate, 83

Foolproofnothing foolproof to sufficiently talented fool,

83

Forbearanceimportance of knowing when to forego

advantage, 83

Forceand deception govern international relations,

46effects of temporary, 84never take what others may give, 245rattle the scabbard, don’t draw the sword, 84renunciation of use of favors status quo,

slights justice, 161resort to necessary to start negotiations, 84stupid to seize what others may give, 83submission to, 84unguided by political ends makes political

messes, 83use of by alliances, 84use of, when strategem has failed, 84violence to spoil or to mend different, 84weapons not the tools of the enlightened, 84

Force, language ofdefined, 83

Force, political resultsmilitary defeats enemy but doesn’t create

lasting political results, 83

Force, show ofdefined, 84

Force, strategymore problems without strategy, 84

Ford, Geraldfriendly relations with opponent negotiators,

149

Foreign affairsannoyance to large nations but unavoidable,

84temptation of . . . to rulers, 85will not conform to our whim, 84

Foreign leadersintelligence on their views, 108

Foreign policyacid test of is domestic support, 86aims of, 85amoral, revolutionary described, 86bureaucratic, 85commitments and power must balance, 176contrasted with domestic policy and

administration, 169costs of, 85diplomacy and war in, 86diplomacy free foreign policy works no

better, 85 diplomatic dialog helps form and restrain, 85effectiveness from power harnessed to

strategy, 86legislated, 124measuring success in, 87military power and, 176moral rules of different than those for

individuals, 137morality in . . . necessary to inspire trust, 137no chance of success without domestic

support, 87no more effective than force that backs it, 88not a matter of sentiment but unchanging

interests, 88not based on clearly understood interests is

futile, 110nothing more dangerous than one based on

unreality, 85objective to avoid loss, 84one man’s is another’s domestic issue, 86politicization and criminalization of, 87popular participation no cure for war, 50process defies simple description, 87propaganda goes hand in hand, 186purpose not sentiment but to shape events, 87purposes of, 87resist unjust demands and unreasonable

views of foreigners, 85sources of innovation in, 86strategy of diplomacy, 85success in influenced by skill of negotiators, 87toothless is not persuasive, 88unlike domestic policy can be fatal, 86without strength behind it aimless, 88


295Index

Foreign relationsbenefits of uninterrupted, 88endless, solution of one problem leads to

another, 88nuisance filled with anxieties and frustrations,

88

Foreign ServiceAmerican views of U.S., 88should represent national diversity but ability

primary, 199

Foresightno thought to distant opportunities, stumble

into misfortunes nearer, 88

Formalitiesget them right, never mind the moralities, 28

Frank meaning of, 89

Frankel, Josephparliaments upset diplomacy, 124

Frankfurter, Felixnot true that war never settles anything, 239

Franklin, Benjaminbe civil to all, 30diplomats should have tact, calmness, and

patience, 65forewarned, forearmed, 107never a good war nor a bad peace, 161

Freedom, defense ofdestroying from within, 89

Frederick the Greatadvantage of knowing adversaries, 107diplomacy without arms, 20he would preserve everything, preserves

nothing, 218making and breaking coalitions, 30religion as a weapon, 197

Freedomself-fulfillment in absence of control and

humiliation, 89

Freeman, Chas. W., Jr.logic of fundamental national interests in

mediation, 130mediation is different from negotiation, 130

Friedrich, Carl J.ultima ratio of diplomacy is war, 56

Friendly meaning of, 89

Friends choose by reference to power, not sentiment,

89come and go, 89foolish, 89friendship seldom lasts except between

equals, 89friendships cannot survive mutability of

interests, 89may become enemies, 89negotiations between, 89not with me, against me, 89nothing final between, 89state has none, only interests, 89support from, 90tending, 90true, 90unlike men, nations linked only by interests,

91who won’t help, same as enemies who do no

harm, 89

Friendshipbecoming one with another people, 91interests not cultural affinities determine, 90not a foreign policy objective, 91not alliancem 90rules of, 91to make a friend, be one, 90tool to be used or abandoned according to

circumstances, 90

Friendship between nationsinvaluable asset, 90passionate attachment to a foreign nation

corrupts, 80

Full powersdefined, 91

Future, predictingpredict the future by creating it, 91

Gaffe, politicalpolitically embarrassing blunder, 93

Galbraith, John Kennethgreat leaders willing to confront major anxiety

of people, 123‘useful’ as a characterization of talks, 234


296 Index

Gambetta, Léondefeat the supreme stimulus, 237

Game of nations alternative is war, 85

Gandhi, Indiracannot shake hands with clenched fist, 143

Gandhi, Mohandasavoidance of harm, 4eye for an eye, 77

Generals, attritionending wars with different ones, 93

Geniusseeing the obvious before everyone else, 93

Geographyas destiny, 93 more permanent than politics, 93

Geopoliticsdefined, 93determines activism or passivity of states, 93situation determines attitude toward

preemptive attack, 21who rules the world-island commands the

world, 93

George, Alexander L.appeasement defined, 17appeasement of revolutionary states, 214coercive diplomacy, 54deterrence, criteria for, 53deterrence, failure of, 51entente defined, 74foreign policy in democracies, 67intelligence resisted by policymakers, 140paranoids suspect friendly gestures, 125passive appeasement, 18rapprochement defined, 249

George, Alexander L. and Craig, Gordon A.deterrence defined, 18

Germonius, Bishopambassadors must be indefatigable readers,

118

Gesturesfriendly, viewed with suspicion, 93

Gibson, Hughsecret diplomacy is unpublicized negotiation,

59victory and defeat negate diplomacy, 230

Gifts ambassadors should refuse unless departing, 94distinguished from bribery, 93

Giraud, Charles J. B.definition of the balance of power, 173

Glory, warsoldiers compensate with lives for politicians,

94

Goeth, Johann Wolfgang vonwho seizes right moment is right man, 156

Goldberg, Arthurdiplomats approach problems with an open

mouth, 61

Good deedsno good deed goes unpunished, 94suspicion of friendly gestures, 93

Good faithrequires patient and constant effort, 94

Good offices defined, 94

Governmentdefined, 94

Government, weakeager to resort to strong measures, 94

Governments, foreign-installed

regimes planted by bayonets don’t take root, 94

Gracián, Baltasaravoid the defects of your country, 80know the meaning of evasion, 76making policy recommendations, 2

Gratitudedifference between dog and man, 95donor loves recipient more than the reverse, 29legitimate factor in foreign policy, 95nations show less than benefactors expect, 95word only fools use, 94


297Index

Grew, Joseph C.diplomacy weak and ineffective without

preparedness, 179no profession in which wives more important

than in diplomacy, 211

Grey of Fallodon, Lordmuch in foreign affairs that cannot be

disclosed, 206right of retaliation in war, 246

Grotius, Hugowar unjustified to curb growth of dangerous

power, 241

Gruber, Karlcommunication among diplomats a two-way

street, 35the higher the summit the flimsier the

agreements, 221

Guaranteedefined, 95

Guests duties, 95

Guicciardini, Francescoambassadors the eyes and ears, 14

Guizot, F. diplomats are a distinct society, 64

Habib, Philipwhy everybody wants to be an ambassador, 9

Hamilton, Alexanderalmost as many popular as royal wars, 245legislatures lack qualifications to set foreign

policy, 124neutrality needs strong government too, 152no tranquility at home if not respected abroad,

219

Hamilton, Ianpropaganda draws nourishment form sins of

enemies, 185

Hamilton, Keith and Langhorne, R. T. B.beginnings of diplomacy, 53diplomacy defined, 55

Hammarskjöld, Dagcontributions of public debate at the UN, 234diplomacy, not speeches or votes, makes

peace, 164

legislative process at UN not a substitute for diplomacy, 233

publicity freezes positions in negotiations, 148

Han Feiziinfluence through flattery, 83no state is forever strong or eternally weak,

218persuading rulers of your views, 166rulers overly tempted to focus on foreign

affairs, 84

Hankey, Lordcase for summit meetings, 221elements of diplomacy by conference, 37

Harlow, Bryceagree only to what you can deliver, 233

Harriman, W. Averellcourtesy and name-calling at conferences, 38to reach agreement pick agreeable negotiator,

152understanding must be very precise, 177

Harrison, Benjaminvacillation incompatible with national

dignity, 39

Hastemother of pratfalls, 97

Hatredcure is brave act of love, 97foremost art of kings is to endure, 97springs from fear and envy, 97

Hauser, H.popular participation in foreign policy no cure

for war, 50

Hay, Johndiplomacy as dangerous to the morals as local

politics?, 58legation is stuffed mattress for political

acrobats, 171

Head of governmentdefined, 97

Healingwounds heal, humiliation festers, 97

Hedgingguard against loss by limiting upside gain, 97


298 Index

Hegemonyabsence of implies insecurity of states, 103cannot produce lasting peace, 97drive for absolute security, 207revolutionary powers seek absolute

security, 212Henderson, G. F. R.

diplomacy, politics and military strategy, 135

Herbert, Georgelife of spies to know, not be known, 210one sword keeps another in the sheath, 51

Herodotuson ethnocentrism, 43

Herz, Martin F.insight grows with empathy born of

experience, 71

Hill, David J. diplomacy less costly, hazardous than war, 58importance of diplomatic history, 98necessity of diplomacy, 57subject matter of diplomatic theory and

practice, 59the future knows no guide but history, 98

Historiansinvent past so statesmen can invent future, 97viewpoint of, 98

History distorts interpretation of the present, 99foremost tool for political analysis, 98if people always understood there would have

been no history, 98lessons from, 98the future knows no other guide, 98utility of diplomatic, 98

History, predictioneverything that happens resembles ancient

times, 98longer look back, farther can look forward, 98

History, statecraftsecrets of statecraft found in, 98

History, warprobable not inevitable, war can be avoided, 98

History, wrong side oftime for strategic retreat when history against

you, 99

Hitler, Adolfbig lies more potent than small ones, 185confusion, contradiction, indecisiveness,

panic, 171diplomacy avoids nation perishing heroically,

60mankind will only perish in eternal peace, 162negotiation unbacked by power ridiculous

and fruitless, 146propaganda must be focused and persistent,

185

Hitopadesaambassadors are spies, 14

Hobbes, Thomasenforcement of agreements, 4counsel, 41right of independent commonwealths, 210three principal causes of quarrel, 239

Hochhuth, Rolfunlike men, nations not linked in friendship,

91

Homecoming for diplomatsno home at all since between two countries, 99

Honesty best policy in public as in private life, 99in reporting, 215sincerity greatly facilitates conduct of

affairs, 208wise, 99

Honoracquiescence under insult no escape

from war, 17considerations of honor determine policy, 99national honor is national property, 99policy of . . . also policy of peace, 99war better than loss of national, 99

Hostage defined, 99

Hotman de Villiers

management of ambassadors’ residences, 200money opens the most secret cabinetsm 75moral responsibilities of ambassadors, 137refuse gifts unless departing, 94style of speech appropriate to ambassadors,

156

Huainanzi courtesy defined, 42


299Index

survival dependent on policy, 223

Hübner, Countwhat a hard trade is the diplomatist’s!, 183

Huddleston, Sisleydangers of dependence on foreign aid, 5diplomacy as the servant of statecraft, 213diplomacy defined, 55weakness of alliances, 8

Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, et al.sanctions often accompanied by other

measures, 203sanctions provide drama, 204

Hughes, Charles Evansnew diplomacy, new conditions, 153

Hull, Cordelldon’t get between dogs and lamp-posts, 153

Human rightsSee ideology

Humilityin negotiations, 99never seem wiser or more learned, 100

Humorhelpful in solving problems, 100

Humor, sense ofbetter to have than no sense at all, 100

Huxley, Aldousfacts do not cease to exist because ignored, 79propaganda is emotional engineering, 185statesmen cannot foresee results of political

action, 168

Hypocrisyambassador out to make the world safe for,

100

Idealismrisks defeat with its own weapons, 101

Ideas, gunsconcepts more fatal than, 101

Ideas, falseprecise, false ideas have more power than

true, complex ones, 101

Ideas, talklofty talk can substitute when ideas fail, 101

Ideas, wordswords come in handy when ideas fail, 101

Ideologyaccords awkwardly with, 101defined, 101disruptive of international order, 101moral claims cannot be compromised, 101

Ideology, intelligenceprovides mental filter for interpretation, 102

Ideology, perils ofmature power less affected by universal duty,

102

Ideology, terrorismterrorist lies beneath surface of, 102

Ignorancemother of suspicion, 223of other’s ways a cause of war, 44

Ignorance, democraciesknowledge governs ignorance, 102

Ignorance, understandingirresponsible to understand and fail to act, 102

Iklé, Fred C.bringing the enemy to terms, 242how wars end is decisive, 241military vs. diplomatic influence in war, 242negotiation rests on common interests and

issues of conflict, 142outcome of war, not battles, crucial, 244qualifications of negotiators, 149

Illusionbelief in own magic is downfall of magician,

102little fact sustains a lot, 102

Illusion, dangerousmost dangerous is belief that one has none,

102

Image, changingdo something that surprise others into

reconsideration, 102

ImmunitiesSee Privileges and immunities


300 Index

Immunity, sovereigndefined, 102

Impactextent to which application of a capability felt

by opponent, 103

Impotenceroot of rage, 103

Inanitydiplomacy is art of saying nothing when

speaking, 103 Incidents

confusion springs from trifles but decides great issues, 103

foreign policy should govern, not be governed by, 103

Independencemost important state interest is survival, 103

Indispensable mengraveyards full of them, 103

Inevitabilitybelieving that conflict is inevitable makes

it so, 103

Influencediplomatic virtues that engender, 104insidious foreign, 80insinuation more useful than direct

persuasion, 104men are moved by feelings alone, 103moral is most essential qualification in

diplomacy, 104persuasive effect of attractive leadership, 103

Influence, ideasto lead, need ideas worth following, 104

Influence, sphere of defined, 104

Informalitysign of self-confidence, 104

Informationis power, 107right to . . . asserted most by political

opponents, 35

Innovation, strategicno repetition of a winning move, 104

Insecurityprice of independence, 103

Insinceritygrave defect in a public man, 104

Insinuationart of more useful than direct persuasion, 104

Inspectors defined, 105

Instructionsambassador must not wait for, 105authority of ambassadors to question 10, 105bureaucratic, 105initial tend to be inflexible, 106reaction by ambassadors to

counterproductive, 105well-formulated diplomatic, 105

Insultsarise from insolence or self-deception, 106diplomats, 64serve as arguments for those in the wrong, 106

Insurgencydefined, 106

Insurrectionirregular warfare more intellectual than

bayonet charge, 106rebellion must have base, 106

Insurrection, defeatingdefined, 106

Intellect, power ofwise man can kill using intellect, 106

Intellectuals, advocatesintellectuals entertain and praise every

preposterous policy, 106

Intelligenceadvantage from knowledge of adversary, 107analysis, 107as component of statecraft, 213best, essential to best policy, 108capacity of to overwhelm the more powerful

and spirited, 108essential to know character of enemy, 107forewarned, forearmed, 107history is the foremost tool for political

analysis, 98information is power, 107needed on adversaries to decide actions, 75


301Index

on capabilities and intentions, 27overt and covert collection, 108predictions project the specious present, 108resistance of policymakers to, 108sensory apparatus of the state, 107statesmen must decide without knowledge of

the future, 213the soul of public business, 107true statesman does not despise for its

origins, 107

Intelligence, analysis vs. operationsrequires different character traits in

practitioners, 107

Intelligence agenciesnegotiators and, 150

Intelligence reports, wartimemany reports contradictory during war, 108

Interdependencedefined, 108

Interest, nationaldefined, 108

Interest, strategicdefined, 108

Interest, vital defined, 108

Interestsagreements must rest on, 109coincide with moral duties, 110connect states and guarantee their

existence, 109determine longevity of treaties, 4diplomats place them first, 109eternal and perpetual, 110failure to define and rank cripples

diplomacy, 110harmonizing is secret of negotiation, 110identification of common is function of

diplomacy, 110in democracies, 110nations determine policies in terms of, 110no perfect congruity between allies, 109not values basis for joint action, 233policies not built on, 109political interests guarantee state

existence, 110sentiment changes, interests persist, 109special must not override national, 110trust no nation not bound by, 109

Interests, foreigndiplomatic success rests on, 110

Interests sectiondefined, 111

Internal affairsconquest, not sanctions, required to change

rulers, 204interference in cause for expulsion, 111modifying institutions of other countries, 111no nation has a right to intervene in, 152right of interference in, 111right of interference in delimited, 111sanctions as a means of interference with, 111

International organizationsdeciding how to vote, 238diplomatic fog factories, 111no brotherhood that laughs at boundaries, 112oratory at, 112parliamentary diplomacy defined, 57peacemaking, 112phases of response to crises, 43quiet use of facilities effective, 112value of public debate at, 234

Internunciodefined, 113

Interpretation nuances lost in simultaneous, 113

Interpretersadvice for statesmen on how to use, 113briefing before meetings, 113faithful echo of the statesman, 114must know as much as statesmen, 113qualities of effective, 113use in negotiations, 114

Intervention defined, 114military, 114rules of intervention in civil wars, 30

Intolerablemeans no idea what to do, 114

Intriguewith intelligence and science a king can defeat

the mighty, 114

Invasion, withdrawaltakes less time to invade than withdraw, 114


302 Index

Invincibilityreputation for invincibility is deterrent to

aggression, 114

Invitations never fish for them, dining out wastes

time, 114

Ironymistake in diplomacy, 115

Irrational defined, 115

Irresistibilitydefined, 115

Irritationman who shows ill-fitted to diplomacy, 16negotiator should not show, 115never get angry except on purpose, 16predisposition to take offense catalyzes

hostilities, 115soft answer turneth away wrath, 250

Irving, Washingtonreadiness to take offense, not acts, spark wars,

115treaties bind not at all, 230

Ishii, Kikujirocompromise is essential, 36

Isolationdeprives one of influence, 115regimes depend on isolation for political

survival, 115

Jackson, Geoffreydiplomacy defined, 52preparation the better part of summitry, 222

Jefferson, Thomasacquiescence under insult no escape from war,

17enlightened self-interest described, 208gratitude should bear on national conduct, 95national interests and moral duties coincide,

110peace, commerce, and honest friendship, 34selfish, unpatriotic spirit of commerce, 34

Johnson, Hugh S.war springs from commercial rivalries, 34

Johnson, Lyndon B.

intelligence essential to policy, 108secrecy essential to intelligence work, 105

Johnson, Samuelflattery pleases, 82friendship lasting only between equals, 89

Jokesrarely translate effectively, 117

Jokes, confidencesenjoy a joke is to share a confidence, 117

Jokes, friendshipshared laughter is step toward friendship, 117

Jomini, Antoine Henriignorance of adversaries paralyzes decision,

75

Journalismbackground, defined, 23deep background, defined, 23off the record, defined, 194on the record, defined, 195best when diplomats, reporters allied, 180news contrasted with diplomatic reporting,

115

Journalistsdiplomats contrasted with, 64, 188

Judgmentfailure to give an evasion of responsibility, 117

Judgment, strategicroads one does not follow, 117

Jusserand, J. J.ambassadors should be neither old nor

immature, 9diplomatic service represents aspiration to

suppress wars, 163knowledge of foreign nations needs time, 119

Jusserand, J. J., citing othersafter Pandora’s box opened, ambassador a

necessity, 75ambassadors must be indefatigable readers,

119ambassadors should refuse gifts unless

departing, 94an ambassador should be good-looking, 16dissembling is excusable in public business, 69initiative by ambassadors without

instructions, 105


303Index

management of ambassadors’ residences, 200money opens the most secret cabinets, 75moral duties of ambassadors to sovereigns,

137probity essential in ambassadors, 182prudence and learning avail little without

eloquence, 71reporting must conceal nothing, 198standards for recruiting apprentice diplomats,

66style of speech appropriate to ambassadors,

156training of diplomats in discretion, 66welfare of nations in hands of ambassadors, 15

JusticeAmerica goes not abroad in search of

monsters to destroy, 117better served by diplomatic adjustment than

force, 2charity not substitute for justice withheld, 118enters human affairs only when backed by

power, 118may be slighted in peace, 162vengeance imposed by judge, 117when decision is in your favor, 117without force is impotent, 118

Kampelman, Max M.conduct of negotiations, 145

KautilyaSee Arthasastra of Kautilya, 182

Kelly, Davidopen diplomacy a contradiction in terms, 57qualifications of good diplomats, 64

Kennan, George F.breaking relations, 196conditions favoring international law, 209control personnel and control policy, 165diplomats suffer from domestic political

distractions, 70diplomats view propaganda with distaste and

scepticism, 185domestic political imperatives no excuse for

failure, 70economic protectionism ignominious, 186every government a problem for others, 191leadership requires self-mastery, 123methodology of foreign policy, 87personal diplomacy risks ephemeral results,

57purposes of foreign policy, 87subject matter, scope of diplomacy, 59

Kennedy, A. L.conferences only succeed when results

arranged beforehand, 38 qualities of the perfect diplomat

enumerated, 65

Kennedy, John F.domestic mistakes not fatal, foreign policy can

be, 86every nation determines policies in terms of

interests, 110mere absence of war is not peace, 160purpose of foreign policy not sentiment, 87

Kennedy, Paulvital role of diplomacy in grand strategy, 217

Kertesz, Stephen D.skill of negotiators influences history, 87

Khrushchev, Nikita S.war, not conference, alters borders, 25

Kirk, Alexandernever do anything abrupt. It never pays, 1

Kirkpatrick, Ivonedefeatism makes a bad diplomat, 47

Kissinger, Henry A.absolute security for one, absolute insecurity

for others, 207achieve war aims while at war, 163acid test of foreign policy domestic support, 86advantages and disadvantages of summit

meetings, 220bargaining power depends on perceived

options, 24circumstance imprisons statesmen, 29coalitions at the mercy of most determined

members, 31conditions for balance of power, 174creation of moral consensus to preserve status

quo, 216criteria for effective strategy, 217dangers of coalitions between status quo and

acquisitive powers, 32dedication to peace empowers the ruthless,

161defeat and occupation, 47deterrence dependent on combination of

factors, 51dilemmas of negotiation by democracies, 144eagerness a liability in negotiations, 71foreign policy needs domestic support to

succeed, 87


304 Index

guerrilla wars not about compromise, 241guerrilla wins if he does not lose, 241hegemonic empires enlist universal resistance,

72hubris in negotiators, 150ideas do not sell themselves, 2legitimizing principle of order defines justice,

adjustment, 156leverage from declarations of neutrality,

concern, 152limits of diplomacy when force has abdicated,

83logics of war, peace contrasted, 244management of balance of power, 174mediocrity in statecraft, 213military men ill-suited to negotiation of peace,

248moral claims cannot be compromised as

beyond expediency, 101moral dilemmas of statesmen, 138morality vs. pragmatism in decision-making,

138nature of adjustment when international order

challenged, 157negotiation with revolutionary powers, 144negotiations at summits, 222never treat crises when cold, only when hot, 43no power can negotiate about its existence, 139perception of trends vital to statesmen, 230planning a waste of time unless, 167planning must consider capabilities as well as

intentions, 27power is the ultimate aphrodisiac, 173prerequisites for limited war, 242public relations a substitute for sense of

direction, 188purpose of alliance, 6reconciliation with defeated enemies, 164relating states by agreement rather than forcereliance on power with insufficient means is

suicide, 177revolutionary movements, 201revolutionary powers seek absolute security,

212spirits of policy, bureaucracy, contrasted, 169stability derived from consensus on

international order, 211stable order grounded in relative security,

insecurity, 157success of war, victory; of peace, stability, 244summit meetings without specific purpose

condemned, 222three main functions of negotiation, 143to gain time offer to talk, 225translating victory into political terms, 237unilateral gestures in negotiations, 149

unprecedented is a suspect term, 234vulnerability of established order, 157will may play as great a role as power, 249

Kitahara, Hideoambassadors’ duty to sustain international

system, 63

Knowledgeambassadors must be indefatigable readers,

119of foreign nations needs time, 119of host country by resident ambassadors, 12of self required in negotiators, 208

Komura, Jutarodiplomats should use ears, not mouth, 64

Laberiusfriends and enemies interchangeable, 89

Langhorne, R. T. B. and Hamilton, Keithbeginnings of diplomacy, 53diplomacy defined, 55

Languagea dialect with army and navy, 121all nations have a right to treat with others in a

neutral, 191know a man’s to know his soul, 121to speak a foreign one is to wear a disguise,

121window into the world, 121

Language and culture applied arts in diplomacy, 121

Language, bodybody speaks before mouthinnocent gestures can be insults, 98

Languages diplomatic, 121

Lawcontrasted with diplomacy, 54defects of legal reasoning in diplomacy, 66depends on tolerant society of nations, 209international contrasted to domestic, 122limitations of international, 112

Lawyerscontrasted with diplomats, 122poor diplomats, 122


305Index

Leaders, incompetent enemyfinish poorly-led enemy fast, 123

Leaders, vulnerabilities ofdefined, 123

Leadershipelements of, 123essence of, 123requires self-mastery, 123team leader requires being team player, 123turning unexpected to advantage, 123

Leaks, motivations fordefined, 123

Legal adviserabominable no-man, 124

Legatedefined, 124

Legation defined, 124

Legislation application to diplomacy counterproductive,

124contrary to diplomacy, 124

Legislative processcontrary to diplomacy, 233

Legislaturesbelligerent nationalism of, 124cannot exercise initiative, 124intervention in diplomacy almost always

unfortunate, 125lack qualities to make foreign policy, 124policy made by breeds war, 125

Legitimacydefined, 125elixir of political power, 125

Lenin, V.I.promises made to be broken, 184

Leo X, Pope reinsure by negotiating with the other side, 6

Lescalopier de Nourarwelfare of nations in hands of ambassadors, 15

Leveragedefined, 125

Liberalism, bellicose nature ofnot a philosophy of innocence, 125

Libertyhuman nature imbued with desire for, 125preferred by few, majority seek fair masters,

125right to do what laws permit, 125

Liddell Hart, Basiladvice to statesmen, 214strategy for victory, 218victory implies peace better after war than

before, 237war must be conducted with a view to the

peace you desire, 245

Lie, Trygvediplomat can cut neighbor’s throat, 61

Liesdiplomacy is to lie and deny, 14habitual liars need good memories, 125inadmissible in diplomacy, 98little inaccuracy saves tons of explanation, 126no occasion can justify, 126only rulers should have privilege of, 45rulers alone may lie, 45truth not for everyone, 126

Lies, rulersduty of rulers to remember men lie, 126

Life, diplomaticeasy on the brain, hell on the feet, 60protocol, Geritol and alcohol, 60

Linguistsspeaking is not thinking, 126

Linkage defined, 126

Lippmann, Walteralliances like chains, weak links do not

strengthen, 6difference between statesmen and politicians,

215mass opinion a dangerous master of decisions,

187mature power less affected by universal duty,

102policy formed when commitments balance

power, 176public opinion is always wrong, 188statesman who wants peace cannot ignore, 173


306 Index

Listeninggather information, conceal your own

views, 126have to listen to lead, hard to do when

screaming, 126 in negotiations, 126persuasion through, 126to what is not said, 126

Listening, diplomaticlistening agreeably without agreeing is central

to diplomacy, 126

Liu Jially with neighbors to make war, 239delay until others wane, 48

Livingston, Edwardpolitical appointees seek sinecures and

luxurious enjoyment, 18

Livycertain peace better than anticipated victory,

237

Lloyd George, Davidfatuity of military political judgment, 248government cannot act in advance of public

opinion, 187quarrels should not become policy, 74statesman who haggle should be horse

dealers, 214

Localitisavoid admiration or disparagement of host

country, 178guard against, 127problem of, 127

Lodge, Henry Cabotnation armed and bankrupt most

dangerous, 3

Lodge, John D.ambassador man with most money, fewest

votes, 18

Logic of no use in diplomacy, 127

Lomax, Johnthe fewer the staff the better the performance,

211

Louis XIVopen negotiations promote obstinacy, 38

Loyaltybasic quality for diplomat, 127requires discreet dissent, 127

Luard, Evanunyielding stubbornness vs. appeasement, 17

Luce, Clare Boothno good deed goes unpunished, 94

Lukenot with me, against me, 89

Luttwak, Edward N.arms control not a form of conflict resolution,

20logic of strategy described, 218prepared ability to fight assures peace in two

ways, 180statecraft subject to logic of strategy, 216

Lyons, Lord distinctive function of diplomatists, 61

Mably, Abbotvirtue stripped of force reveals its own

weakness, 159

MacArthur, Douglasfatal to enter war without will to win it, 243politics should not handicap men in war, 247

Machiavelli, Niccolòadvancing other powers ruins one’s own, 5appeasement ill advised, 17army, not money, sole reliable defense, 176deceit laudable in war, 45dilemma of peace and war, 163disregarding promises made under duress no

disgrace, 184economics of wars of conquest, 240everything that happens resembles ancient

times, 98exiles vain and unreliable instruments of

influence, 77hatred springs from fear and envy, 97highest wisdom may be to simulate folly, 83imitate the fox and the lion, 213insulting language, 106judging a man’s character, 28never ally with the more powerful, 6nothing more difficult than initiating a new

order, 156power measured by attitudes of neighbors, 175purposes of violence, 84


307Index

republics more faithful to treaties than princes, 39

sacrifice of certain good for uncertain better, 106

threats and insulting words, 217where to fight a war, 242

Mackinder, Halfordwho rules the world-island commands the

world, 93

Macmillan, Haroldalliances held together by fear, not love, 6statesmen poised between cliché and

indiscretion, 197

Macomber, Williamability to give a good toast, 218avoid admiration or disparagement of host

country, 178avoid disputes over principle, 181avoid indiscretion in dealing with the press,

180brevity a virtue in reporting, 198definition of diplomacy, 55discretion quality of reliability, 68duty of diplomats to work for negotiability,

184good negotiators are good at assessment of

opponents, 149loyalty requires discreet dissent, 127negotiation should produce results that last,

141negotiations at the summit violate precepts of

good negotiation, 221opening and fallback in negotiations, 142opportunities to make a difference through

diplomatic career, 183perils of uncontrolled empathy in reporting,

71policy not supported by power inoperative,

176problem of ‘localitis’ dissected, 127profession of diplomacy honorable, even

exalted, 183virtues of ad referendum negotiations, 144

Madison, Jamesattention to judgments of other nations, 155 knowledge governs ignorance, 102war is enemy to public liberty, 214

Magalhães, José Calvet deinstruments of foreign policy diplomacy and

war, 86

Maggi, Ottaviano qualifications of ambassadors, 14

Magnanimitycan conquer great enmities, 129in victory . . ., in peace, good will, 236

Mahabharataif enemies fight deceitfully repay them in

kind, 200might is above right, right proceeds from

might, 134

Maildelivered by diplomats, 49delivering the, 15

Malmesbury, Lordeagermost contacts on arrival suspicious, 40hold onto official documents in negotiations,

145listen, don’t talk, 126neither confirm nor deny indiscreet

assertions, 76opening position in negotiations, 146sacrifice your national prejudices to your

hosts’, 44

Mannerslearned from those who have none, 129putting others at ease, 129

Manu, Laws of peace and war depend on ambassadors, 13

Mao Zedongattack principles, 22politics is warfare without bloodshed, 172power comes from guns, 177

Market economies, freedomnot easy to keep open markets and ideas

constrained, 129

Marshall, George C.don’t ask me to agree in principle, 3

Martens, Charles dedefinition of diplomacy, 57necessity of tact in diplomacy, 225

Martens, G. F. degifts distinguished from bribery, 93


308 Index

Masspreponderance, concentration of capability,

129

Matthewblessed are the peacemakers, 164

Mayer, Martindiplomacy is the profession par excellence, 184war is hell for soldiers, unemployment for

diplomats, 247

McClintock, Robertdefinition of diplomacy, 55influence of diplomats on policy, 66

Mediationadjustments need intolerable situation,

deadlock, 133better between enemies than friends 168borrowed leverage, 130changes structure of negotiation, 130conciliator must help parties perceive ripe

moment, 132creating formulae for peacemaking, 130defined, 129defining the agenda, 130end games, 164formulae for settlement proposed by

mediators, 131interest in issues and outcome not an obstacle

to, 131joint with others considered, 131knowledge required by peacemakers, 131may require action to ripen the conflict, 132mediator’s role, 134price of defense of international stability, 132reinforcing conflict to produce compromise,

129richest source of leverage may be built into

situation, 131secrecy in, 35success in, 133 stick with logic of national interests, 130using third parties and institutions as

leverage, 131

Mediators credibility of, 133must respect parties and their concerns, 134power and leverage of vis-à-vis the parties,

133role of in defining process and agenda for

settlement, 134seek to become channels for communication

between parties, 134

Mediocrityin statecraft, 213

Meir, Goldaonly alternative to war is peace, 146

Melville, Hermanamity only maintained by mutual respect, 15

Memoranda of conversationno one ever lost an argument in his own, 199

Memory, attentiontrue art of memory is art of attention, 134

Menciusmen do not submit to force in their hearts, 84

Mencken, H. L.no nation ever gained by being unready to

defend itself, 193aim of practical politics to keep populace

alarmed, 81 Merchant, Livingstona year required to become effective at new

post, 228diplomats’ role indispensable, 66negotiator must know absolute minimum

acceptable, 146

Messengersbeginnings of diplomacy, 53if don’t trust messenger, then don’t trust

message, 134magpies, 134

Metternichcommand and control of coalitions, 31interests connect states and guarantee their

existence, 109interests guarantee existence of states, 110no peace possible with a revolutionary system,

212principle of solidarity and equilibrium, 109revolutions and the restoration of order, 156to despise public opinion like despising moral

principles, 188

Might is above right, 134transform strength into right, 134where is no . . . right loses itself, 134


309Index

Militarismbelief that more force accomplishes what it

failed to do before, 135

Military mattersif you believe the soldiers, nothing is safe, 207only military men should be listened to, 135should be left to military men, 135

Military sciencestatesmen must study, 215

Military strength, powerelement of power not synonym, 135

Milton, Johnamity transcends cultural differences, 15

Minister defined, 135head of legation, 124

Minister-Counselordefined, 135

Ministersambassador should know their passions and

interests, 135meetings at the level of, 135should listen to experts in negotiations, 135

Ministers for foreign affairsdefined, 135dilemmas of in public remarks, 197name-calling at conferences left to, 38qualities of, 135

Ministry of foreign affairsdefined, 136

Mission ambassador’s authority, 61defined, 136deputy chief of, defined, 136represents entire government, 61

Mistakesbetter to learn from others than learn by

making same, 136 never interrupt enemy when he is making

mistake, 136

Moderationin diplomacy as servant of statecraft, 213who walks in the middle gets hit from both

sides, 136

Modestyin negotiators, 150necessary in counseling sovereigns, 2

Modus vivendidefined, 137

Mohieddin, Zakariaobjectives of the ‘game of nations’, 85

Moltke, Helmuth von (‘The Elder’)eternal peace a dream, and not beautiful, 162leadership of diplomacy and military strategy,

248war strategy and diplomacy, relationship, 247

Monat, Pawelterm military attaché a synonym for spy, 21

Moneysolvent and softener of principles, 137

Monnet, Jeandétente must represent facts, 51

Monroe, Jamesleave military matters to the military, 135national honor, 99preparation for war stimulates suspicion, ill

will, 180

Montague, C. E.war hath no fury like a non-combatant, 244

Montaigne, Michel deambassadors not bound to unswerving

obedience, 13quarrels of princes cause wars, 191

Montesquieuabsence of gratitude for charity, 29international relations in peace and war, 243liberty is right to do what laws permit, 125natural effect of commerce is peace, 34self-defense sometimes dictates aggression, 22

Moore, John Bassettsincerity of governments never to be

questioned, 209

Moore, Robert J.dance and diplomacy call for sureness of

footing, 60definition of diplomacy, 55


310 Index

Morality always do right, 137ambassadors should not transgress, 137compromises necessary to advance, 138diplomatic corps not a school of virtue, 137do not do what you would be ashamed to have

discovered, 205in foreign policy, choice not between morality

and pragmatism, 138no nation fit to judge another, 138of governments superseded by reason of state,

137only good principle is to have none, 138statesmen cannot afford to be moralists, 137weak states can create moral consensus to

preserve status quo, 216

Morgenthau, Hans J.don’t allow a weak ally to make decisions for

you, 8good intentions no guarantee of success in

statesmen, 215international politics the struggle for power,

173negotiations cannot be conducted in public,

148statesmen must cross the Rubicon not

knowing, 213

Morris, Williammen fight and lose, 168

Morrow, Dwight hard bargain is a bad bargain, 146

Most-favored-nation statusdefined, 138

Mothe le Vayer, François de la ambassadors a necessity after Pandora’s box

opened, 75

Motivations states seldom act from a single motive, 138

Mowat, R. B.almost impossible to end war till it’s run its

course, 246civilians too intimidated by soldiers, 248collegiality of the diplomatic profession, 32diplomacy not changed by revolutions, 59diplomatic contacts in wartime speed

resolution, 248diplomatic role of the press, 180factors in success of conference diplomacy, 37irony a serious fault in a diplomat, 115

peace and good relations demands of diplomatic profession, 125

peoples more warlike than governments, 240policy made by legislatures breeds

uncertainty and war, 125self-restraint and poise, 169sudden diplomacy the worst that can be

practised, 219

Mowat. R. B., citing otherspopular participation in foreign policy no cure

for war, 50Mowrer, Paul Scott

interests vs. ideology in foreign policy, 109

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick importance of negotiating record, 140

Muaawiyaif they slacken, I pull; if they pull, I slacken,

197

Mueller, Johnwars are lost, not won, 246

Multilateral defined, 138

Mumblingwhen in doubt, mumble, 26

Murray, Grenvillediplomacy of women like that of eunuchs, 60

Nabokov, Vladimirperils of predicting the future, 108

Napoleonambassadors are titled spies, 14diplomacy, police in grand costume, 51flatterers also slander, 81flattery from enemies is suspicious, 82international incidents, 103negotiation during war, 145never interrupt enemy when he is making

mistake, 136qualification of diplomat to keep silent, 208pay attention to the women, 51principles are fine; they entail no commitment,

181treaties last while in harmony with interests, 4

National defined, 139


311Index

Nationalismall nations have reasons for thinking

themselves incomparable, 139

Nations it matters how small ones express themselves,

209judged by representatives abroad, 56large prone to self absorption, 121paradox of power operates to advantage of

small, 209powerful need no ambassadors, 209small are like indecently dressed women, 209small have long memories and thin skins, 209society of . . . and international law, 209

Navigationprotection of, 26

Negotiability maintenance of objective of diplomacy, 139no power can negotiate about its existence, 139what’s mine is mine, what’s yours is

negotiable, 139when negotiation is appropriate, 139

Negotiationappropriateness and necessity of considered,

139between friends, 89cultural differences affect, 43defined and described, 140diplomatic, defined, 143flexibility in, 143functions of, 143not an exercise in charity, 141only time resolves conflicts but time needs

help, 144possibility of coercive use of power informs,

143propaganda value of, 143purpose of politeness in, 171refusal of, 139rejection of, 139should never degenerate into argument, 19society of men implies continuous, 142victory and defeat in negate diplomacy, 230with revolutionary states differs from

commercial, 144

Negotiation, criteria for must be common interests and issues of

conflict, 142

Negotiationsagreement ends secrecy, 148

antidote to weakness for the prudent and astute, 144

between friends, 90cannot gain what force could not, 24collapse of, 79conduct of, 149confidentiality of, 147confidentiality of private discussions during,

148dilemmas of democracies in, 145documents in, 145hard bargain is a bad bargain, 146hear only what was said, 126humility in, 99importance of keeping them ad referendum,

144importance of precision in, 178impossible without secrecy, 149, 205influencing opponents’ instructions, 146involvement of women in, 60national styles differ, 146objectives in, 155opening position in, 143, 146peace talks the war after the war, 146publicity about necessary at right time, 147publicity about progress in, 148publicity freezes positions in, 148publicity inhibits flexibility in, 147resort to force so as to initiate, 84results, not course, should be publicized, 148secrecy essential to facilitate concessions, 148secrecy in, 149secrecy necessary to enable compromise, 205secrecy of forgiven by posterity, 62should produce results that last, 142summits and, 220take about as long as elephants to have babies,

145territorial disputes, secrecy essential, 149timing of, 36unbacked by power ridiculous and fruitless,

146unilateral gestures a mistake, 149venue, 235war by other means, 144wartime, 145

Negotiations, art of conductingbe not so soft as to be squeezed dry, 146domino effect, 145empathy, 71empathy contrasted with sympathy, 146events can control, 145focus on implementation, 145high demands, tough, realistic approach pays,

141


312 Index

listen for what your opponent does not say, 126

loses value for powerful who can dictate, 143manufacturing a casus belli, 243never allow opponent to take away

documents, 145politeness, 171powerful should make the first advance, 178principles vs. practicalities, 243refusal to negotiate best strategy, 218relinquishing options deliberately, 150remember relationships beyond issues at

hand, 145withhold major concessions for last, 36

Negotiations, delegations forcomposition of, 141duties of head of delegation, 141language qualifications, 142management of, 142three elements of, 141

Negotiations, objectives inambassadors’ role in setting, 141lucidity and precision breed success, 139negotiator must know minimum position, 146negotiators easily abandon, 150not to conclude something, 143realism required, 140resist temptation to solve too much, 140setting the bottom line, 150

Negotiations, propitious moment forwhen both sides see agreement as better than

its absence, 146

Negotiations, publicity aboutdanger of provoking vanity of an adversary,

148media attention inhibits compromise, 147successful diplomacy not much publicized,

220winners like recognition, 148

Negotiations, record ofimportance, 140making accurate minutes essential, 142master the record, 142mind well-marinated in, prepared, 142

Negotiations, trickery inoverbidding to make other offers unattractive,

160

NegotiatorsAchilles’ heel of objectivity, 153

assessment of opponents, 152backstopping back home essential, 154dangers of vanity in, 235defeatism in, 50differences with intelligence agencies, 153hubris in, 153inability to make concessions as source of

power, 152influence success or failure of foreign policy,

87instructions to, 150interest in success excessive, 150modesty in, 150must be able to outsit the other side, 160must know their own weaknesses to succeed,

208patience and preparation by, 152private meetings between, 150qualifications, 149qualities of, 151qualities of the heart most important, 149rank of, 151responsibility for preparing opening and

fallback positions, 143rudeness sometimes useful, 171seek to change reality not understand and

accept it, 150selection of to facilitate agreement, 152should be apt listeners, 150should conceal irritation, 115should know their opponents to persuade

them, 152stamina required, 212visible authority vital to success, 149working opponents, 152

Neighborsare natural enemies, 73attitudes of measure power, 176every nation wishes them weakness and

decadence, 152

Neutralitybetween a dog and a lamp-post, 153defined, 152great powers not genuinely neutral, 152leverage derived from, 152preferred policy, 152strong government needed to observe, 152

New diplomacynothing real in it, 153old art practiced under new conditions, 153

NGOdefined, 153


313Index

single interest, 153

Nicholas II99% of ‘public opinion’ is mere forgery, 187

Nicholas, HerbertUN indispensable before it has become

effective, 234

Nicholson, Arthurdurable peace must be moderate and just, 246

Nicolson, Haroldalliances evolve, 6ambassadors must question bad instructions,

105American views of U.S. Foreign Service, 88brilliance and triumphs breed resentment, 58coalitions, 31dangers of vanity in negotiators, 235definition of diplomacy, 55diplomacy seeks durable arrangements, 53diplomacy should be a disagreeable business,

178diplomatic theory from common sense, not

religion, 197diplomats place national interests first, 109disintegrating effect of flattery, 82duty to express judgment, 117good negotiations take as long as elephants

having babies, 145imprecise policy means no policy at all, 170influence founded on diplomatic virtues, 104meetings at ministerial level, 135missionaries, fanatics and lawyers, 62negotiation must not degenerate into

argument, 19negotiators should conceal irritation, 115practice of diplomacy relies on confidence and

credit, 58precision essential in ideal diplomatistsusceptibility of diplomats to vanity, 235worst and best diplomatists, 62

Niebuhr, Reinholdgreat nations can be overcome by own prideonly an order with justice brings stable peace,

98probable not inevitable, war can be avoided, 98

Nietzche, Friedrichwar makes the victor stupid, the vanquished

vengeful, 239

Nixon, Richard M.balance of power diplomacy, 174

covenants arrived at secretly or not at all, 148creation of willowy euphoria a danger of

summitry, 221talking not always better than not talking, 222to be a statesman, must be successful

politician first, 214

Nonalignmentdefined, 153

Nonintervention almost the same as intervention, 153

Non-paperdefined, 153

Nonviolencetechnique of struggle that transforms

weakness, 154

Norstad, Laurisforeign policy no more effective than power

backing it, 88

Notes circular, defined, 154collective, 154diplomatic, defined, 154exchange of, defined, 154identic, defined, 154verbale, defined, 154why diplomats write them, 154

Nuance truth and wisdom lie in, 154

Nuclear proliferationstatement of no confidence in other security

arrangements, 154

Nuclear warfatal hazard to health of participants, 154

Nuncio defined, 154

Nyerere, Julius K.small nations like indecently dressed women,

209

Objectives, declaringfoolish to declare unless confident of means to

accomplish, 155

Objectives, unrealisticdefined, 155


314 Index

O’Brien, Conor Cruiseappeal to United Nations, 233

Obstaclesnever mistake one for end of road, 155

Occupation one can do everything with bayonets except

sit on them, 155strategies for coping with, 47

Offense, defenseprefer to be hammer than anvil, 155

Old diplomacymostly carried on in drawing rooms, 155

Opinionworld ruled by force but opinion uses force,

155

Opinion, foreignattention to judgments of other nations, 155

Opportunitiestake time by the forelock, 156who seizes the right moment the right man,

156

Opposition partiesalways be in with the outs, 156

Optimismlike courage to soldier for a diplomat, 156

Oratoryat international organizations, 112skill required by ambassadors, 156style appropriate for ambassadors, 156

Order foundation of stable is relative security,

insecurity, 157international, realm of kaleidoscopic, 156legitimizing principle defines justice, mode of

adjustment, 156only an order with justice brings a stable

peace, 156revolutionary challenge to changes diplomacy,

157revolutions temporary disturbances in life of

states, 157vulnerability to revolution, 157

Order, newdifficulties of initiating, 156

Ordersnever give unless believe they can be obeyed,

157

Ostracismbreeds resentment, 157

Ovidnations flourish and decay, 28

Pacificationovercome by force only overcomes half the

foe, 159spreading fire and desolation is not

government, 159

Pacifismthe Earth devours a king who is inclined to

peace, 159virtue stripped of force reveals its own

weakness, 159

Page, Walter Hinesdescription of activities of American

ambassadors, 9

Palmerston, Lordbalance of power is self-perservation, 174commerce builds a community of interests

between nations, 33dining is the soul of diplomacy, 74duties of consular officers, 20Eleventh Commandment, ‘Thou shalt not be

found out’, 46firmly defend national interests, 85only interests abide, 110publicizing success in negotiations, 148

Paranoiathe paranoid transform allies into enemies,

159

Partisans of good relationsambassadors should cultivate, 159be wary of overly eager acquaintances, 40

Partitiondefined, 160

Pascal, Blaisejustice without force is impotent, 118world ruled by force but opinion uses force,

155

Passportdefined, 160


315Index

Patiencea state with a future can afford to wait, 160delay until others wane, 48eagerness a liability in negotiations, 71everything comes to those who wait, 160key attribute of successful diplomats, 160unshakeable, 64

Patriotismdefined, 160he who denies his heritage, 160

Peacea bad one worse than war, 161a very apoplexy, lethargy, 162achieve basic terms of while at war, 163be suspicious of one who begs for a truce, 230best secured through magnanimity, 129can succeed only with will and power to

enforce it, 161certain . . . better than anticipated victory, 237civilized mankind desires yet makes war, 163daughter of war, 163dedication to empowers the ruthless, 161dream of the wise, 163durable, 246eternal, a dream and not beautiful, 162eternal, lasts only till next war, 162favors the status quo, not justice, 162interest keeps, 162logic of contrasted with logic of war, 244mankind will only perish in eternal, 162means non-resort to force to resolve conflicts,

161more perfect, legitimate object of war, 162never a bad, nor a good war, 161no greater fault than a vindictive, 163no one can have longer than his neighbor

pleases, 161not mere absence of war, 160nothing but a name, 160object to make future war improbable, 163only rulers with no choice should seek, 160only way to abolish war is to make . . . heroic,

239opposite of not just war but all political

violence, 162peace without victory, 161peacekeeping often an obstacle to, 164price of self-respect too great for, 162purpose of all war is, 163really only a truce, 161reconciliation with enemies, 163reconciling the vanquished to defeat, 163restrained tolerance of status quo, 161secure when no profit in war, 163

seldom reigns in Europe, never throughout the world, 161

success is stability, success of war is victory, 244

the worst one is better than war, 161tranquil freedom contrary to war, 160war in masquerade, 160

Peace and wardiplomatic service represents aspiration for

peace, 164expedient for the victory, necessity for the

vanquished, 164unhappy dilemma for rulers, 163weakness at home, risks abroad, 163

Peace, justiceend of injustice marks beginning of peace, 162

Peace, makingeasier to make war than peace, 162

Peace Processprotracted course of negotiation, 164

Peace, warnations choose war when peace seen as

injurious, 163

Peacekeeping freezes conflict, impedes peace, 164

Peacemakersblesséd as the children of God, 164infirmities of military men as, 248interest in issues and outcome does not

disqualify, 132knowledge required by in mediation, 131must deal ad hoc, be tailors, not haberdashers,

131role of vis-à-vis the contending parties, 134

Peacemakingderiving leverage from others and regional

balance of power, 165diplomacy, not speeches or votes, 164publicizing grievances undercuts, 164reconciliation with enemies, 164

Pearson, Lester B.diplomacy letting someone else have your

way, 55diplomacy unbacked by strength aimless, 88

Pecquet, Antoineenvoys never off duty, 13


316 Index

exactitude in reporting essential, 198qualities of the heart most important in

negotiators, 151society of men implies continuous negotiation,

142to be worthy of rewards is itself a recompense,

201

Perception, managementcombines truth projection, operations security,

etc., 165 Permission

easier to be forgiven for unauthorized action, 165

Perseverancein policy only avenue to success, 165

Persistencein policies that fail no aid to credibility, 39

Persona non gratadefined, 165

Personal diplomacyrisks of, 57

Personal relations, summitsallows leaders to form first-hand impressions,

165

Personnelcontrols institutions and policies, 165employ the wise, brave, covetous, and stupid,

168how to choose reliable people, 166

Persuasioncontrasted with bargaining, 166fitting words to the mind of another, 166only alternative to coercion, 112through insinuation, 104

Phrasinguse soft words and hard arguments, 166

Pierce, Herbert H. D. amateurism undesirable in ambassadors, 10

Placement defined, 167

Plamandon, Benoîthow plans become policies, 167

Planningbased on capabilities as well as intentions, 25futility of, 168most profitable investment of time, 169plans are useless but planning indispensable,

167process, in foreign ministries, 166role and essential task of, 167scratch a diplomat, find a planner, 168statesman must do themselves, 166statesmen cannot foresee results of action, 167summitry distracts from, 221waste of time unless done by those who

execute it, 167

Planning, contingencysets objectives and defines courses of action,

168

Planning, contingency, civilians andcivilians resist military contingency planning,

168

Planning, operational vs. policypractitioners of each have trouble

understanding each other, 168

Planning, operationspreparation of schemes for military operations

in hostile, 168

Planswhen devil’s grandmother messes with yours,

make new ones, 169

Plantey, Alaingood faith requires patient and constant effort,

94

Platopeace is but a name, 160rulers alone should be allowed to lie, 45states are normally at war with each other, 246

Plischke, Elmerdefinition of diplomacy, 56national power defined, 176

Poise quality of traditional diplomatist, 169

Polemics defined, 169

Policediplomacy in grand costume, 52


317Index

international organizations as, 111

Policycannot be imposed without other countries

assent, 170contributions to by ambassadors, 10coordination process criticized, 41dead, 170differs from administration, 169diplomacy is but the agency for effectuating,

170imprecise means aspiration only, 170intelligence essential to best, 108limited and defensive . . . is losing policy, 169mistaken policies born in telling chiefs what

they like to hear, 170pursuit of wrong one provokes enemiesrecommendations to sovereigns, 2relationship to intelligence, 108sentimental knows no reciprocity, 208spirit of contrasted with spirit of bureaucracy,

169substance of foreign relations, diplomacy

execution of, 169war as instrument of, 240without commensurate power inoperative, 176

Policy, national securitydiplomacy the silent, bloodless stuff of

strategy, 170

Policymaking specialists not infallible, 170sticking to the carcasses of dead policies, 170

Politenessart of living easy and happy in society, 171courtesy to strangers, 216diplomats, 171function of in negotiation, 171gets one by everywhere, 171know the meaning of evasion, 76not a false thing but restraint of passion, 170painless to the tongue, 170strangers always polite, 216wartime, 171

Political appointeesSee Appointees, political

Political partiesrelations with by diplomats, 63

Political sectiondefined, 171

Political warfareconfusion, indecisiveness, panic, weapons, 171

Politiciansas ambassadors, 171contrasted with statesmen, 214distinguished from statesmen, 214statesman is politician dead ten years, 214

Politicsart of the possible, 172is personal, 172military and, 248

Politics, foreign policydomestic politics drive posture, 172

Politics, military actionsmost extreme form of politics, 172

Politics, rules ofin politics nothing contemptible, 172

Politics, warfarepolitics is warfare without bloodshed, 172

Politydefined, 172

Polybiuswisdom and skill needed to make use of

victory, 238

Postingsbe wary of those eager to contact you on

arrival, 40instructions to his wife by Sir Richard Burton,

211

Posturesit to ingratiate, stand to lead, 172

Pouch diplomatic, defined, 172

Povertythose who cannot live by wallets must live by

wits, 172

Power absolute power corrupts absolutely, 175consists in having things your way, 173distance weakens, 173from the barrel of a gun, 177international politics based on struggle for,

173


318 Index

man-of-war best ambassador, 176measuring by reference to neighboring

states, 176measuring that of a state, 176military, relationship to policy, 176money not the sinews of war, 175more powerful state should make first move

in negotiations, 176objectives must be limited to accord with, 155paradox of works to advantage of small states,

209persuasive only if likely to be applied, 176policy formed when commitments balance,

176policy not supported by inoperative, 176rulers tempted by arbitrary, 173sets few limits on itself, 173should speak for itself, 218size, energy of nations, 177statesman cannot ignore, 173strategic objectives must not exceed, 155sum total of the capabilities of the nation, 176three components of, 172to rely on with insufficient means is suicide,

177ultimate aphrodisiac, 173weakness of reputation for power not based

on force, 177without nation’s confidence is nothing, 175without power, a king is conquered, 173

Power politicsdiplomatic name for law of the jungle, 176

Power, balance ofalternative is imbalance and greater danger of

war, 174conditions for operation of, 174defined, 173hegemony produces security, absence of it

implies insecurity, 103history demonstrates validity of principle of,

109interest in independence transcends ideology,

103means of buttressing alliances in changeable,

7necessity of preventing aggrandizement of

neighbors, 173object is peace, not high ethical purpose, 173permanent undertaking, not exertion that

ends, 174self-defense sometimes dictates aggression, 22uncertainty of in times of rapid change, 173weaker states unite to curb stronger, 174

when equilibrium present, diplomacy a substitute for war, 174

Power, distribution ofdefined, 175

Power, economicresembles a string, 175

Power, hardsmart statecraft uses power intelligently, 175

Power, moralitythinks it’s doing God’s service when violating

His laws, 176Power of the weak

capacity to shame oppressors, 177

Power projectionconduct expeditionary warfare from a

distance, 177

Practicalitynothing is unreasonable if it is useful, 177

Precedencedefined, 177

Precedence, order of ancient quarrels best left unrenewed, 186

Precedents, badbegin as justifiable measures, 177

Precision diplomacy should be a disagreeable business,

178essential in ideal diplomatist, 178excessive, 178imprecise policy means no policy at all, 170misery caused by lack of, 135nothing more important in negotiation, 177understandings must be precise, 177

Predictionsare worthless so demand high price for

making them, 178

Preemptionallows one to assert control over enemy, 178right of nation to preserve national

security, 178

Prejudice diplomats must avoid positive or negative, 178


319Index

Prenegotiation‘flypaper principle’, 179demonstrating stalemate and deterioration in

situation, 179influencing opponents’ positions, 146narrowing the subjects of disagreement, 178tasks of analyzed, 180

Preparednessassures peace in two ways, 180diplomacy weak and ineffective without, 179don’t wait till you’re thirsty to dig a well, 179if you want peace, prepare war, 179most needed by the weak, 179stimulus to suspicion and ill will, 180

Presencedemonstration of interest, commitment to

apply power, 180

Pressadvice for dealing with, 180diplomatic role of the, 180free reporting by creates need for deception in

war, 46most effective when officials sense

partnership, 180

Press, goodhave kids and a dog to get, 180

Pressurerejection of, 181

Prestige obstacle to compromise at conferences, 38shadow cast by power, 181

Prevention, rescuemore gratitude shown to rescuers, cannot

prove prevented disaster, 181

Pridegreat nations can be overcome by own pride,

181

Principle absent from commerce, 34

Principles avoid disputes over, 181cause of war, 181compete with each other in diplomacy, 181 no guide to choice or compromise, 181people that values privilege above, 181threads in the labyrinth of circumstances, 181

Privileges and immunities defined, 182inviolability of ambassadors, 182kings’ dignity is enhanced by good treatment

of envoys, 182protection by the host country foundation of

diplomacy, 182

Probitymost important quality in ambassador, 182negotiators must embody, 151with candor more successful than subtlety,

finesse, 27

Procès-verbaldefined, 182

Process, diplomaticcan be shock absorbers when bilateral

interests collide, 182

Productivemeaning of, 183

Profession of diplomacydemands of, 183deserves same preparation as other

professions, 183duty to work for negotiability of problems, 183estranges from diplomats’ fellow citizens, 63honorable, even exalted, 183life of good consequence, 183men conform to their calling, 184professional knowledge vital in selecting

diplomats, 10pure service with quality of performance

unmeasurable, 184too important to be left to amateurs, 58way of life, 183

ProfessionalismAmerican tradition discredits, 18skilled work requires a skilled workman, 10

Professionsdiplomatic and military, 67

Proliferationdriven by actual or anticipated conflict, 225

Promisesbinds accepters more than makers of, 184like piecrusts, made to be broken, 184no disgrace in disregarding those forced upon

one, 184


320 Index

Pro-Nuncio, Apostolicdefined, 184

Propagandaadvantages of the big lie, 185attitude of diplomats toward, 185confusion, panic as weapons, 171emotional engineering, 185friends nearly deceived, enemies not quite, 184handmaiden of diplomacy, 186handmaiden of good foreign policy, 186in war, truth the first casualty, 184limits of, 185must fit policy as a sabre fits the scabbard, 185must stress very few points and repeat them

endlessly, 185people can be made to do bidding of leaders,

185principles of, 185sins of the enemy, 185tendentious, if not deceptious, 185vilify; some of it will stick, 184

Prophesies, self-fulfillingfear and response to it are causes of, 186

Prosperity changes in well-being alter calculations, 186

Protecting powerdefined, 186

Protection businesses and citizens, 27of resident nationals by ambassadors, 42

Protectionismridiculous and ignominious expedient, 186tariff wars generally end in tariff wars, 225

Protestdefined, 186

Protocolas agreement, defined, 186defined as expression of good manners among

nations, 187framework for orderly conduct of diplomacy,

187helpfulness of, 186insistence upon a mark of lack of seriousness,

187scenes over blunders of make diplomats

ridiculous, 187stilling of ancient preoccupations, 186

Proverbeverything comes to those who wait, 160stay your hand or strike to kill, 243take time by the forelock, 156why have a dog and bark yourself?, 3

Proverb, Arabbe not so soft as to be squeezed dry, nor so

stiff, 145call even a dog ‘Sir’ to get what you need, 82cherish your heritage, 160cross-cultural friendship, 91donor should not mention charity; recipient

should not forget it, 29enemy of my enemy, 73generosity captivates the decent, antagonizes

the mean, 29habitual liars need good memories, 125kiss the hand that you cannot bite, 82kiss the upper hand you cannot withstand,

219recipients of charity are unreliable, 29responsibilities of guests, 95silence less regrettable than words, 68strangers are always polite, 216the sword decides after strategem has failed,

84wise enemies better than foolish friends, 89

Proverb, Dutchno one has peace longer than his neighbor

pleases, 161

Proverb, Englishdifference between statesmen and politicians,

215

Proverb, Frenchabsent are always wrong, 11don’t wait till you’re thirsty to dig a well, 179peace is the daughter of war, 163politeness, 170

Proverb, Germanbest enemies those who make threats, 228

Proverb, Latinif you want peace, prepare war, 179to receive a favor is to sell your liberty, 81treaties must be observed, 35

Proverb, Persianhow manners are learned, 129use enemy’s hand to catch snake, 73


321Index

Proverb, Portuguesewhere there is no might right loses itself, 134

Proverb, Russianeternal peace lasts till next war, 162

Proverbsa soft answer, 250where there is no vision, the people perish,

238

Psychological operationsdefined, 187

Public appearances never miss an opportunity to relieve yourself,

187

Public opinionalways wrong in foreign policy, 188ambassadors and, 2dangerous master of decisions, 187dilemmas for diplomats recommending

policies, 188means public sentiment, 187mere forgery, 187the Government cannot act in advance of, 187to despise is like despising moral principles,

188

Public relationssubstitute for sense of direction, 188

Publicityabout negotiations necessary at right time, 147about progress in negotiations, 147accomplishments inversely proportional to,

188agreement in negotiations makes appropriate,

147complicates settlement of quarrels, 206deterrent to conflict resolution, 188dilemma of foreign ministers, 197diplomacy cannot always be public, 188freezes positions in negotiations, 148inhibits flexibility in negotiations, 147much that cannot be disclosed in foreign

affairs, 206open covenants, openly arrived at, 188participants in negotiation must not publish,

147premature blights agreements, 188public conduct of negotiations impossible, 148publication of grievances undercuts

peacemaking, 164

Purpose great actions derive from great purposes, 189nations must limit objectives, 155pursue one great decisive aim, 189

Purposes of diplomacycreating solid and durable relations, 53

Purposes, nationalalways exceed a nation’s means, 189must be proportional to capabilities, 189

Quaroni, Pietrogood diplomacy concedes the minimum

necessary, 36

Quarrelsagreements cause disagreements, 191cause war between princes, 191every government a problem for others, 191of friends are opportunities of foes, 191usually caused by bureaucratic blunders, 25

Questionsnever ask unless sure answer helps cause, 191

Raison d’étatdefined, 193irrelevance of individual morality to

governments, 137no right to be unselfish with other’s interests,

193

Rajaratnam, S.deciding how to vote in international

organizations, 238

Rapporteurdefined, 193

Rapprochementdefined, 193those that want love should do something

lovable, 193

Ratificationdefined, 193

Readinessdiplomacy weak and ineffective without, 179if you want peace, prepare war, 179no nation ever gained by being unprepared,

193to secure peace be ready always for war, 193


322 Index

Reagan, Ronald W.diplomacy brings gift of peace, 57intelligence analysis, 107regimes planted by bayonet don’t take root, 94system unstable if no peaceful means to

legitimize leaders, 220

Reality, intentionscannot be prevented from intruding on best

intentions, 193

Reason of relationshipdefined, 193

Reason of systemdefined, 194

Rebellionsuccess only justification for, 194

Recallletters of, defined, 194

Recall of ambassadordefined, 194

Receiving statedefined, 194

Reciprocitybasis for durable agreements, 4best diplomacy leaves other side reasonably

satisfied, 56defined, 194

Recognitioncriteria for, 194withholding from unworthy, 194

Record, off the basis for discussion with journalists, 194

Record, on thebasis for discussions with journalists, 195

Recruitmentstandards for apprentice diplomats, 66

Reformdifficulties of, 156perils of domestic, 195

Refugeedefined, 195

Regala, Robertoforeign policy is strategy of diplomacy, 85

Regala, Roberto, citing otherscriteria for success of diplomacy by

conference, 38diplomats solve problems made by other

diplomats, 61

Regime installationpeople can not submit to form of government

they don’t accept, 195

Regionalismdefined, 195

Reinforcement, diplomatichold something in reserve, 195

Rejectiondefined, 195

Relationsambassadorial, defined, 195breaking off in moments of crisis, 195close are not always amicable, 195diplomatic, defined, 196diplomatic, purpose, 196disadvantages of breaking, 196Muaawiya’s hair, 197not a compliment but a convenience, 197utilitarian not moral significance, 196

Relations, conduct of ambassadors responsible for overall, 12

Relations, friendlyattentiveness and tact price of good relations,

197

Relevanceextent to which capability brought to bear on

disputed issues, 197

Reliabilitya moral imperative, 197

Religionabsence of impact on diplomatic theory, 197defined, 197scoffs at sovereignty, 197weapon of political warfare, 197

Remarks, publicbetween the cliché and the indiscretion, 197

Renan, Ernesttruth and wisdom lie in nuances, 154


323Index

Reparationsdefined, 197

Repetitionart of diplomatic attack, 197

Reportingbrevity in, 198clarity and simplicity the key to good, 198diplomatic vs. journalistic, 64displeasing as well as pleasing things must be

sent, 198do not compromise or condemn others, 198draft telegrams as if you had to pay for them

yourself, 199duty to be true and honest, 198economic, to promote exports, 198exactitude in essential, 198honest, a duty of diplomats, 215journalistic contrasted with diplomatic, 64, 188memoranda of conversation, 199needs confidentiality, 207never report your own words, 198perils of appearing to plead a foreign cause, 72protecting confidences, 206purpose of, 199qualities of officers who report, 107reward for honest and forthright, 199unread by decisionmakers, useless, 198

Reporting, politicalfrequent taverns to understand local politics,

199

Repplier, Agnesfriendships fail when interests part, 89

Representivityof national diversity by armies, diplomatic

services, 199

Repression, resistancerepression empowers resistance, 200

Reprisalrepay the enemy in his own coin, 200

Reputationcannot be replaced once lost, 200contrast with honor, 200for straight and honest dealing essential, 68for trickiness will follow a diplomat, 68

Reservationdefined, 200

Residencemanagement of, 200soul in guests who animate it, 200

Respectand admiration for one’s country, not

affection, 200commodity of value on the international

scene, 200

Reston, Jamesadvantages of international crises, 43best journalism from alliance of officials,

reporters, 180devilish thing about foreign affairs, 84foreign relations endless endeavor, 88nations must limit objectives, 155

Restraintof all manifestations of power, impresses

most, 200

Retaliationright of, 246

Retreatsome battles won only after, 200

Reunificationdefined, 200

Revanchismdesire of state to regain territory lost, 201

Revolutionowes its success to disbelief of opponents, 201temporary disturbance in the life of a state,

156vulnerability of established order, 157

Revolutionary powersappeasement of, 214negotiations with, 144

Rewardsto be worthy of, itself a recompense, 201

Rhetoricat international organizations, 112

Richardson, Elliot L.contributions of ambassadors to policy, 10

Richelieu, Cardinalbenefits of uninterrupted foreign relations, 88


324 Index

candor and probity better than subtlety, finesse, 27

choose friends for their power, not out of sentiment, 89

diplomacy seeks durable arrangements, 53first, conciliate; failing that, crush, 37never fish for invitations, 114secrecy is essential in state affairs, 205

Ridgway, Gen. Matthew B.soldiers serve statesmen, 247

Risksgreatest the shirking of, 201

Rochefoucauld, François, Duc de lagreat actions result of great purposes, 189negotiators too interested in success , 150why we reconcile with our enemies, 163

Roetter, Charlesinterference in internal affairs cause for

expulsion, 111much depends on personality and ability of

ambassadors, 13self-image vs. popular image of diplomats, 63

Roetter, Charles, citing othersinterpreters must know what statesmen do,

113

Rogers, Willconferences can scare up wars, 38diplomacy like good bookkeeping, always

balances, 42diplomats essential to starting wars, 67why diplomats write notes, 154

Roosevelt, Franklin Delanopeace can succeed only with will and power to

enforce it, 161stroking tigers won’t make them kittens, 17

Roosevelt, Theodorecourtesy should mark international

intercourse, 42in military affairs listen to the military, 135just war better than acquiescence in wrong,

241speak softly and carry a big stick, 51war better than loss of national honor, 99war justifiable, even imperative , 241

Rosebery, Lordcordiality between nations rests on mutual

respect, 40

Rousseau de Chamoyambassadors must decide without awaiting

instructions, 105probity essential in ambassadors, 182

Rowan, Carlhow diplomats get good press, 180

Rudenessutility of, 201

Rulershiponly hand that grasps sword can hold scepter,

201

Rusk, Dean ambassadors are to take charge, 10diplomacy cannot always be public, 188measuring success in foreign policy, 87national interest in democracies, 110parliamentary diplomacy defined and

described, 57persuasion through listening, 126quiet conversation better than public quarrel,

206summits tense as court of last resort in

session, 211

Ruthlessnessbreeds savagery in enemies, 201

Salisbury, Countlogic of no use in diplomacy, 127

Salisbury, Lordbe skeptical of soldiers’ talk of strategic places,

167error of sticking to carcasses of dead policies,

170if you believe the soldiers, nothing is safe, 207never trust experts, 77object of peace treaty to make war improbable,

163

Sallust ending wars very difficult, 246liberty preferred by few, majority seek fair

masters, 125

Salutesdefined, 203

Sanctionsadverse consequences for those who impose

economic, 203allies, enemies, 205


325Index

alternative to engagement of diplomacy, not force, 204

commercial restrictions as a substitute for war, 203

create their own antidotes, 204economic imply ultimate resort to military,

205economic, accompanying measures of

pressure, 204economic, are delusory, 203economic, defined, 203economic, duration of, 204economic, timing of, 205impact of boycotts, 203influence, 204military cowardice tarted up as moral outrage,

203motivation for, 205political merits of boycotts, 203purpose of, 204revolutionary states often welcome, 205unsuccessful instrument of intervention in

internal affairs, 111

Santayana, Georgedelight in war is a merit in the soldier, 240

Sarcasmlast way station on route to despair, 205

Sarpi, Paololies I never tell, 125

Satow, Ernestavoid joining criticism of host country by

natives, 43blunders of precedence and protocol, 187diplomacy defined, 52guard against ‘localitis’, 127law of nations not concerned with bribery, 25to know a man’s ideas have him speak his

own language, 121

Sa ud, Abdullah bin Abd Al-Aziz Al-friends who won’t help no better than enemies

who don’t harm, 89those that want love should do something

lovable, 193

Saunders, Harold L.prenegotiation described, 179

Schelling, Thomas C.agreements absent trust and good faith, 46inability to concede may strengthen a

negotiator, 149

Schofield, John MacAllisterstatesmen must know military science, 215

Secessiondefined, 205

Secrecy avoid activity that would be seen as

shameful, 205ciphers, 206diplomatic reporting, 207do not tell secrets to those not tested, 205essential in negotiations, 148facilitates compromise, 205first essential in state affairs, 205in politics and diplomacy, 206much in foreign affairs that cannot be

disclosed, 206necessity of in negotiations, 188negotiation impossible without, 205obligation to participants in negotiations, 147protecting confidences of other states, 206purpose of classification, 30required in bargaining, 24the very soul of diplomacy, 205useful in settling quarrels, 206without it, covenants impossible, 148

Secretariatsubstitute for thought at the top, 207

Secretarydiplomatic, defined, 207

Secretseyes confess secrets of heart, 207

Securityabsolute for one means absolute insecurity for

others, 207don’t be complacent toward enemies, 207don’t be too impressed with soldiers talk of

strategic places, 167if you believe the soldiers, nothing is safe, 207revolutionary powers seek absolute, 212

Security from enemiessecure self by not making any enemies, 207

Self-controldiplomats must not speak without thought,

207necessary to dominate the emotions of others,

207


326 Index

Self-defense, justificationnecessity of leaves no moment for deliberation,

208

Self-interest, enlighteneddoctrine of, 208

Self-knowledgenecessary in negotiators, 208

Sending statedefined, 208

Senecadrinking is a voluntary madness, 5foremost art of kings power to endure hatred,

97if a man not know to what port he steers, 155peace expedient for the victor, necessary for

the vanquished, 164

Sentiment alliances based on, 6sentimental policy knows no reciprocity, 208

Serres, Jean and Wood, John R.definition of diplomacy, 56how diplomatic professionalism is

acquired, 19protection of nationals and their commerce, 26

Seton-Watson, Hughdescription of amoral Soviet foreign policy, 86

Seward, William Henrycomment on political appointees, 18

Shakespeare, Williamhow govern kingdom that know not how to

use ambassadors?, 9peace is a very apoplexy, lethargy, 162

Sherman, William Tecumsehlegitimate object of war more perfect peace,

245more perfect peace is legitimate object of war,

162

Sherpasdefined, 208work of, 220

Shipping protection of, 26

Shultz, George P.diplomats and warriors, 248problems solved by not being too precise, 178walk in the middle and get hit from both

sides, 136words count, 249

Silencea fool holdeth his peace counted wise, 208most eloquent answer, 208qualification of diplomat to keep silent, 208

Silvercruys, Baronmost useful qualities of diplomat, 65

Sinceritygreatly facilitates the conduct of affairs, 208never question governments’, 209

Skepticism, optimismessential to success in analysis, 209

Skillsbureaucratic and diplomatic differ, 209

Smith, Gen. Walter Bedelloutcome of war sets diplomatic possibilities,

24

Smith, Paul A., Jr.principles of propaganda, 185

Societydefined, 209

Soldiersdiplomat the servant of, 248implement policies of statesmen by violence,

212statesman’s junior partners, 247

Solutions, problemssolution to one problem is father of next, 210

Solzhenitsin, Aleksandropposite of peace all political violence, 162

Sophocleshatred for enemies, 73

Sovereigntydefined, 210right of states to do as they please, 210

Sparta, King of impossible to attack one who agrees to

arbitrate, 19


327Index

Spaulding, E. Wilderbest diplomats interested in what they find at

post, 62diplomatic and journalistic reporting

contrasted, 64

Speechincisive form of action, 210style appropriate for ambassadors, 156

Spies ambassadors are titled, 14kinds of, 210know, are not known, 210qualities of good intelligence officers, 107unlicensed ambassadors, 14

Spousesdiplomatic wives’ support invaluable, 211instructions to on reassignment, 211no profession in which wives more important

than diplomacy, 210role in moves incident to reassignment, 211wives are valuable auxiliaries, 211

Spring, Howardlove never makes allies, hate does, 7

Stabilityfoundation of a stable order relative security,

insecurity, 157generates requirements for mediation, 132rests on international consensus about order,

211success of peace, 244

Staël, Germaine defriendships to be used or abandoned per

circumstances, 90

Staffsubstitute for thought at the top, 211

Stakes, highcan be too high for rational calculation, 211

Stalematecan be turned into agreement, 211

Stalin, J. V.sincere diplomacy no more possible than dry

water, 250

Staminaa negotiator must have, 212

Statedefined, 212

State systemdefined, 212

State, revolutionarydefined, 212no peace possible with, 212seeks absolute security, absolute insecurity for

others, 212

Statecraftart of advancing interests by violence or

nonviolence, 212deception central to most techniques of, 46defined, 212diplomacy as servant of, 213imitate the fox and lion, 213intelligence as component of, 213know people’s thinking and manage routine

affairs, 213mediocrity in prefers tangible advantage, 213negotiations as antidote to weakness, 144no greater fault than a vindictive peace, 163statesman incapable of should find another

job, 86statesmen must cross the Rubicon not

knowing, 213strategy of power, 212virtue stripped of force reveals its own

weakness, 159winds and waves on side of ablest navigators,

213

Statecraft, smarthappens when wits, wallets, and muscle pull

together, 213

Statementsby foreign ministers, 197no nation’s foreign policy can be ascertained

from, 213

States, large and smallpowerful maintain by crime, littlee virtuous

by weakness, 214

States, longevityif Sparta and Rome perished, what state can

endure?, 214

Statesmanshipdefined, 214


328 Index

Statesmencannot afford to be moralists, 137contrasted with politicians, 215distinguished from bureaucrats, 26distinguished from politicians, 215do not despise any wisdom, 107duties of diplomats toward, 215good intentions vs. moral praiseworthiness

and success, 215imprisoned by circumstance, 29must be acquainted with military science, 215qualities of good strategists, 214stand or fall on perception of trends, 230successful dead politician, 172task of to anticipate and act, 216task to provide decent burial for the past, 216

Statesmen, advice tokeep strong, keep cool, 214

Statesmen, politiciansto be a statesman, must be successful

politician first, 214

Status quodefined, 216preservation of by weak states by creating

moral consensus, 216strategy of defending, 218

Status quo ante bellumdefined, 216

Status quo, changingpreserving is easier than changing, 216

Steed, Wickhampropaganda must fit policy as sabers fit

scabbards, 185

Steiner, Georgeeach tongue a distinct window into the world,

121

Stendhal (Henri Beyle)defeated ruler should never be spared, 237every power wants neighbors weak and

decadent, 152

Stern, Richardword is older than the state, 250

Stevenson, Adlai E., Jr.diplomat’s life protocol, Geritol, alcohol, 60flatteryóall right, if you don’t inhale, 82

nation’s purposes always exceed its means, 189

optimism for diplomat is like courage to soldier, 156

sound foreign policy impossible when politicized, criminalized, 87

Stinnett, Caskiediplomats tell you to go to hell so you look

forward to it, 61

Strategistsqualities of far-sighted statesmen, 214

Strategyaccumulation of tactical maneuvers a muddle,

218art of winning at least cost, 58bad, sinks good ideas, 101best is always to be strong, 216coercive diplomacy, 54criteria for effective, 217defined, 216deterrence contrasted, 217diplomacy and, 217diplomacy at start and end of war, 247diplomacy subject to logic of, 216diplomacy the silent bloodless stuff of, 170for victory, 218foreign policy is the strategy of diplomacy, 85grand, aims at planning peace, 217grand, defined, 217grand, does not wait for right conditions, 217grand, integrates intelligence, 217if a man not know to what port he steers, 155knowing capabilities, influencing intentions,

27logic of paradoxical and ironic, 218objectives and power, 155of status quo powers, 218policy, and diplomacy is its tactics, 170refusal to negotiate, 218role of diplomats and statesmen in, 215tactical sacrifice essential to, 218twin of diplomacy, 217vital role of diplomacy in grand, 217

Strengthbest strategy, 216energy, size of nations, 177God is for the big battalions, 219might is above right, right proceeds from

might, 134must be known, 218no state is forever strong or eternally weak,

218


329Index

sources of national, 219strong states do what they will, 218stronger the state, gentler the diplomats, 218true restrains itself, true greatness sets its own

limits, 218what diplomats seek to depict in their state,

219

Stubbornnessas dangerous as appeasement, 17

Subjugationkiss the hand you cannot withstand, 219strategies for coping with, 47

Subversionabuse of diplomacy, 53defined, 219miraculous results achieved by practice of, 219

Successproduct of intelligent application of power, 219

Successionsystem unstable if no peaceful means to

legitimize leaders, 220

Suckerif you can’t spot at table then you’re it, 220

Summit meetingsadvantages and disadvantages, 220as often diminish, not enhance, reputations,

220can become not a forum for negotiation but a

diversion, 222combine drawbacks of both secret and open

diplomacy, 222dangers of a willowy euphoria, 221distract from the policy process, 220fumbles at leave the goal line open, 220good entertainment but is it diplomacy?, 221importance of preparation for, 222negotiations at, 222personal diplomacy risks ephemeral results,

57publicity-shy preparation for, 221talking is not always better than not talking,

222the higher the summit the flimsier the

agreements, 221two great princes should never meet face to

face, 220violate basic rule of negotiation, 221

Summitscase for, 221

nations touch at, 155

Sumner, William Grahamwant a war, nourish a doctrine, 181

Sunzifive kinds of spy, 210foreknowledge from espionage vital to

success, 76roads one does not follow, 117to win without fighting is best, 237weapons are inauspicious instruments, 84

Superpowerdefined, 222

Support, unconditionaldefined, 222

Surprise diplomats should not be taken by, 222sudden diplomacy the worst that can be

practised, 223results from reluctance to acknowledge

contrary events, 222

Survival dependent on policy, 223

Suspicionbegat by ignorance, 223

Sustainabilitydefined, 223

Swift, Jonathanarbitrary power tempting to princes, 173good manners put people at ease, 129

Sycophancycommon source of mistaken policy, 170

Sylvester, Arthurinformation is power, 107

Syllogismssubstitutes for reality-based analyses, 223

Sympathycontrasted with empathy in negotiation, 223

Szilassy, Gyulabest diplomats ask only how to obtain and

how to get it, 62diplomatic corps not a school of virtue, 137


330 Index

force and deception govern international relations, 46

Tacitusa bad peace is even worse than war, 161power not based on force lacks credibility, 177

Tactdiplomats need a feeling for what is fitting,

225mark of superior minds, 225sleepless, 65

Tacticsaccumulation of responses does not add up to

strategy, 225application of strategy, 225bad tactics annul good strategy, 225

Talbott, Strobearms control defense conducted by other

means, 20

Talkmeans of delay for statesmen, 225

Talleyrandabove all, not too much zeal!, 251alliances require care, respect, mutuality to

endure, 7appointees to official positions, 18consuls, 40definition of diplomacy, 54diplomacy not a science of art and duplicity, 70diplomats as polite asses, 171if people always understood, there’d be no

history, 98in critical situations, let women run things, 43no occasion can justify a falsehood, 126nonintervention means almost the same as

intervention, 153one can do everything with bayonets except

sit on them, 155only good principle is have none, 138smile and composure get one by everywhere,

171territorial expansion condemned, 38the perfect minister of foreign affairs, 135true strength restrains itself; true greatness,

219what is believed more important than what is

true, 231

Targeting hammer useless unless know where nails are,

225

Tariffswars over generally raise, 225

Tarle, E. V.aggression usually disguised as self-defense, 3

Tasso, Torquatoambassadors must be good orators, 156

Taste diplomats need a feeling for beauty, 225

Tauscher, Ellenright of nation to preserve national security,

178

Technologybrings us together before shock absorbers

ready, 225lessens distance and sharpens shock, 225radios, TVs, and jet planes, 225

Tensionsinflame resentments, harden positions, 226

Territoryceded is a constant memorial of humiliation,

226

Terror, banditryruling authorities see as same, 226

Terror, insurrectionclassic opening phase of, 226

Terrorismact intended to cause death to civilians, 226asymmetric warfare through violence, 226causes of, 226defined, 226murder of noncombatants for political ends,

227political intimidation by killing

noncombatants, 226purpose of is to terrorize, 227pursuit of goals by criminally violent means,

226war of the poor, 227

Thayer, Charles W.art of deceit not quality of modern diplomats,

45


331Index

diplomacy contrasted with business, the law, 34

diplomat seeks to convey strength as well as friendship, 219

honesty is wisdom in a diplomat, 99journalists and diplomats, 188knowledge of adversary’s psychology

invaluable, 2lawyers contrasted with diplomats, 122limitations of propaganda, 185nations judged by representatives abroad, 66propaganda the handmaiden of diplomacy,

186reputation for trickiness will dog a diplomat,

68seek admiration and respect, not affection, for

your country, 200

Thayer, Charles W., quoting othersnever report what you said, 198

Theorycommon sense the source of, 197not a plan, 227

Third worlddefined, 227

Thompson, Kenneth W.deficiencies of military men as peacemakers,

248diplomats bear worldview at odds with

compatriots, 58foreign relations a nuisance to most nations,

88legislative intervention in diplomacy

diplomacy, 125principles compete with one another in

diplomacy, 181role of press attachés, 21

Thompson, Kenneth W., citing othersmen without professional knowledge should

not be diplomats, 10

Threats abstain from threats and insulting words, 227anticipated harm, 227best enemies are those who make them, 228bluffing, 227credibility of madmen greatest, 228credible bluff more effective than disbelieved

sincere, 25deterrence, 52don’t draw the sword when rattling the

scabbard will do, 84empty, 228

get more with kind word and gun, 228limited actions to enhance credibility, 227phases of military, 228response to determined by geopolitical

circumstances, 228unites enemies, 228without power like powder without ball, 227

Thucydidesavoid complaisance toward enemies, 207basis of alliance, 6behave as friend or foe as circumstances

dictate, 49impossible to attack one who agrees to

arbitrate, 19justice depends on backing by power, 118magnanimity can secure peace, 129men begin with blows, resort to words in a

reverse, 47nothing is unreasonable if it is useful, 177restraint impresses most, 200

Timedelay is useful product of foreign ministries,

48needs help to resolve conflicts, 144

Timingproceed against enemy whenever, 228

Title of ambassadorcoveted by the unqualified, 10

Toastsskill of professional diplomats, 228

Tocqueville, Alexis dehard for democracies to begin, end wars, 50precise, false ideas have more power than

true, complex ones, 101propensity of democracies for impulsive

action, 50reform dangerous to evil governments, 195

Togo, Shigenorifinal offer not inevitably the last, 81

Torcy, Marquis destandards for recruitment of diplomats, 66training of diplomats, 66

Tour d’horizondefined, 228

Tour of dutydefined, 228


332 Index

time required to become effective, 228

Tradeambassadors must promote, 34diplomacy especially concerned with, 34

Trade, freebreaks barriers between nations, 229effects more important than economic

advantages, 229

Trainingambassador has duty to tutor, 229apprenticeship of young diplomats, 19objectives of diplomatic, 66

Tranquility, respectnone at home if no respect abroad, 229

Transactionssomething-for-something, 229

Translationcourtesy translations useful, 229right to use a neutral language, 191unmasks nonsense, 229

Transnational defined, 230

Treatieslast like roses and young girls, 4observed while in harmony with interests, 4of alliance not by nature permanent, 7republics more faithful to than princes, 39tend to bind weaker party only, 230understandings with friends more durable,

233

Treatydefined, 230

Trendsperception of, 230

Trevelyan, Lordhow to draft telegrams, 199

Tribedefined, 230great powers should not involve, 230

Tripwireclassic technique of deterrence, 230

Triumphvictory and defeat the negation of diplomacy,

230

Trône, Lediplomacy an obscure art hidden in deceit, 56

Trouble, sources ofat any moment up to no good, 230

Truceperils of, 230

Truman, Harry S.military secrets, 206only thing you prevent by war is peace, 244statesman is politician dead ten years, 172

Trust building enhancement of into agreements, 231fostering essential to carry off a bluff, 230how to enhance in negotiations, 231no substitute for, 45only agree to what you can do, 231

Truthalways speak it and never embellish it, 49economize on its use, 231first casualty in war, 184not for everyone, 125plain statement highest diplomacy, 231what is believed more important than what is

true, 231

Tusi, Nizam al-Mulkambassadors are intelligence collectors, 10kings enhance their dignity by treating

envoys well, 182

Twain, Markalways do right, 136bargaining, 24better to have sense of humor than no sense at

all, 100difference between dog and man, 95economize on use of truth, 231formalities, moralities of statesmanship, 28friends side with you when you are wrong, 90true statesman does not despise any wisdom,

107

Ugaki, Kazushigediplomacy and domestic politics, 56

Ultimatabe prepared to carry through, 25


333Index

criteria for effectiveness, 233final offer not necessarily the last, 81

Ultimatumdefined, 233

Understandingsnot true that more leads to better relations, 233unwritten between friends more durable than

treaties, 233

Undiplomaticpart of diplomacy is knowing when to be, 233

UNESCO charterignorance of other’s ways a cause of war, 44wars begin in the minds of men, 246

United Nations appeal in certainty it will let you down, 233contributions of public debate, 234helps diplomacy arrive at agreements, 233indispensable before it has become effective,

234not a legislature or a court but forum for

diplomacy, 233quiet use of facilities effective, 112rhetoric at, 112substitute for bilateral embassies, 234

Unprecedented suspect term in foreign policy, 234

Usefulmeans nothing was accomplished, 234

Uti possidetisdefined, 234

Valéry, Paulall nations have reasons for thinking

themselves incomparable, 139only treaties settling ulterior motives count, 3

Valuesease communication, interests bind, 135nations assign highest to scarcest, 235political cultures value those they most lack,

238

Vanitydangers of in negotiators, 238disintegrating influence of, 82‘localitis’ as, 127susceptibility of diplomats to, 238

Vansittart, Robert, 1st Barondelay is useful product of foreign ministries,

48

Vauvenargues, Marquis depeace is really only a short truce, 161

Vegetiusessential to know character of enemy, 107

Vengeancegratifying but invites retaliation, 235

Venuecapital of weaker adversary, 235defined, 235

Vera y Çuniga, Juan Antonio dedissembling is excusable in public

business, 69

Verification defined, 236in peacemaking, 165

Vice consuldefined, 236

Vice consulate defined, 236

Viciousnessif attacked, human animal will defend, 236

Victors

bargaining position diminishes with time, 236have right to impose what they please on

vanquished, 236war over when vanquished accept defeat, 236

Victoryattainment of objective for which conflict was

waged, 236best secured through magnanimity, 129causes of war, 237certain peace is better and safer than

anticipated, 237counts for nothing if not used, 238defeated rulers should never be spared, 237defined, 236diplomacy translates into political terms, 237in victory, magnanimity, 236most complete to compel enemy to give up,

237nature of insolent and haughty, 236


334 Index

next to battle lost, greatest misery is battle gained, 237

no substitute for in war, 247nothing more dangerous than, 237painless not celebrated, 237political, following military defeat, 42problems of victory better than those of defeat,

237provides opportunity to secure peace, 247 sacrifice certain good for uncertain better, 106spare those not bloodthirsty in warfare, 236strategy of, 237victory a more difficult art than war, 237wisdom and skill required to use, 238

Vienna Conventionon consular relations, 238on diplomatic relations, 238

Violence sires violence, 238

Virtuesmost valued rarest, 238

Visadefined, 238

Visionwhere there is none, the people perish, 238

Vituperationstrong and bitter words indicate weak cause,

238

VoltaireGod is for the big battalions, 219politics and arms, 248

Voting how decided in international organizations,

238

Walsingham, Francisif there were no knaves, 75

Wallets, witsthose cannot live by wallets, live by wits, 172

Walters, Vernondifference between the diplomat and military

man, 67those who object to flattery, 82

Warabolition of, 239

aim of is better peace, 245argument of state, 239balance between military and diplomatic

considerations, 248begets war, good will begets good will, 247begins in the minds of men, 246better bored diplomats than dead young men,

60civil, defined, 239cold wars are covert and protracted, 239conferences as cause of, 38continuation of policy by other means, 240costs and benefits, 241crimes, threat to prosecute increases defiance,

42decides order, 243defined as punishment, 245delay until others wane, 48delightful only to those with no experience of

it, 239diplomacy in wartime, 248diplomatic contacts during, 248diplomatic prelude to, 240economics of, 240enemy to public liberty, 241entrenchment of policy failure, 244form alliances with neighbors, 239guerrilla wins if he does not lose, 241guerrillas not interested in compromise, 241happens when politics fail, 239hell for soldiers, unemployment for diplomats,

247if one side breaks the rules the other is not

bound, 246impact of, 241instrument of policy, 240just war better than acquiescence in injustice,

241justifiable and imperative upon honorable

men, 241justified by apprehensions of danger, 19justified to curb growth of dangerous power,

241logic of contrasted with logic of peace, 244lost, not won, 246makes victors stupid and vanquished

vengeful, 239means to establish peace on more favorable

terms, 67means to pursue or defend justice, 245military vs. diplomatic influence during, 242money is not the sinews of, 175mother of peace, 163must be regarded as only a means to peace,

239noncombatants most ferocious, 244


335Index

not justified to enfeeble states whose power may become a threat, 241

not true it settles nothing, 239only way to abolish is to make peace heroic,

239peace preserved by preparation for, 52peoples more eager than governments for, 240preventive, like committing suicide out of fear

of death, 244prevents peace, 244purpose of is more perfect peace, 245purpose of is peace, 163sparked by predisposition to take offense, 115starting through negotiations, 243sterile of positive result, 247success is victory, success of peace stability,

244surest way to prevent is not to fear, 245threats an alternative to, 84three principal causes of quarrel, 239too important to be left to the generals, 239total, 247victory is more difficult art, 237weapons, important but not decisive factor,

245where to fight, 242without victory, 247

War crimedefined, 247

War criminaldefined, 247

War strategydiplomacy at start and end of war, 247importance of moral as well as military

position in, 243outcome of conflict, 244

War, causes of almost as many popular as royal wars, 245crowd psychology, 50popular passion, 239three principal causes of quarrel, 239uncertainties bred by hanging policy of

legislatures, 125

War, conventional defined, 240

War, guerrilladefined, 241

War, instigators monarchs ought to put to death, 241

War, limiteddefined, 242prerequisites for, 242

War, objectives of as little harm as possible, 243decide how to end before initiating hostilities,

243fatal to enter war without will to win it, 243first reckon the cost, 243keep expenditures low, 240no substitute for victory, 247stay your hand or strike to kill, 243strike at a king, you must kill him, 243to live unhurt in peace, 243victory, not prolonged indecision, 247

War, offensiverequires quick decision, 243

War, state ofdiplomatic contacts under, 248normal condition of international relations,

246War, termination of

achieve basic aims before truce, 163almost impossible without complete ruin of

one side, 247blindness to need for, 244diplomacy, 240discussion of conditions of peace in wartime,

243do not drive your enemy to await revenge, 246durable peace is moderate and just, 246essential question, 242needs consent of the victors, 246not possible at pleasure of a prince, 175peace negotiations the war after the war, 146peace without victory, 160quickest way to end a war is to lose it, 246role of diplomats in, 246timing determined by loser, not victor, 246transforms the future, 241when outcome unclear, 246

Warriorsas diplomats, 248civilians too timid before, 248difference from diplomats, 67diplomats and, 248infirmities of as peacemakers, 248political judgments fatuous, 248

Washington, Georgeespionage and secrecy are necessary, 75


336 Index

honesty best policy in public as in private life, 99

no nation has right to intervene in internal affairs, 152

no real favors from nation to nation, 81passionate attachments between nations

condemned 109preparing for war preserves peace, 52strict neutrality preferred policy, 152to secure peace be ready always for war, 193trust no nation farther than its interests, 109

Watson, Adamabuse of diplomacy in ideological warfare, 53ambassadors as advocates, 2bargaining large part of diplomacy, 24composition of negotiating teams, 141deceit self-defeating, 45diplomacy aspect of politics requiring

confidentiality, 206diplomacy especially concerned with trade, 34diplomacy helps form and restrain foreign

policy, 85diplomacy in war termination, 246economic balance like strategic balance, 71foreign aid can rent not buy allegiance, 5ideology accords awkwardly with diplomacy,

101impermanence of treaties of alliance, 7independence purchased through insecurity,

103informality, 104interest in survival makes coalitions

transcending ideology, 103international vs. domestic law, 122journalistic reporting, 117justice better served by diplomacy than war, 1level of démarches determines influence on

decisions, 48means of buttressing alliances against

change, 7measuring the power of state, 176ministers need advice from experts, 136negotiation rests on possibility of coercion, 143peace the policy of status quo satisfied states,

162protecting confidences of other states, 206the more empathy the more effective the

diplomacy, 72uses of force by alliances, 84utility of collegiality in diplomatic corps, 41war as instrument of policy, 240war means to pursue or defend justice, 245

Weaknessappeasement of the weak unnecessary and

unwise, 18diplomatic responses to, 144fragility of client state is greatest source, 249imperiousness of feebleness supported by

force, 30in allies, 8invites assault so the weak must seem strong,

249peace the policy of, 162promotes conciliation and alliances, 6weak states do what they must, 218

Weaponsbest one is another enemy, 249not the tools of the enlightened, 84tools for changing enemies’ minds, 249words as, 15

Welfare of nationsdependent on ambassadors, 15

Wellesley, Victordiplomacy not policy but agent of it, 170economic vs. military sanctions, 204finance policy a diplomatic weapon, 81grand strategy aims planning peace, 217greatest of risks the shirking of risk, 201no greater fault than a vindictive peace, 163preponderance of power will not endure, 97qualities of good strategists and statesmen, 214tariff wars generally end in higher tariffs, 225task of statesmen to provide decent burial for

the past, 216

Wellesley, Victor, citing others diplomacy of women like that of eunuchs, 60much in foreign affairs cannot be disclosed,

206peace at best a truce on battlefield of Time, 160

Wellington, Duke of nations never so grateful as benefactors

expect, 95

White, E. B.agreements source of disagreements, 191

Wickednessmore stupid people than wicked, 249

Wicquefort, Abram dehow ambassadors can influence ministers, 136principal functions of ambassadors described,

11


337Index

state cannot do without ambassadors, 9

Wight, Martinpower to enemy’s rear natural ally, 73remote allies are preferable, 8

Will may play as great a role as power, 249

Wilson, Woodrowno nation fit to sit in judgment on another, 138open covenants, openly arrived at, 188peace without victory, 161principles are threads in the labyrinth of

circumstances, 181self-respect too high a price for peace, 162

Windsor, Duke ofrules for public appearances, 187

Winning, losingcan’t win unless try, but can lose by trying not

to lose, 249

Wisdomcomes once other alternatives exhausted, 249precipitation and anger contrary to wise

deliberation, 16to simulate folly, 83

Wits, powermore power, dimmer the wits, 249

Wives of ambassadorscommunity leadership and other duties of, 210

Wives of diplomatsno profession in which their role more helpful,

important, 210support invaluable, 211valuable auxiliaries, 211

Womenin critical situations, let them run things, 43

Wood, John R. and Serres, Jeandefinition of diplomacy, 56how diplomatic professionalism is acquired,

19protection of nationals and their commerce, 26protocol defined, 187

Wordsare swords, 250as weapons, 15care in choosing and reporting, 249

concealment of bad deeds, 250decent man’s, 75fidelity to those of negotiators, 35form and reform states, 250jaw-jaw better than war-war, 249more regrettable than silence, 68must have no relation to actions, 250recourse to, after reverses in war, 47

Wotton, Henrydefinition of an ambassador, 9

Wright, Quincybalance of power defined, 174belligerent nationalism of parliaments, 124

Wrong, Humequalities for a successful diplomat, 65

Yamagata, Aritomodiplomacy should be backed by power, 58

Young, AndrewUN not a legislature or court but diplomatic

forum, 233

Zartman, I. Williamconflict resolution awaits a ripe moment, 2conflict resolution requires intolerable

situation, 133mediators must use carrots and sticks, 130only time resolves conflicts, but times needs

help, 144principles poor guide to choice in mediation,

181success of mediation tied to ripe moment, 132

Zartman, I. William, and Berman, Maureen R.bluffing requires fostering appearance of

trustworthiness, 231building trust and confidence in agreements,

231convincing the other side to negotiate, 179defining areas of agreement, disagreement to

get to the table, 179how to enhance trust between negotiators, 231negotiators need stamina, 212propitious moment for negotiation considered,

146sympathy distinguished from empathy, 223turning stalemate into agreement, 211when negotiation is necessary, 139

Zealabove all, not too much, 251sudden diplomatic success very costly, 219


338 Index

Zealotryprefer dignity of death to ignominy of death

on enemy’s terms, 251

Zealotsin games of chicken, let them have right of

way, 251

Zhou Enlaidiplomacy continuation of war by other

means, 56

Zhuangzi always speak the truth and never embellish it,

49

Zhuge Lianghow to select personnel, 166


About the AuthorChas. W. Freeman, Jr., has led a distinguished diplomatic career, including service overseas in India, Taiwan, the China mainland, Thailand, and Saudi Arabia. He was assistant secre-tary of defense for international security affairs from 1993 to 1994 and U.S. ambassador to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from 1989 to 1992 (during the Gulf War). Before serving in Ri-yadh, he had been the principal deputy assistant secretary of state for African affairs; deputy chief of mission at the U.S. embassies at Beijing and Bangkok; director of three offices in the Department of State and one in the United States Information Agency; and deputy United States coordinator for refugee affairs. He was the principal American interpreter during President Richard Nixon’s historic visit to the People’s Republic of China in February 1972.

Freeman attended the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yale University, and the Harvard Law School. He was a Jennings Randolph fellow at the United States Institute of Peace from 1994 to 1995, following his decision to retire from the United States Foreign Service. He was elected to the American Academy of Diplomacy in 1995.

Freeman is currently chairman of Projects International, Inc., a Washington-based business development firm specializing in the arrangement of joint ventures for its American and foreign clientele.


United States Institute of PeaceThe United States Institute of Peace is an independent, nonpartisan, national institution established and funded by Congress. Its goals are to help prevent and resolve violent conflicts, promote post-conflict stability and development, and increase peacebuilding capacity, tools, and intellectual capital worldwide. The Institute does this by empowering others with knowledge, skills, and resources, as well as by directly engaging in peacebuilding efforts around the globe.

Board of DirectorsJ. Robinson West (Chair), Chairman, PFC Energy, Washington, D.C.

George E. Moose (Vice Chairman), Adjunct Professor of Practice, The George Washington University

Anne H. Cahn, Former Scholar in Residence, American University

Chester A. Crocker, James R. Schlesinger Professor of Strategic Studies, School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University

Ikram U. Khan, President, Quality Care Consultants, LLC

Kerry Kennedy, Human Rights Activist

Stephen D. Krasner, Graham H. Stuart Professor of International Relations, Stanford University

Jeremy A. Rabkin, Professor, George Mason School of Law

Judy Van Rest, Executive Vice President, International Republican Institute

Nancy Zirkin, Executive Vice President, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights

Members ex officio

Michael H. Posner, Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor

James N. Miller, Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy

Ann E. Rondeau, Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy; President, National Defense University

Richard H. Solomon, President, United States Institute of Peace (nonvoting)


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