Index [s3.amazonaws.com]€¦ · Index 255 Deng, Lual A., 107, 168, 169 Deutsch, Karl, 36 Deutsch,...

251

Abubakar, Dauda, 38, 40, 130“academic racism”, 187accountability, 225n54Adekanye, J.B., 41adheng, 96, 97adulthood, Dinka initiation into, 96Africa

change in politics, 14colonial government impact, 29control over resources, 170diversity in societies, xexternal involvement, 41in global economy, 63–64precolonial period, 39–40

African (Banjul) Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 13, 48, 149, 174, 220n7, 241n22

personhood interpretation in, 51African Commission on Human Rights

and indigenous peoples’ rights, 158and pollution, 174

African culture, 77–82association with customary law, 176attitude toward, 162as foundation for development,

164–68knowledge about, 185–89need for documenting, 192

African National Congress (ANC), 72African socialism, Nyerere and, 25African states

political identity, 31

and Western democracy, xAfrican Union (AU), 6, 61

Constitutive Act, 124African worldview, xii, 175–78, 192Afrikaner political elite, 72Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), 25age-set system, 199–200Agius, Emmanuel, 153agricultural practices

development in Africa, 245n88land settlement and control, 163loss of indigenous knowledge of sus-

tainable, 178Akan people of Ghana, 147

personhood and governance among, 85–90, 204

Ake, Claude, 41, 132, 133, 161on development, 167–68on power struggle, 163

alueth, 97American Convention on Human Rights,

Additional Protocol, 174American federalism, 112–13Amhara, in Ethiopia, 35, 68–69An-Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed, 8, 13, 60,

146, 225n50on nation-state, 66on “peoples” definitions, 52

anarchistic societies, 138Anaya, S. James, 52ancestors

continuity, 78–79

Index

252 Identity, Diversity, and Constitutionalism in Africa

spirits of, 176Anglo-Egyptian Condominium admin-

istration, 22Angola, 7

civil war, 4colonial power impact on economy,

162constitution, 242n25

“animists”, 82anthropology, 187Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 7, 186Apter, David, 142Arabs, in Sudan, 34–35, 74Aristotle, 144army. See also militarism

and modernization, 118Arusha Accords in Rwanda, 109Arusha Declaration of 1967, 164Ashanti, 86, 88, 139associations, 140authenticité, 22, 25authoritarian rulers

colonial, 28vs. democracy, 130

authoritarianism, 64authority

of elderly members of clan, 79hierarchy of, 79–80

autonomy, 110, 111ayur, 97Azania Peoples Liberation Army

(APLA), 72

Baehr, Peter, 148Banjul Charter. See African (Banjul)

Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights

Bantu-Negroid, 35Bantu, ubuntu, 98–100, 204bany, in Dinka society, 96Beja, in Sudan, 74Belgian Congo. See also Democratic

Republic of the Congo; Zaireindependence, 4

Ben-Israel, Hedra, 53

Bentsi-Enchill, 40Biafra secessionist war, 4, 24Biko, Steve, 29, 81–82, 187, 189black consciousness, assertion of, 189Botswana, 37, 108, 123, 136, 210

government structure, 208managing diversity, 67–68

boundaries, during colonialism, 65Bowen, John, 155, 160British Commonwealth, countries join-

ing, 20Burundi, 7, 109

government structure, 208identity in, 35

Busia, K.A., 138

Cairo Summit, 65capitalism, opposition in Zambia, 26cash-crop economies, 162–63Cassese, Antionio, 49, 58, 65Chad, 4Chama Cha Mapinduze (CCM), 25Chege, Michael, 135–36, 140–41children, 78

relationships in polygnous societ-ies, 78

respect for Dinka ancestry, 92as soldiers, 126status of, 81

China’s People’s Daily, ixChristianity

in Africa, impact, 82in Nigeria, 71

church, 177cieng, 92–96, 204, 229n22citizens, sense of ownership in consti-

tutional process, 15citizenship, 34civic spirit, 141civil rights movement in U.S., 114civil society organizations, and reform

demands, 14civil war

discussion and dialogue as alterna-tives, 142

Index 253

international law and, 59civilians, and coups, 122clans, 78

authority of elder members, 79loyalty to, 126

clans of chiefs, in Dinka society, 96Clutton-Brock, Guy, 137Cobo, José R. Martínez, 54

Study of the Problem of Discrimina-tion against Indigenous Populations, 154–55

coercive strategy, as cieng, 94Coetzee, P.H., 86–87Cold War, internal conflicts and super-

power involvement, 41collective dignity, and individual,

96–98“collective rights”, 112, 150

and individual rights, 133colonial borders, 6, 62colonial powers, 17

external domination, 63–64preferential treatment of groups, 4role in independent constitution

drafting, 20view of, 162–63

colonialismauthoritarian, 28boundaries during, 65continuity of institutions from, 21democracy model and, xiformation of centralized state sys-

tems, 40internal, 64–66struggle against, 62

colonizationhumiliations of, 168legacy of economic, 160–64

communalism, ubuntu and, 99“community”, 55

devolution of power to local, 201competition, 232n4

in global economy, 172Comprehensive Peace Agreement

(CPA) in Sudan, 4, 12, 22, 74, 76, 90, 112, 206

confederalism, 198Conference on Security, Stability, De-

velopment and Cooperation in Africa (CSSDCA), xii, 61

Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Cooperation in Europe, Final Act, 219n6

confidence, lack of, 167–68conflict(s)

causes for, xicultural perspectives, 104–05definition, 103Dinka view, 95preventing in South Africa, 73

conflict management, 103–29, 198–200goals, 127indigenous practices, 101interactive levels, 103–04power sharing and, 109–15

conflict resolution, 105role of customary law, 115–18secession in, 128

confrontation, vs. cooperation, 139Congo. See Belgian Congo; Democratic

Republic of the Congo; Zaireconsciencism, 21consensus

in African values, 107participatory governance, 135–42

consensus building, electoral democ-racy combined with, 90

consensus for decision making, 88–90democratic principles, 99, 129–42difficulty of, 141

consociational governance, 109–10constitution

modern, 10relevance in Africa, 29

constitutional commission, in Zambia, 26

constitutional dictatorship, in Ghana, 23

constitutional modelsaccommodating differences with, 5African burden from European,

27–30


French, 18importation of frameworks, 239n111origins in Africa, 17Westminster, 18–19

constitutionalism, 5African responses to challenges,

205–11colonial legacy, 17–21commitment to, 117contextualizing, 12–13and cultural diversity, 195definition, 3, 9–12external origins, 211new trends, 13–15overthrow, 18power elite in postcolonial, 132Western, vs. postcolonial Africa, 28

continental identity, 31Convention on Biological Diversity,

173, 188Convention on Refugees (1951), 7Conventional People’s Party (CPP;

Ghana), 22–23cooperation

in African worldview, 104vs. confrontation, 139

Côte d’Ivoire, 4, 7coup d’êtat

changing patterns, 121military, 119

crises of identity, 5crisis of liberalism, 149Cristescu, Aurelia, 54cross-cultural analysis, of local human

dignity vs. universal ideas, 146–47cross-fertilization

cultural, 190–93traditional and modern systems,

116cultural autonomy, 237n79cultural awareness, 192cultural chauvinism, reversing at-

titudes, 189cultural contextualization, 5cultural cross-fertilization, 190–93cultural diversity, 5

and constitutionalism, 195cultural liberty, 43cultural patterns, and constitutional-

ism development, 12cultural values, making state respon-

sive to, 21culture

definition, 105similarities among Africans, 8

customary lawAfrican culture associated with, 176dispute resolution in, 108and human rights, 116role in conflict resolution, 115–18in Sudan, 206views on codifying, 234n43

Czechoslovakia, 56

Danne, Alexander, 115Darfur, 4, 74

international response to, 76decentralization, 110, 136, 201decision making, consensus, 88–90

democratic principles, 129–42difficulty of, 141

Declaration on the United Nations Conference on the Human Environ-ment, 173–74

deforestation, 203DeGeorge, Richard T., 50democracy

consensual, 99constitutionalism and, 11definitions of Western, xfear of, 29goals, 134governance, and human rights,

80–81imposed at independence, xilegitimacy and nationhood, 131–32liberal, majoritarianism in, 189more than elections, 132–36participatory, 200–01

democratic federalism, 112Democratic Republic of the Congo, 4, 7

Index 255

Deng, Lual A., 107, 168, 169Deutsch, Karl, 36Deutsch, Morton, 105development

as self-enhancement from within, 160–70

self-reliant, 202–03sustainable, 179Western concept of, 161

Development and Human Rights (Robin-son), 165–66

dheeng, 96dialectics, 191dialogue

promoting, 203–04to resolve political conflict, 142

Diamond, Jared, 173, 177dictatorship of numbers, risks of, xdictatorships, opposition to, 14deities, 79. See also Goddifferences, respect for, 80dignity, 9, 13, 79

individual and collective, 96–98as relation, 98

Dinka, 125–26, 229n25elder on dignity of human being,

147interaction with Missiriya Arabs,

199values, 90–98

ideals of human relations, 92–96quest for immortality, 91–92relationship between rain and

life, 178Dinstein, Yoram, 53discussion

in Ashanti culture, 88to resolve political conflict, 142

displaced persons, internally, 7dispute resolution, 100–02

in African customary law, 108district councils in Botswana, 68diversity, 196

Appiah on, 7–8in Botswana, 67–68colonial powers failure to recog-

nize, 20–21cultural, 5

and constitutionalism, 195in Ethiopia, 68–70historical roots of problems, 39managing, 66–76modalities for managing, 207–08in Nigeria, 70–72in South Africa, 72–74in Sudan, 74–76and unity, 3, 43–44

dom, 97Duchacek, 135“due concern”, 86

economic conditionsdependence, and autonomous mili-

tary, 120–21development, as threat, 28foreign interests in, 64legacy of colonization, 160–64primary problem in Africa, 166

elder members of clan, authority of, 79elections, 80

acceptance of outcomes, 133based on proportional representa-

tion, 227n80consensus building combined with

democracy, 90Elias, T. Olawale, 107elite

governing elite, 4power elite in postcolonial constitu-

tionalism, 132role of, 38

environmental concerns, 203emphasis of harmony and balance,

177right to health environment, 173–75

environmental policy, in South Africa, 178–80

equality, constitutional framework and, 61

Eritrea, 4, 7, 56, 69people’s involvement in constitution-


making process, 11Ethiopia, ix, 7, 128

constitution, 10, 242n25decentralized power, 114economics of power, 37and Eritrea, 4, 56, 69ethnic conflicts, 209identity, 35managing diversity, 68–70people’s involvement in constitu-

tion-making process, 11People’s Revolutionary Democratic

Front (EPRDF), 127ethnic dominance, 120ethnic groups, 32, 55

African state as composite, 4conflict between, 104diversity, 31, 120evolution of relations, 39–43fears of future and conflict, 37problems for, 110–11

ethnic identity, 31“ethnic wars of secession”, 222n30ethnically based federalism, in Ethio-

pia, 69ethnicity, 33

in Botswana, 67ethos of constitutionalism, 11Etzioni, Amitai, 48–49, 63European-model constitutionalism,

African burden from, 27–30Evans-Pritchard, E.E., 137exclusion, identity and, 36export crops, 162external self-determination, 58

Fallers, Lloyd, 138family, 78–79favoritism, and power stratification, 40fears of future, 38

ethnic conflict and, 37federalism, 110, 111, 237n79, 238n106

American, 112–13democratic, 112in Ethiopia, 69, 128

fighting. See violenceFoltz, William, 124force, constitution imposed by, 11foreign experts, and development, 169Fortes, M., 137–38founding fathers, vision, 21–27free-market economies, in Kenya, 25French culture

Africa political culture connection, 18

assimilation in colonial areas, 186“French model” for constitutions, 18fundamental rights, vs. instrumental,

134Funj group, in Sudan, 74future

developing vision, 204–05fears of, 38

gacaca, 100–02, 204–05Gambia, colonial power impact on

economy, 162Garang de Mabior, John, 75, 114–15gender relations

changing roles, 203cross-cultural perspectives, 180–83

generalization, danger of, 7–8genocide in Rwanda, prosecution of

those responsible, 101Gershoni, Yekutiel

on coups, 121–23on unconstitutional changes of

government, 124Ghai, Yash, 9, 17, 18, 19–20, 21, 27, 28Ghana

Akan people of, 85–90, 147, 204colonial power impact on economy,

162constitution, 20independence, 22–23

ghost marriage, 91global economy, competition in, 172globalization, 13Gluckman, Max, 107, 229n23Go, Julian, 20

Index 257

God, 79as father, 94respect for, 176views of, 147

Golden Rule, 86governance

among Akan, 85–90consociational, 109–10postindependence frameworks, 3

governing elite, 4Government of National Unity (GNU),

22in Sudan, 75

Green, Reginald, 29Groth, Alexander J., 36, 38, 39, 41group rights, 112

cross-cultural perspectives, 148–50groups, dignity for individual as mem-

ber, 153guier, 97Guinea, 22, 23Gyekye, Kwame, 86, 88

Haile Mariam, Mengistu, 127Haile Selassie, 69Hammarskjold, Dag, 4, 24Harambee, 22, 25Hardison, Preston, 188harmony, Dinka view, 95harvesting activities, 173Hatchard, John, 11Hausa-Fulani in Nigeria, 70Haysom, Nicholas, 206–07Helsinki Declaration, 220n11Henderson, Errol A., 119, 123Hodgson, Dorothy, 158–59, 172homogeneous society, 27honor, of colonial withdraw, 20Hountondji, Paulin J., 144House of Chiefs (Botswana legislature),

67human relations, Dinka ideals of, 92–96human rights, 87, 143–60, 201–02

central premises of framework, 152change and, 153

cross-cultural perspectives on indi-vidual and group, 148–50

cultural contextualization, 143–48democratic governance and, 80–81framework evolution, 150–54of indigenous peoples, 154–60international, 14traditional customary laws and, 116universality, 240n5as Western concept, 144

humanism, 22humanity, unity as creation of God, 83Hutu, 35, 217n13, 230n35

power sharing, 109

identity, 216n3conflicts, 36, 38, 41, 125crises of, 5discrepancies, 32levels of, 31myth of permanent, 91right to self-determination and

conflicts, 46subjective and objective elements,

32–39Igbo in Nigeria, 70Igbuzor, Otive, 9Ihonvbere, Julius, 14–15, 118, 132immortality, quest by Dinka, 91–92incorporation, politics of, 133independence, 18

constitution as cost of, 19democracy model imposed at, xiand identity conflicts, 40and ruling elites, 129

indigenous groupsdiscrimination against, 54–55human rights of, 154–60international law and, 222n27knowledge of, 186, 188–89movement, and environmental

protection needs, 172individual

in clans, 79as community member, 13


duty of, 81within social self, 86Western emphasis on, 12

individual dignity, and collective, 96–98

individual rightsand collective rights, 133cross-cultural perspectives, 148–50

“indivisible duality”, 149Indonesia, East Timor in, 56industrial world, development, and

danger to environment, 171influence, myth of, 91instrumental rights, vs. fundamental,

134intellectuals, in Africa, 169interference, international assistance

as, 169internal colonialism, 64–66

vs. external rule, 195International Bill of Rights, 144international community, role of,

168–70International Covenant on Civil and

Political Rights (ICCPR) of 1966, 47, 52–53, 144, 173

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 47, 52–53, 144, 152, 164, 173

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, 101

international human rightsadvancements, 14law, 150

International Labor Organization (ILO), 148

Convention 107 of 1957, 156Convention 169 concerning Indig-

enous and Tribal Peoples, 156, 223n38

international lawindigenous groups and, 222n27and self-determination, 218n1

international trade, and environmental practices, 245n91

Inyangamugayo, 101

Islamin Africa, impact, 82fundamentalism, 22law in North Sudan, 75in Nigeria, 70

Japan after Meiji Restoration, 166Jenkins, J. Craig, 119–21Jimenez, Vanessa, 34, 37, 71Judaic-Christian tradition, and human

rights, 144judicial structure in Botswana, 67justice

constitutional framework and, 61pursuit of, 106in Rwanda, 100

Kasavubu, Joseph, 24Kasfir, Nelson, 33, 125, 126Katanga, 4Kaunda, Kenneth, 22, 25–26, 137Keller, Edmond, 10, 35, 65–66, 69,

112–13, 134–35Kent, Robert, 10Kenya, ix, 123

colonial power impact on economy, 162

constitution, 20independence, 25

Kenya African National Union (KANU), 25

Kenyatta, Jomo, 22, 25Khadiagala, Gilbert, 10, 37, 67, 108, 136Khama, Tserena, 210kic, in Dinka society, 96kinship, 140

solidarity, 81Kissinger, Henry A., 132Kiwanuka, Richard, 50, 149, 150knowledge, promoting, 203–04Kposowa, Augustine J., 119–21kwihtura, 230n35Kwoth, 91

Index 259

Laakso, L., 34Lake, David, 36, 114Laremont, Ricardo, 34, 37, 71law. See also customary law

international, 218n1, 222n27Le Vine, Victor T., 17, 18leaders, evaluating performance, 29leadership

among Dinka, 97positions of, 80

League of Nations, 128legal framework, vs. leadership com-

mitment, 114Leinhardt, Godfrey, 93, 97, 98Lemarchand, Rene, 109, 110, 232n10

consociational models, 127Lesotho, proportional representation,

207levirate marriage, 91liberal democracy, majoritarianism in,

189Liberia, 7liberty, human rights emphasizing, 151Lichtenstein, 232n15Lienhardt, Godfrey, 93life, objectives in clan system, 81local communities, devolution of

power to, 201loyalty, to clan, 126Lumumba, Patrice, 24

majority votevs. consensus, 88in current democracy in Africa, 139in liberal democracy, 189

Makec, John Wuol, 108Malawi


government structure, 208Mamdani, Mahmoud, 13–14, 42, 136,

144manhood, and warrior in traditional

societies, 125–26marginalized interests, inclusion in

democratic process, 133marriage, levirate and ghost, 91Martain, Jacques, 153Marxist ideology, 22material wealth, 161Matlosa, Khabele, 209Mauro, Francesco, 188Mazrui, Ali, 130, 134, 165, 205, 239n111Mbiti, John S., 176–77, 178Michalska, Anna, 49–50militarism, 235n48

impact, 118–26military coups

in Nigeria, 24threat of, 118–124

military dictatorship, in Sudan, 22minorities

affirmations of rights, 233n19assimilation as justification for

secession, 225n50federalism and protection of, 113marginalized voters, 135in Nigeria, 113protections against discrimination,

51rights, 110, 111–12and self-determination, 50–51threat to rights, 131

missionary schools, 177Missiriya Arabs, interaction with

Dinka, 199Mobutu, Joseph (Mobutu Sese Seko),

24–25modern constitution, 10Mohammed, Ismail, 10Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution

(MPR), 24Mozambique, civil war, 4muk, 97Museveni, Yoweri, 182Muslims. See IslamMuslow, Barry, 28mutual cooperation, 80myths, nationalist, in multiethnic

society, 28


Namibia, proportional representation, 207

naming, Dinka system for, 92nation, 36, 55nation building, impact in Africa, 167nation-states, 55

ethnic diversities converted to, 31as obstacle to self-determination, 66partitions of existing, 56sovereignty vs. self-determination,

48National Congress Party (Sudan), 22national identity, 31, 160National Islamic Front (Sudan), 22national leadership, model of, 18national self-consciousness, 53–54national sovereignty, challenge to, 104national unity, 6

preference for, 59–62, 126nationalism, vs. self-determination, 54nationalist myths, in multiethnic

society, 28nationhood, democratic legitimacy

and, 131–32“native” law, 117. See also customary

lawnatural environment, protection,

170–80natural resources, sovereignty over, 64nature

humankind’s relationship, 171–73as intermediary between man and

spirit, 176–77Ndulo, Muna, 10, 12, 21, 37, 40, 41, 66, 72Nebel, Arthur, 93“Negritude”, 22

Senghor’s development of, 190networks, 140Nhialic, 91Nigeria, ix, 7, 34

Biafra secessionist war, 4constitution, 20customary law, 117ethnic groups, 213n1federalism, 24, 112, 113government structure, 208, 209

independence, 23–24managing diversity, 70–72oil revenues, 71people’s involvement in constitu-

tion-making process, 11religious divide, 34resource distribution, 37self-identification, 38

Nilo-Hamitic, 35Nilotic societies of Sudan, 200Nimeiri, Jaafar Mohammed, 199Nkrumah, Kwame, 21, 22norms, 77

and constitutionalism develop-ment, 12

Nuba group, in Sudan, 74Nuer society, 138

religion in Sudan, 91Nwabueze, Benjamin Obi, 20Nyerere, Julius K., 20, 21, 25, 137, 139,

164–65, 168, 244n69

Obasanjo, Olusegun, 61oil

environmental degradation from production, 209

revenues in Nigeria, 71Okoth-Ogendo, H.W.O., 21Olukoshi, A.O., 34one-party state

Kenya as, 25Zambia as, 26

oppositional politics, threat of, 29Organization of African Unity (OAU),

xii, 6, 61, 149and colonial borders, 65

Organization of American States, 52, 148

Oromo, 127Osaghae, Eghosa E., 113Otunnu, Olara, 31Owusu, Maxwell, 27, 40, 132, 138, 142

on democracy, 129, 130on indigenous culture impact, 162

Index 261

Paancol, Bullen, 181Parti Démocratique de Guinée (PDG),

23participatory democracy, 200–01partition, preference for national unity

over, 59–62Partsch, Karl Josef, 51, 56peace, as goal, 105–09“peoplehood”, defined, 53“peoples”, concept of, 49–55“personal-self”, 149personhood, among Akan, 86–88Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel, 131pluralism, of African state, 4, 27plurality-majority system, election

based on, 227n80political elite, native, 20“political entrepreneurs”, 38political power, postcolonial, 163pollution, by Nigerian government, 174polyandry, 228n1polygamy, 228n1polygnous societies

in Dinka groups, 94–95relationships of children in, 78

polygyny, 228n1Post, Robert, 131poverty

alleviation, 165objective and subjective percep-

tions, 202power

devolution of power to local com-munities, 201

purpose for Dinka, 97sharing, and conflict management,

109–15stratification, and favoritism, 40use of, 65

power elite, in postcolonial constitu-tionalism, 132

power sharing, equitable, 128proportional representation, 207,

227n80prosperity, 37provincial government system, in

South Africa, 73Putnam, Robert, 141

race, 216n3as identity group, 33

racism, 34reversing attitudes, 189

Rashad, Adib, 162reconciliation, 80

as goal, 105–09reform, popular demand for, 14regionalism system in Ghana, 23relationships, African perspective on,

12–13relativism, 145religion, 5, 80

role of, 81–82representation, in Ashanti culture, 89repugnancy laws, 235n47resources, African control over, 170respect, 79“retribalization”, 126Rich, Roland, 150rights and wrongs, hierarchy of, 106rights, fundamental vs. instrumental,

134Rio Declaration on Environment and

Development, 174–75Robinson, Mary, Development and Hu-

man Rights, 165–66Rothchild, Donald, 36, 38, 39, 41, 114Rwanda, 7, 109, 217n13

Arusha Accords in, 109gacaca, 100–02, 204–05identity in, 35justice in, 100social mobility, 230n35traditional values in modern legal

codes, 205

Salim, Salim Ahmed, 66Scandanavia, economic aid to Tanza-

nia, 165secession, 55–59


in conflict resolution, 128discussion and dialogue as alterna-

tives, 142ethnic wars of, 222n30international community discour-

agement of, 58movements, international commu-

nity and, 195negative consequences, 60as option, 197referendum on, 129right to, 53, 225n46

secular democratic system, in South Sudan, 75

Seko, Mobutu Sese, 22Selassie, Bereket Habte, 205self-determination, 4, 5, 45, 127, 210–11,

223n32addressing dilemma of, 204in African context, 62–66dilemmas of, 196–97as emergent process, 61–62forms and degrees of, 5historical developments, 46–49of indigenous peoples, 157internal, 222n25internal dimension to, 64–66as legal and political concept, 46–66and minorities, 50–51vs. nationalism, 54reconciling unity with, 197–98relevancy of principle, 48–49risk of state dismemberment, 65and secession, 6United Nations and, 47

self-governance, 11, 127self-identification, 32, 33

of indigenous peoples, 155, 156self-liberation, constitutions and, 19self-preservation, 244n64self-realization, 244n64

development as, 168self-reliant development, 202–03Seligman, Brenda, 91Seligman, Charles, 91Senegal, 4, 22


Senghor, Leopold, 22, 190–92sharia law, in Nigeria, 209Shivji, Issa, 59, 60Shutte, Augustine, 190–92Sierra Leone, 7Sklar, Richard L., 131slavery, Dinka condemnation of, 147Slinn, Peter, 28, 29Smyth, Marie, 126social consciousness, 21social democracy, 133social interaction, in cieng, 94social relationships, 231n4social responsibility, among Bantu,

98–100“social-self”, 149

individual within, 86social status, civic duties and, 87social values, consensus on, 27socialism, 21–22

in Tanganyika, 164tradition, and human rights, 151in Zambia, 26

society, 12–13, 55, 216n3nationalist myths in multiethnic, 28structure, 104traditional, impact of militarism on,

124–26solidarity rights, 150, 151Somalia, 7son of a woman, implication of being

called, 78soul of nation, governing framework to

embody, 3South Africa

consociationalism, 110constitution and customary law, 117decentralized power, 114environmental concerns, 172environmental policy, 178–80government structure, 208indigenous languages, 208managing diversity, 72–74National Environmental Manage-

Index 263

ment Act 107 of 1998, 180people’s involvement in constitu-

tion-making process, 11–12postapartheid reform, 37–38proportional representation, 207racially stereotyping model, 34

sovereignty, 225n54sovereignty of nation-state, vs. self-

determination, 48Soviet Union, 53, 56Soyinka, Wole, 165spirits

of ancestors, 176totemic system of honoring, 177

spirituality, role of, 81–82stability, ethnic diversity and, 120Stacey, Helen, 171, 179state

legitimacy of, 65population loss of confidence in,

160state in Africa, as threat, 41state power, 104stateless societies, 201Stockholm Declaration, 173substantive representation, 89Sucharitkul, Sompong, 158Sudan, 4, 7, 12

Arab-Islamic identity model, 69Arabs in, 34–35Comprehensive Peace Agreement

(CPA), 4, 12, 22, 74, 76, 90, 112, 206conflicts, 199Constitutional Court, 108court system, 234n46customary law, 117, 206Darfur, 4, 74, 76ethnic groups, 213n1independence, 22managing diversity, 74–76, 210minority rights, 112Nilotic societies, 200People’s Liberation Movement’s

New Sudan legal system, 117regional autonomy, 112Sudan People’s Liberation Move-

ment/Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLM/A), 12, 74

superpowersexternal support from, 123involvement in internal conflicts in

Africa, 41sustainable development, 179“sympathetic impartiality”, 86

Tanganyikaconstitution, 20independence, 25

Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), 25, 164

Tanzania, 20, 25, 66, 123government structure, 208Scandanavian economic aid, 165

Teffo, Joe, 98territorial integrity, 6, 48, 56, 220n8Third Conference on Federalism (Brus-

sels, 2005), 114–15Third World Polities, 28Thomas-Woolley, Barbara, 65, 112–13,

134–35Tisdell, Clement, 175togetherness (ujamaa), 22totemic system of honoring spirits, 177Touré, Sékou, 22, 23traditional leaders

role of, 206status of, 199

traditional political conditions, limita-tions on current condition, 140

“tribal” identities, 36Tswana people, 67Turkey

constitution, 242n25cultural changes, 166

Tutsi, 35, 217n13, 230n35power sharing, 109

ubuntu, 98–100, 204Uganda, ix

Constitutional Commission, 11


government structure, 208people’s involvement in constitu-

tion-making process, 11–12women in political life, 182

ujamaa (togetherness), 22, 164–65United Nations, 6, 52, 144

Commission on Human RightsResolution No. 73 of 2002, 152Working Group on Indigenous

Populations, 156Conference on the Human Environ-

ment, 173–74Declaration on the Occasion of

the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations, 220n11

Development Programme, 43Draft Declaration on the Rights of

Indigenous Peoples, 156–57General Assembly Resolution 3485,

219n6Human Rights Committee, 223n31Office of High Commissioner for

Refugees, 7Resolution 2625, Declaration on

Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States of 1970, 57

and self-determination, 47United Party (UP; Ghana), 22United States

civil rights movement, 114ethnic identification in 1960s vs.

current, 197–98unity

in Dinka groups, 94and diversity, 3, 43–44reconciling with self-determina-

tion, 197–98Universal Declaration of Human

Rights, 144, 151universalism, 145universe, and Man’s understanding of

God, 176–77

valuesand constitutionalism develop-

ment, 12in indigenous African societies, 195

Van Niekerk, Marlene, 187Vasak, Karel, 150Vienna World Conference on Human

Rights 1993, 240n5Declaration, 219n6, 220n11Declaration and Program of Action,

57villagization, 165violence

in Dinka groups, 95in state formation, 27in Sudan, 74

vision for future, developing, 204–05

warfare, within countries, 13–14warrior in traditional societies, and

manhood, 125–26water, 178wealth

objective and subjective percep-tions, 202

purpose for Dinka, 97ubuntu and distribution, 99

West Africa, Akan people of, 85–90Western constitutions, 27Western democracy, definitions of, xWestminster parliamentary system of

government, 18–19, 20in Ghana, 22in Nigeria, 23–24

Weston, Burns H., 150Wilson, Woodrow, 128Wiredu, Kwasi, 86, 137, 140

on human rights violations, 145–46on representation, 89

womenchildbearing capacity as value,

229n19in public life, 203rights and roles, 181, 247n115,

247n116

Index 265

role of, 78status of, 81

“word”, 83World Conference on Human Rights

Vienna Declaration 1993, 57, 219n6, 220n11, 240n5

worldview, and African culture, 77–82

Yansane, Aguibou, 161Yoruba in Nigeria, 70Young, Crawford, 5, 20, 33, 34youth. See also children

involvement in governance, 89loyalty to clan, 126

Yugoslav Republic, 53, 56yuur, 97

Zaire, 22, 24–25Zambia, 22

government structure, 208independence, 25–26

Zanzibar, 25Zartman, I. William, 231n1Zimbabwe, ix, 107

government structure, 208Zolberg, A., 123

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