Index

Abscesses, 12, see also Cerebral abscesses Absence seizures, 2 Acanthamoeba, 295 Acquired epileptic aphasia, 288 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

(AIDS), see also HIV acute symptomatic seizures and, 16-17 CNS involvement, 133 drug users and, 183 opiates and, 184 toxoplasmosis and, 291

Acute intermittent porphyria (AlP), 61 Acute neurological disturbances

complications, 37-38 diagnostic considerations, 38-41 EEG monitoring, 39-41 therapeutic considerations, 42-43

Acute symptomatic seizures, 1-4 AIDS and, 16-17 alcohol withdrawal and, 14-15 development mechanisms, 8-14 diseases and, 7 drugs and, 17-18 electrolyte disturbances and, 14 epidemiology of, 4-5 hepatic encephalopathy and, 15 hyponatremia and, 14 infectious agents of, 16-17 management, 4 medical causes, 7-8 pathophysiology, 7-20 toxins and, 18

Acyc1ovir, 154 Adenosine, 279, 280 fig. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 13 Adolescents

head trauma, 32 lead poisoning in, 200

Adrenal disorders, 112-113

Adrenal failure, 80 African trypanosomiasis, 292-293 Albendazole, 288 Alcohol

abuse, 167 as CNS toxin, 169-170 in the tropics, 301 withdrawal, 14-15, 169, 172,311

Alcohol-related seizures (ARSs), 167,242 CT scans with, 174-175 diagnosis, 168-172 EEG with, 175 epilepsy and, 171 history, 167-168 hospitalization, 178 initial assessment, 172-173 laboratory testing, 173-174 metabolic disorders, 170 pathogenesis, 168 radiographs with, 174 SE in, 173 treatment, 175-178

Algae, 195 Alkalosis, 170 Amanita, 197 Amebiasis, 294-295 American National Collaborative Perinatal

Project (NCPP), 127, 129, 130 American trypanosomiasis, 293 Amitriptyline, 158, 189 Ammonia, 15 Amoxapine, 157 Amphetamine-like agents, 185 Amphetamines, 156 Analgesics, 160 Anaplastic astrocytomas, 209 Anesthetics, 159-160 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), 253 Angiotensin 11,253

357

358

Antibiotics, 150-152 Anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), 51-52 Anticholinergics, 189 Anticoagulation, 344 Anticonvulsants, 159,313

in acute medical illness, 333-352 alternate routes in administration,

348-350 anticoagulation and, 344 ARSs and, 178 with brain tumors, 210 breast-feeding and, 347 cannabinoids, 188 with cardiovascular disease, 336-337 with cerebral abscess, 219 drug-drug interactions, 350-351 fetal effects, 346 folate metabolism and, 346 hematologic considerations, 343-344 with hepatic disease, 337-339 with HIE, 236-237 with hyptertensive encephalopathy, 257 with intracranial metastases, 213 in labor and delivery, 347 with liver transplantation, 341-342 with organ transplantation, 341-342 with porphyrias, 61-62 in pregnancy, 345-347 prophylactic, 241 with renal disease, 339-341 SE and, 315 Vitamin K and, 346

Antidepressants, 157-158 alcohol-related seizures (ARSs) and, 171

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), 177-178 with cardiac implants, 265 in diabetes mellitus, 79 enzyme-inducing, 263 GI tract failure and, 75-76 with HIV-related seizures, 135-136 liver failure and, 74 nonenzyme-inducing, 263, 265 with organ transplantation, 261 prophylactic, 42-43 renal failure and, 75 side effects of, 38

Antihelminthic, 196 Antihistamines, 187 Anti-infective medications, 150-154

Index

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 51-52 Antipsychotics, 158-159 Antitumor agents, 154-155 Antiviral agents, 154 Aplastic anemia, 343 Arrhythmias,273-274,336 Arteriovenous malformations, 29 Ascariasis, 291 Aseptic meningitis, 266 L-asparaginase, 216, 341 Aspergillus, 16,218,264,266 Atelopus, 194 Atheroembolic events, 240 Atropa belladonna, 198 Atropine, 197 Azaleas, 198 • Bacterial endocarditis, 242 Bacterial infections, 295-296 Barbiturates, 160, 171, 177, 186-187, 326,

327 Beh~et's disease, 53 Benzodiazepines, 160

for ARSs, 168, 171, 176-177 discrete seizures and, 311, 312 with illicit drugs, 186 with lead poisoning, 201 with mushroom poisoning, 197 with QCI poisoning, 300 SE and, 313, 326, 327, 339

~-adrenergic blocking agents, 155 ~-lactam antibiotics, 151-152 Bezold-Jarisch, 273 Bilharziasis, see Schistosomiasis Bilirubinemic encephalopathy, 298 Bleeding hearts, 198 Blood-brain barrier, 124, 235 Bone marrow transplantation, 220, 266-267 Boston Circulatory Arrest Study Group, 239 Boston Collaborative Surveillance Program,

147 Bradyarrhythmias, 336 Bradycardia, 273, see also Ictal-bradycardia

syndrome Brain

abscess, see Cerebral abscess edema,12 injury, see Brain injury irradiation, 219-220

Index

Brain (cont.), metastases, see Intracranial metastases parietal lobe tumors, 209 seizures and, 3-4 temporal lobe, see Temporal lobe tumors, 208-210, 211

Brain injury EEG findings in, 41 fever and, 124-126 infections and, 126-127

Breast cancer, 211 Bupropion, 157-158 Busulfan, 154-155,267,341 Butyrophenones, 158 • Calcium imbalance, 98-100, see also

Hypercalcemia; Hypocalcemia Calvarial metastases, 212 Cancer

biologic response monitors in, 223 breast, 211, 214, 222 cerebrovascular disorders in, 214-217 lung,211,214,217,222 metabolic disturbances in, 217-219 nervous system and, 207 ovarian, 211 paraneoplastic disorders in, 221-222 prostate, 211 testicular, 222

Cancer patients causes of seizures, 207-223

Candida, 16, 266 Cannabidiol, 188 Cannabis, 187-188 Carbamazepine

anticoagulation and, 344 ARSs and, 177 breast-feeding and, 347 cardiovascular disease and, 336 fetal effects, 346 hematologic effects of, 343 hepatic disease and, 336, 338 hyponatremia, 345 organ transplantation and, 340, 342 overdosage, 159 renal disease and, 339-340 with SLE, 345

Carbapenems, 151-152 Carbon monoxide, 193, 198-199

CarboxyhemogLobin (COHb), 199 Carcinomatous meningitis, see

Leptomeningeal metastasis Cardiac disease, 12 Cardiac surgery, 238-240 Cardiopulmonary disorders, 233-234

359

etiology of seizures, 235-242 pathophysiology of seizures in, 234-235

Cardiovascular disease anticonvulsants with, 336-337

Carmustine, 219 Central nervous system (CNS)

infections, 31-32, 40-41, 121 primary tumors in, 214

Cepha10sporins, 151-152 Cerebral abscesses, 136-139,218,219,266 Cerebral aneurysms

AEDs and, 42 Cerebral autoregulation

in hypertensive encephalopathy, 253-254 Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy

with subcortical infarcts and leukoen­cephalopathy (CADASIL), 29

Cerebral edema, 201 Cerebral embolism, 31

with infective endocarditis, 31 Cerebral hemorrhage, 10-11 Cerebral infarction, 264 Cerebral malaria, 16 Cerebral palsy, 298 Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome (CSWS), 88 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

leptomeningeal metastasis and, 213 lymphocytosis, 288-289

Cerebrovascular disorders, in cancer, 214-217

Chagas disease, see American trypanosomiasis

Chelation therapy with lead poisoning, 201

Chemotherapy, 219 Child Health and Education Study (CHES),

127, 129, 131 Children, see also Infants; Newborns

brain tumors in, 209 cardiac surgery and, 239 FCs in, 127-133 head trauma, 32 heart transplantation in, 265

360

Children (cont.), with hypercalcemia, 100 hypernatremic seizures in, 92 with hypoglycemia, 112 hyponatremic seizures in, 86-87 lead poisoning in, 200, 300 liver transplantation in, 263 lung transplantation in, 265 malaria in, 294 organ failure in, 71, 72 table with parathyroid failure, 79 with Reye's syndrome, 60-61, 73 SE in, 328, 329

Chlorambucil, 154 Chlordiazepoxide, 177 Chloroquine, 300 Chlorpromazine, 158-159 Chondria armata, 195 Choriocarcinoma, 211 Christmas rose, 198 Chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

(CAPD),75 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD),242 Cicutoxin poisoning, 198 Ciguatera, 196-197 Ciguatoxin, 197 Circulatory arrest

cardiac surgery with, 239 Cis platinum, 219 Clonidine, 257 Clorazepate, 177 Clozapine, 158-159 CNS syndrome

in lead poisoning, 200-201 CNS Whipple's disease, 65 Coagulopathy, 216 Cocaine, 18, 185-186,242

stroke and, 28 Coccidiodes immitis, 266 Computerized tomography (CT) scans

with alcohol-related seizures (ARSs), 174-175

with carbon monoxide poisoning, 199 with intracranial metastases, 213

Copenhagen Stroke Study, 240 Corticosteroids, 288, 342 Crack cocaine, 185-186 Creatine kinase (CK), 279

Critically ill patients, 7-8, 11-12 SE in, 319-329

Cryptococcus, 218, 266 Cyclophosphamide, 218, 341 Cyclops, 291 Cyclosporine, 155,263,265,267,

341, 342 Cysticercus, 287 Cystic fibrosis, 265 • Datura stramonium, 189, 198 Decompression sickness, 63 Dexamethasone, 201 Diabetes

insipidus, 92 mellitus, 78-79, 110

Diabetic ketoacidosis, 78, 79 Diazepam, 313, 325 Diazepoxide, 177 Digestive system

adenocarcinomas of, 214 Dinofiagellates, 194

benthic, 197

Index

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC),214, 216

Domoic acid, 194-196 Drug-drug interactions, 350-351 Drugs

acute symptomatic seizures and, 7, 17-18 AIDS and, 183 alcohol-related seizures (ARSs) and, 170-171 hyponatremic seizures with, 88, 89 table overdoses, 148 physical dependence, 183 psychic dependence, 183 seizures and, 147-150 tolerance, 183 toxicity vs withdrawal, 184-189 in the tropics, 300

Dural metastasis, 212 Dysbarism, 63 Dysequilibrium syndrome, 75 • Ecchymoses, 343 Eclampsia, 19,29,43,97,254,257 Ecstasy, see

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

Index

Edema neuronal, 322 pulmonary, 323

Electrocardiograms (EKGs) in syncope, 274, 275-277

Electroencephalograms (EEGs) acute neurological disturbances and,39-41 acute stroke and, 40 with ARSs, 175 brain trauma and, 41 CNS infection and, 40-41 critically ill patients and, 324 with HIE, 236-237 ICH and, 40 with organ transplantation, 261 in SE, 315 with SE, 324 in syncope, 274, 277-278 syncope and, 279

Electrolyte balance, 14,85-100 Emboli, 31, 217, see also Cerebral

embolism Enalapril, 257 Encephalitis

Japanese, 296-297 Encephalopathy

acute, 219 bilirubinemic, 298 diffuse, 217 Hashimoto's, 113-114 hepatic,15 hypertensive, 252-257 hyponatremic,90 hypothyroid, 78 hypoxic-ischemic (HIE), 236-238 mitochondrial, see Mitochondrial

encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)

rejection, 264-265 uremic, 74-75

Endocarditis, 183 bacterial, 242

Endocrine disorders, 107-115 Endocrine failure, 77-80 Enflurane, 160 Entamoeba histolytica, 294 Environmental toxins, 193-203 Eosinophilia, 289

361

Epilepsy acute stroke and, 26 alcohol-related seizures (ARSs) and, 171 classification, 309-310 defined,3 drug-associated seizures and, 149 OCls and, 299-300 permanent, and SE, 329 temporal lobe, 275 in tropics, 285, 286

Epileptogenesis, 34-36 Escherichia coli, 126 Essential thrombocythemia, 77 Ethanol, see Alcohol Ethanol-related hypoglycemia, 170 Etomidate, 160 • Fat embolism syndrome, 62-63 Febrile convulsions (FCs), 127

assessment, 132 clinical features, 132 EEG and, 132 epidemiology, 127-128 etiology, 128 genetic analysis and, 15-16 in malaria, 294 management, 132-133 MRI in, 130-131 MTS and, 130-132 pathology, 129 prognosis, 129-130 treatment, 132-133 in the tropics, 298

Felbamate, 267 Fever, 121-123, see also Hyperthermia

brain injury and, 124-126 FK506,155 Flumazenil, 160 Fluoroquinolones, 152-153 Focal motor seizures

with cerebrovascular disease, 26 Focal necrotizing meningoencephalitis, 266 Focal seizures, 3 Foscarnet, 154 Fosfamide therapy, 219 Fosphenytoin, 312, 313, 326, 336, 341,

342,348 Free radical scavengers, 238 Fungal infections, 297

362

• Gabapentin, 338, 340, 341, 347 'Y-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 9, 12, 13,

14-15,55,187,322 alcohol and, 168 fluoroquinolones and, 152 isoniazid and, 153 ~-lactam antiobiotics and, 151 penicillin and, 148-149

Gangliogliomas, 209 Gasoline poisoning, 202 Gasoline sniffing, 200 Gastrointestinal (GI) tract failure, 75-76 Generalized convulsive status epilepticus

(GCSE), 320-321 Genetic counselling, 302 Gingivitis, 201 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 32 Glioblastoma multiforme, 209 Gliomas, 209 Glucose levels, 109-110 Glutamate, excessive, 321-322 Glycosides, 198 Gonyaulax, 194 Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), 266 Grand mal seizures, 2 Granulocytopenia, 218, 343 Grayanotoxin, 198 • HAART,136 Hallucinogens, 188 Hashimoto ' s encephalopathy, 113-114 Hashish, 187 Head trauma, 35-36, 172

in the tropics, 298 Head trauma, acute, 32-34 Heart-lung transplantation, 265-266 Heart transplantation, 265-266 Heavy metals poisoning, 200 Hematologic diseases, 62-64 Hematologic failure, 76-77 Hematomas

epidural, 31 intracranial, 35 subdural, 31, 42

Hemlock poisoning, 198 Hemodialysis, 75, 169-170,339 Hemorrhage

into metastatic tumors, 216 subarachnoid, 10, 30, 240

Hemorrhagic stroke, 27 Hepatic disease

anticonvulsants with, 337-339 Hepatic encephalopathy, 15 Hepatic failure, 71-74 Hepatic porphyria, 61, 73-74 Hepatolenticular degeneration, 73 Heredity, 301 Heroin, 184

Index

HIV, see also Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

CNS and, 32, 133 opportunistic-related infections in, 134-135 SE and, 32

HIV-related seizures, 133-136 Hodgkin's lymphoma, 211, 222 HSVl encephalitis (HSVE), 31 Hydatid disease, 291 Hydralazine, 257 Hyperammonemia, 338 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, 199 Hypercalcemia, 100,218 Hypercholesterolemia, 336 Hyperglycemia, 79

HIE and, 238 Hyperkalemia, 98, 263 Hypermagnesemia, 97-98 Hypematremia, 91-93 Hypematremic seizures

etiology of, 91-92 in neurosurgical patients, 92 pathophysiology, 92-93 in pediatric patients, 92 from sodium excess, 92 treatment, 93 with volume depletion, 91-92

Hypertension, 251 chronic, 252 epidemiology, 251-252 intracranial, 212, 295 transgenic animal models, 252-253

Hypertensive encephalopathy, 251 cerebral autoregulation in, 253-254 clinical features, 254 defined, 254 management, 257 pathophysiology, 252-253

Hyperthermia, 316, 323, see also Fever defined, 125

Index

Hyperventilation, 170 Hyperviscosity syndromes, 77 Hypnotics, 186-187 Hypocalcemia, 79, 98-99,154,217,263 Hypocalcemic seizures, 99-100 Hypog1ycemia, 11-12, 78, 79,

110-112,170 HIE and, 238 liver transplantation and, 263

Hypokalemia, 98, 217 Hypomagnesemia, 94-97,154,170,217

liver transplantation and, 263 Hypomagnesemic seizures, 95-97 Hyponatremia, 85-86, 217-218, 345

acute symptomatic seizures and, 14 liver transplantation and, 263

Hyponatremic encephalopathy, 90 Hyponatremic seizures

with drugs, 88, 89 table etiology of, 86-90 in healthy populations, 86-87 in ICD patients, 86 in neurosurgical patients, 88-89 pathophysiology of, 90 in psychiatric patients, 87 treatment of, 90--91

Hypoparathyroidism, 79,114,217 Hypotension, 336

postural, 273 Hypothalamic hamartomas, 114-115 Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis,

107,109 Hypothermia

cardiac surgery and, 239 HIE and, 238

Hypothyroid encephalopathy, 78 Hypothyroidism

chronic, 77-78 Hypoxia, 18, 199,235,323 Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

(HIE), 236-238 Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury, 34

• Ice, see Methamphetamine Ictal-bradycardia syndrome, 274-275 Illiteracy, 285 Imipramine, 158 Immune effector cells, 223 Immunologic failure, 80--81

Infants, see also Children; Newboms with hypomagnesemia, 95 hyponatremic seizures in, 86-87 with myxedema, 78 OSA in, 241

Infections, 121-123 brain injury and, 126-127

Infective endocarditis cerebral embolism with, 31

Infective endocarditis (lE), 139-140 Inhalants, 188 Insulinomas, 111 Intensive care unit (ICD) patients, 86,

309-317,320,321 Interferons, 155, 223 Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), 240

EEG findings in, 40 strokes and, 29-31

Intracranial bleeding, 77 Intracranial hematoma

posttraumatic epilepsy and, 35 Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), 77, 216 Intracranial hypertension, 295 Intracranial metastases

anticonvulsant prophylaxis and, 213 irradiation, 212, 213 SE with, 213 surgical resection, 212-213 treatment, 212-213

Intracranial pressure (ICP) SE and, 37

Iodinated contrast dye with intracranial metastases, 213

Ischemic stroke, 27 Islet cell dysfunction syndrome, 111 Isoniazid, 153-154,300 Isoproterenol, 279 Isoquinoline alkaloids, 198

• Japanese encephalitis, 296-297 Jimsonweed, 189, 198

• Katayama fever, 289 Keams-Sayre syndrome, 60 Kerosene poisoning, 202 Ketamine, 315 Ketosis, 11 0 Kidney transplantation, 264-265 Klebsiella, 266

363

364

• Labetol, 257 Lacunar subcortical infarcts, 240 Lamotrigine, 337, 340, 344, 347 Landau-Kleffner syndrome, 288, 292 Lead poisoning, 200-201, 300 Legionella pneumophilia, 126 Leigh syndrome, 59 Leptomeningeal metastasis, 213-214 Leukemias, lymphoblastic, 214 Leukocytosis, 323 Leukoencephalopathy, 219

nonhypertension-associated posterior, 256-257 progressive multifocal, 17, 135 reversible posterior, 251, 254-256

Leukopenia, 80-81 Levetiracetam, 337, 338, 340, 341, 344 Lidocrune, 159-160,242 Listeria, 218, 264 Lithium, 159 Liver failure, 15 Liver transplantation, 262-264

anticonvulsants with, 341-342 Lobar hemorrhages, 215 Lorazepam, 176-177, 178,300,312,

313, 325, 326 Lumbar puncture (LP), 312 Lung cancer, 211, 214, 217, 222 Lung transplantation, 265 Lymphoblastic leukemias, 214 • Magnesium imbalance, 93-98, see also

Hypomagnesemia Magnetic resonance imagery (MRI)

in FCs, 130-131 organ transplantation and, 261

Maitotoxin, 197 Malaria, 16,293-294 Mannitol, 197,201 Maprotiline, 157, 158 Marijuana, 187-188 Marine neurotoxic syndromes, 194-197 Marrow suppression, 343 Mefioquine, 300 Melanoma, 211, 214 Meningitis

aseptic, 266 infectious, 218

Meningitis (cont.), pyrogenic, 296 tuberculous, 295-296

Meningococcal meningitis, 296 Meningoencephalitis, 218

focal necrotizing, 266 Menstruating women

Index

hyponatremic encephalopathy of, 90 Meperidine, 64, 160, 184 Mercury poisoning, 201 Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS), 329

FCs and, 130-132 Metabolic disturbances

in ARSs, 170 in cancer, 217-219

Metazoan infections, 286-291 Methamphetamine, 185 Methotrexate, 219 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

(MDMA),186 Methylprednisolone, 265, 342 Midazolam, 315, 325, 326-327 Mitochondrial disorders, 57-61 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 57 Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic

acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), 57-58

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, 158 Mucor, 266 Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia

Research Group, 238-239 Mushroom poisoning, 197-198 Mussels, 194, 195-196 Myoclonic epilepsy, juvenile, 3 Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers

(MERRF), 58-59 Myoclonus, 114, 184,236 Myxedema, 77-78,113

Naegleria, 294 Naloxone, 160 Neoral,263 Neurocysticercosis, 31, 286-289 Neurologic insults, see Systemic insults Neuronal death, 322-323 Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa

(NARP), 59-60 Neurosarcoidosis (NS), 54-55

Index

Neurosurgical patients hypernatremic seizures in, 92 hyponatremic seizures in, 88-89

Neurotransmitters, imbalance of, 13 Neutropenia, 218, 343 Newborns, see also Infants

bilirubinemic encephalopathy in, 298 hemorrhagic disease of, 77 HIE and, 237, 238 with hypermagnesemia, 98 hypoglycemia and, 112 of opiate-dependent mothers, 185 Vitamin K supplementation, 347

Nightshade, 198 Nitzschia pungens, 195 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), 9, 14, 15,

96,322 Nocardia, 218, 266 Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

(NBTE), 214, 217 Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE),

33-34,64,310,321 Nonepileptic seizures, 4 Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 214 Nonketotic hyperosmolar hyperglycemia

(NHH), 78-79 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

(NSAIDs),152-153 Normeperidine, 160, 184 • Ob structure sleep apnea (OSA), 241 Occipital lobe tumors, 209 Okadaic acid, 197 OKT3, 155, 266 Oligodendrogliomas, 209 Opiates, 184-185 Organ failure syndromes, 71, 72 table Organochlorine insecticides (OCls), 299-300 Organotins,201-202 Organ transplantation, 261-267

anticonvulsants with, 341-342 immunosuppression during, 261, 265 medications following, 155 posttransplantation, 261-262 risk of infections, 263-264

Ovarian cancer, 211 Oxazepam, 339 Oxcarbazepine, 337, 338, 340, 342, 343,

344,345

365

Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project, 240 Oxygen therapy, 199 • Palytoxin, 197 Pancreas transplantation, 267 Pancreatitis, 345 Paragonimiasis, 290-291 Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis, 222 Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis, 221-222 Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes,

221-222 Parasitic infections, 286-295 Parathyroid failure, 79 Parietal lobe tumors, 209 Partial seizures, 2 Pediatric patients, see Children Penicillin, 18, 148-149, 150, 151 Pentazocine, 187 Pentobarbital, 315, 325, 326 Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges

(PLEDs),76 Peritoneal dialysis, 339 Periventricular leukomalacia (PVLM), 28 Pesticide poisoning

in the tropics, 301 Petechiae, 343 Petit mal seizures, 2 Phencyclidine, 189 Phenobarbital, 312, 313, 325, 338, 339,

341,342 alternate routes of administration, 348 anticoagulation and, 344 breast-feeding and, 347 connective tissue symptoms and, 345 hematologic effects, 344

Phenothiazines, 158 Phenylpropanolamine, 156, 186 Phenytoin

alternate routes of administration, 348 anticoagulation and, 344 ARSs and, 177, 178 in bone marrow transplantation, 342 in brain tumor patients, 210 breast-feeding and, 347 in cardiovascular disease, 336 in critically ill, 325, 326, 327 fetal effects, 346 hematologic effects, 343-344 in hepatic disease, 337

366

Phenytoin (cont.), in HIV, 135-136 in leu patients, 312, 313 lead poisoning and, 201 in liver transplantation, 341, 342 in organ transplantation, 342 overdosage, 159 in renal disease, 339, 340 in renal transplatation, 342 with SLE, 345

Phoradendron, 198 Phycomycoses, 266 Phytomenadione, 346 Piperazine, 158 Pituitary failure, 79 Plants, toxic, 198 Plasmodiumfalciparum, 293 Plateau waves, 212, 213 Plumbism, 200, 300 Poisoning

carbon monoxide, 198-199 cicutoxin, 198 gasoline, 202 heavy metals, 200 hemlock, 198 kerosene, 202 lead,200-201,300 mercury, 201 mushroom, 197-198 paralytic shellfish, 194 pesticide, 301 plant, 198 salicylate, 18 solvent, 202-203 tin, 201-202 vapor,202-203 water, 87

Poison management, 193, 194 Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), 52 Porphyrias, 61

acute, 61-62 hepatic, 61, 73-74

Poststroke seizures, 26-27 Postural hypotension, 273 Potassium imbalance, 98, see also

Hypokalernia Poverty, 285 Praziquantel, 288

Index

Pregnancy anticonvulsants in, 345-347 antithypertensive drugs during, 257 siezures during, 346-347

Primary brain tumors, see Brain, tumors Primidone, 342 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

(PML), 17, 135 Prolactin (PRL), 107, 109 Propofol, 160,315,325,327 Prostate cancer, 211 Protozoan infections, 291-295 Pseudoallescheria boydii, 266 Pseudolymphoma syndrome, 343-344 Pseudoseizures, 4 Psychiatric patients

hyponatremic seizures in, 87 Psychostimulants, 185-186 Psychotropic medications, 156-159 Purpura, 343

thrombotic thrombocytopenic, 63-64 Pyrogenic meningitis, 296 Pyroxidine, 18, 154 • Quinine, 300

Radiographic contrast agents, 160-161 Rehydration seizures, 93 Remote symptomatic epilepsy, 2 Renal disease

anticonvulsants with, 339-341 Renal failure, 74-75, 151 Renin-angiotensin system, 252-253 Reye's syndrome, 60, 73 Rhabdomyolysis, 315, 323 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 56 Risperidone, 158 Rochester Epidemiological Project,

127, 129 • Sabin-Feldman dye test, 292 Salamandridae, 194 Salicylate poisoning, 18 Sarcoidosis, 54-55 Saxitoxin, 194 Scaritoxin, 197 Schistosomiasis, 289-290 Sedatives, 186-187

Index

Seizures absence, 2 acute symptomatic, see

Acute symptomatic seizures complex partial, 2, 26 discrete, 310-313 epileptic, 1-4 etiology,31O generalized, 2-3 generalized tonic-clonic, 26, 263 neuroimaging and, 312 nonepileptic, 4 partial,2 primary generalized tonic-clonic, 2 psychogenic, 4 thresholds, 3-4

Serotonin-specific re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 157, 158

Serum antiphospholipid antibodies, 51 Shellfish, 194 Shigella, 126 Sickle cell anemia, 76-77 Sickle cell disease, 64 Sinus venous thrombosis, 267 Sjf/lgren's syndrome, 56 Sleep deprivation, 13-14,241 Sleeping sickness, see African

trypanosomiasis Sodium imbalance, 85, 92 Sodium nitroprusside, 257 Solvents, 202-203 Sparganosis, 291 Spontaneous venous sinus thrombosis, 216 Squills, 198 Status epilepticus (SE)

acute physiologic changes, 323 acute stroke and, 26, 28 ARSs and, 173 with brain tumors, 209, 211 clinical presentation, 320-321 complications of, 315-316 in critically ill, 319-329 defined,320 diagnosis, 324 EEG in, 315, 324 etiology, 324 with HIE, 236 high ICP and, 37

Status epilepticus (SE) (cont.), in ICU patients, 313-316, 320, 321 in malaria, 294 management, 324-327

367

metabolic consequences of seizures, 37-38 morbidity, 327-328 mortality, 328-329 pathophysiology, 321-323 permanent epilepsy and, 329 refractory, 313-315 treatment, 325, 328 table

Stereotactic radiation, 220 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 210 Stiff-person syndrome, 55-56 Streptococcus, 140 Strokes

acute, 26-29 AEDs and, 43 cardiac surgery and, 239 cardiovascular disorders and, 240-241 EEG findings in, 40

Sudden infant death, 241 Supraventricular arrhythmias, 273-274 Supraventricular tachycardia, 274 Sydenham's chorea (SC), 53-54 Syncope,4,78,235

arrhythmias and, 273-274 cardiac outflow obstruction and, 273 convulsive, 4, 271, 275, 278 defined,271 EEG in, 274, 277-278, 279 EKG in, 274, 275-277 neurally mediated, 271-272, 279, 280 fig. neurologic causes, 274 postural hypotension and, 273 prodromal symptoms, 274 psychogenic, 274,279 seizures vs, 274-281 tilt table testing, 278-279 vasovagal,271-273,275,278,279

Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), 87, 88-89,126,217-218

Systemic antiflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), 122, 126

Systemic immunologic diseases, 49-59 Systemic insults

acute symptomatic seizures and, 1-2

368

Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), 50-52 anticonvulsants and, 344-345

Systemic sclerosis (SS), 57 • Tachycardia, 273, 274 Taenia solium, 287 Temporal lobe

epilepsy, 130-132,275 seizures, 203 tumors,209

Testicular cancer, 222 Tetraodontiformes, 194 Tetrodotoxin, 194 Theophylline, 18, 155-156,242 Thrombocytopenia, 267, 343 Thromboembolic cardiogenic infarctions, 267 Thrombosis

sinus venous, 267 spontaneous venous sinus, 216

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), 63-64, 77

Thymoma, 222 Thyroid disease, 113-114 Thyroid failure, 77-78 Tiagabine, 340, 347 Tilt table testing, 235, 278-279 Tin poisoning, 201-202 Tonic-clonic convulsions, 2-3 Topiramate, 337, 340, 341, 345, 347 Toxocariasis, 291 Toxoplasma, 218

gondii, 266, 291 Toxoplasmosis, 291-292 Tramadol, 160 Transient ischemic attack (TIA), 26 Triethyltin and trimethyltin (TMT), 201-202 Tripelennamine, 187 Tropheryma whippelii, 64 Tropics

bacterial infections, 295-296 drugs in, 300 epilepsy in, 285, 286 febrile seizures in, 298 fungal infections in, 297 head injuries in, 298 heredity, 301 metazoan infections in, 286-291 parasitic infections in, 286-295

Tropics (cont.), perinatal factors, 298 protozoan infections in, 291-295 seizures in, 285-302 viral infections in, 296-297

Trypanosomiasis African, 292-293 American, 293

Tsetse fly, 292 Tuberculosis, 153

Index

Tuberculous meningitis, 295-296 Tumors, 12-13, see also Brain, tumors

Uremia, 339, 340 Uremic encephalopathy, 74-75 Urginea maritime, 198 • Vaccinations, 154,301 Valproate

ARSs and, 177 bone marrow transplantation and, 267 breast-feeding and, 347 critically ill and, 326 encephalopathy and, 159 fetal effects, 346 hematologic effects, 343 hepatic disease and, 337-338 ICU patients and, 312-313 liver transplantation and, 263, 342 pancreatitis and, 345 renal disease and, 340

Vapors,202-203 V A Status Epilepticus Cooperative Study

Group, 325-326 Vector-borne diseases, 285 Ventricular tachycardia, 274 Vincristine, 218 Viral infections, 296-297

Water hemlock, 198 Water intoxication, 87 Wegener's Granulomatosis (WG), 52-53 Whipple's disease, 64-65 Wilson's disease, 73 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 273, 275 • Zidovudine (AZT), 136 Zonisamide, 337, 340, 341, 345