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743J. D. McLeod et al. (eds.), Handbook of the Social Psychology of Inequality, Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9002-4, © Springer Sciences+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
Index
AAccent, 185Accountability, 138, 156, 161–164, 172, 390Accounts, 245Aesthetic experience, 445Affect, 301
affective meanings, 296, 297, 299, 300, 302, 303, 305, 314
Affect control theory (ACT), 296, 297, 299, 300, 302, 303, 305–307, 317, 393, 401, 493
affect control theory of selves (ACTS), 503, 504cultural sentiments, 298, 299evaluation, potency, activity (EPA), 278, 285,
300, 501Interact, 393, 397, 501, 507
Affirmative action, 439, 451, 516, 519, 524–526, 537, 538
Ageageism, 610–612, 614, 622and depression, 612inter-age inequality, 610, 621intra-age inequality, 610, 621strata, 607, 609–611, 617, 621, 622
Agency, 60Aging, 607, 609, 612, 618, 620Alienation
alienated labor, 444, 445American dream, 564, 565Assimilation, 576, 589, 603Attitudes, 327, 328, 330, 332, 340, 341, 372
and income inequality, 76and stigma, 56automaticity of, 235ethno-racial, changes in, 516, 517gender, 385interpersonal influence, 229, 231, 234, 236–238socialization of, 257
Attribution, 12, 160, 161, 170and injustice, 73, 80, 84and legitimacy, 365, 373and racial stereotypes, 517, 522error, 440for inequality, 664system blame, 374theory, 53, 54, 301, 385
Authority at work, 451Automation, 442
BBehavioral interchange patterns, 7, 10, 11, 13Behaviorism, 29Bias
cultural, 527personal, 527
Birthcohort, 609order, 387–389
Black immigrants, 600, 601, 603Body, 170, 173, 176Boundary work, 140, 141, 143, 284, 550, 554, 560,
568, 569bordering, 551boundary maintenance, 346, 551
Bounded rationality, 689, 692Broken windows theory, 472Brown v. Board of Education, 413Bullying
and school safety, 425, 426
CCalling, 450Categorical inequality, 439, 440, 451Categorization, 96, 102, 187, 188, 527
cross categories, 142, 143compound categories, 111
Citizen, 583, 585, 594, 595, 599Civil Rights Act, 413–415
Title VII, 438Class inequality, 438Classlessness, 564Code of the street, 693, 697–699Cognitive bias, 440Coleman Report, 413Collective
action, 207, 210, 220, 223efficacy, 465, 473, 474, 688, 693–695, 709socialization models, 469
Commitment, 28, 37, 38, 43, 672, 676Community, 460, 462, 466, 472Comparison processes, 578–580Compulsory heterosexuality, 631Concentration effects, 464, 465, 467Concerted cultivation, 250, 251, 421, 559Conflict theory, 339, 362
744 Index
Confluence theory, 387Contact
hypothesis, 384theory, 146
Contagion model, 469Contrast conceptions, 666, 668Conversation analysis, 183, 184, 193, 195Convex combination, 236, 237Crime, 520, 524, 535–538, 683, 693
criminal behavior, 684, 687, 690–692, 700, 701, 705–707, 709, 710
desistance from, 705, 706, 709felony record, 707urban, 464violent, 684white collar, 685
Criminological theory, 683, 686, 691, 700Critical theory, 442, 451Cross-class interaction, 549, 553, 557, 568Cross-national research, 253Cultural capital, 551, 558, 559, 562Culture of poverty
model, 470thesis, 249
Cumulative dis/advantage, 615, 617–619, 622Cycle of Induced Incompetence, 614
DDecategorization, 146Delinquency, 686, 687, 701, 702, 709
delinquent peers, 704, 705Depression, 450Deviance, 50, 59, 686, 687, 692, 709Deviant behavior, 50Differential
association, 686, 690, 692evaluation, 96, 100, 102, 103, 117neighborhood organization, 688social organization, 686, 688
Discourse, 182, 195, 196analysis, 183, 184everyday, 196, 197institutional, 197, 198media, 198, 199
Discrimination, 51–53, 132, 333, 476, 516–520, 522, 529, 536–538, 576, 586, 588, 603, 639, 641, 642, 720–722, 733
employment, 438, 439interactional, 56–58normative, 400person-to-person, 56, 57structural, 56
Discursive psychology, 184Doing
difference, 102, 112, 126, 132, 134, 136gender, 102, 161, 183, 192, 195, 389–391, 401, 491,
492, 642Dominant ideology thesis, 333Double standards, 11, 12, 19, 256, 498Dramaturgy, 155–161, 163, 166, 169, 171, 174–177
EEducation
as socialization, 727bilingual education, 416Black-White achievement gap, 419, 425cardinal principles, 412Committee of Ten, 411, 414compulsory education, 410differentiated curriculum, 411educational expectations, 422English language learners, 416, 419enrollment, 418extracurricular programs, 426No Child Left Behind Act, 415postsecondary, 418, 422progressive education, 412student-teacher interactions, 421
Elective affinity, 341Embodied information, 235Emergence, 275, 289, 290Emerging adulthood, 259Emotions, 16, 29, 37, 38, 40, 42, 79, 396, 402, 502, 507
and gender, 501and health, 732and justice, 78, 80and power, 38, 39, 43and status, 18, 19and the family, 402emotional deviance, 304feeling rules, 304, 305management, 553, 562, 563
emotional labor, 562, 563emotional socialization, 553
social interactional theory, 315work, 130, 295, 389, 394
Employment discrimination, 438English fluency, 594, 595, 599, 601, 602Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 438Equality, 65, 67–69, 71, 74, 330, 333, 334, 336, 337,
341, 358, 368, 373Equity, 68, 70, 72, 74, 75, 394–398, 718
and health, 732and inequity, 396underbenefiting and overbenefiting, 396
Ethnicity, 515Ethnocentrism, 532–534Ethnomethodology, 156, 161, 175, 183, 195Ethno-racial attitudes, 515–519, 521, 523, 525–527,
532, 537, 539Evaluations, 184, 189Evaluative orientation, 230, 235, 236Exchange theory, 32, 37, 38, 79, 100, 112, 113, 115,
129, 208, 297, 314, 392, 397, 398elementary theory, 32, 44exchange network theory, 215power dependence theory, 44
Expectation states theory (EST), 6, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 101, 170, 174, 263, 299, 393, 394, 496, 497
and gender, 493, 500performance expectations, 7
745Index
FFalse consciousness, 443Family, 488, 489, 496, 498
and gender, 486, 490, 502definitions of, 382Standard North American Family (SNAF), 382,
385, 402Forecasting, 190, 191Foreign-born, 582–584, 586, 593–597, 599, 600, 602Framing, 391, 392, 401
diagnostic frames/framing, 663master frames, 662, 665motivational frames/framing, 664, 673prognostic frames/framing, 673
Frankfurt school, 442
GGay and lesbian families, 634–636Gender, 5, 7–9, 21, 67, 72, 87, 103–107, 113–115, 117,
125, 127, 133, 137, 141, 146, 166, 170, 187, 489, 490, 715, 719, 721, 723, 725, 728, 731
and constructing difference, 139and health, 717, 726, 729and justice, 65, 88and socialization, 255and status, 10, 12, 19, 20doing gender, see Doing genderframing, 499, 500, 506identity, 126, 505, 506inequality, 438manhood, 640–642, 644presentations, 637sex, 116undoing gender, 102wage gap, 486, 490
Gini coefficient, 577, 581Glass cliff, 438Goods, 577, 580, 584, 589Green card, 594, 597–600Grievance formation, 659, 660
mobilizing grievances, 661, 662, 677Group
position theory, 521, 522, 539processes, 628, 646stereotypes, 525, 527, 533–535threat, 521–526, 535
HHabitus, 137, 138, 157, 171, 174, 176, 558, 559, 562,
568Happiness, 445–447, 451, 576, 577, 580, 587, 588Hate crimes, 642Health, 486, 716
behaviors, 718, 723, 725–729, 733care interactions, 730, 731, 733gender, 490help seeking, 729illness interpretations, 718, 732, 733
Heteronormativity
heteronormative curriculum, 636Heterosexism, 632, 637Heuristic mechanism, 235, 236Homophilic tendencies, 441, 451Homophily, 208, 209, 216, 218, 552Homosocial reproduction, 618Household division of labor, 389, 390, 393–397,
400–402Human capital, 211, 212, 216, 219, 221, 223
IIdentity, 75, 139, 141, 255
and health, 728class identities, 553–556, 566, 569collective, 666–668correspondence, 669group, 582, 596identity, 126identity categories, 275–280, 282, 284, 285, 290identity meaning, 277, 279–281, 284, 286identity salience, 288, 289pan-ethnic, 667personal, 582, 586, 588, 593, 596, 666–669project, 156, 164, 166, 167, 176salience, 667, 671situated, 246social, 72, 87, 129, 666, 669, 728social identity, 284subgroup, 582, 586, 588, 593, 596transformation, 670work, 156, 160, 161, 163–165, 168, 176, 668–671
Identity control theory (ICT), 288, 486, 493and gender, 505, 506
Identity theory, 224, 296, 297, 302, 303, 305–307, 310, 391, 401, 486, 503
and gender, 493, 494, 505, 506commitment, 691, 704role-identities, 690, 696, 697, 700role-person merger, 691salience, 392, 695, 697
Ideological belief systems, 333Ideology, 146
political, 329, 330, 335, 336, 343, 362racial, 334, 335
Immigration, 575, 577affidavit of support, 598legal permanent residence (LPR), 594, 599marriage visa, 602sponsor, 598visa, 577, 582, 588, 598
Implicit attitudesImplicit Association Test, 527
Implicit bias, 440, 441Impression management, 156Incarceration, 683, 704–706
disenfranchisement, 708rates, 707stigma, 687, 708
Income, 57inequality, 76, 77, 82, 88, 447, 683, 686
746 Index
Individualism, 330, 333, 336–339hard, 565soft, 565
Inequality, 441, 442distributional, 659, 661, 662, 664, 671general inequality parameter, 583identifactory, 660, 661, 664, 671overall, 577personal, 577, 581procedural, 659–661, 671structure of, 438, 439subgroup, 577, 581
Influence network, 230, 234, 236–238condensation, 232Friedkin-Johnson mechanism, 231strong component, 232
Influence process models, 234French-Haray-DeGroot mechanism, 237
In-groupsaffect, 533, 534, 536and out-groups, 439
Injustice, 658, 661, 664, 671frame, 663, 664
Institutional model, 469Institutions, 547–550, 553, 555, 558, 559, 562–564, 569Inter-brain synchronization, 39Intercategorical complexity, 107Intergroup
bias, 132relations, 439, 451, 452
Internalization, 614internalized racism, 138
Interpersonalinfluence, 229, 230, 232–238status hierarchies, 4–7, 16, 18
Intersectionality, 95, 142, 144, 486, 506–508, 550and social class, 566, 567foundational, 99intersectional invisibility, 103intersectional stereotyping, 103matrix of domination, 98multiple jeopardy, 105political, 97representational, 97structural, 97
Intracohort inequalitymicro-interactional explanations for, 617, 618social mechanisms to conteract tendencies, 618, 619social structural explanations for, 617
JJob
networks, 471satisfaction, 438, 444, 445, 447–449
Justice, 310, 659and health, 731and ideology, 82distributive, 65, 68, 70–72, 74–76, 78, 79, 89evaluation, 72, 73, 75, 87–89, 578, 579function, 579
in social movements, 660, 662interactional, 65, 68–70, 72, 73, 76, 79, 81, 87issue, 229, 230, 236moral emotions, 311philosophical background, 66–68procedural, 65, 68–70, 72, 84–86scope, 87social justice culture, 229
LLabeling theory, 50, 614, 686, 687, 692
modified labeling theory, 50, 56, 59Labor market inequality, 516, 529–531Language, 181–184, 197
choice, 184Legitimacy, 12, 13, 67, 68, 83–86, 88, 327, 343, 354,
356, 439, 442legitimizing myths, 341
Life course, 258, 259, 264and health inequalities, 716economic, 613fallacy, 609perspective, 608
Life satisfaction, 445–447, 452Life span, 608Life-course criminology
age crime curve, 701desistance, 701transistion to adulthood, 699turning points, 700
Linguistic style, 185, 186, 189Living arrangements, 382, 383
MMacro-micro-macro theories, 451Manhood acts, 141Mastery, 722, 723, 727Meaning work, 662, 663, 666, 675Meaninglessness, 443, 444Mental
health, 313, 314, 318, 450effects of job conditions, 450illness, 49, 50, 56, 57
Meritocracy, 563, 564, 568Micro-macro problem, 694, 698Minimal group studies, 440Mobility, 253, 256, 259, 266, 547, 549, 552, 560, 567,
569Motherhood penalty, 19, 20, 398–400, 498Moving to Opportunity experiment (MTO), 459, 468,
472, 474Multiple standards theory, 497–499, 506
NNarratives, 189Nativity, 576, 577, 580, 582, 588, 602Natural
areas, 462, 465labor, 445
Naturalization beliefs, 133, 134, 136
747Index
Neighborhoodsclusters, 466disorder, 532, 535, 536effects, 459, 463, 465, 467–469, 471–474
on crime, 472–474theories of, 469
preference, 475, 476, 534, 536, 537stereotyping, 465, 477, 478
Network theory, 486, 487, 493–496, 506New Immigrant Survey, 595, 599–602Non-cognitive traits, 252Normative
heterosexuality, 260in-group, 440, 442
Normlessness, 443, 444
OOpinion dynamics, 231, 234, 236, 237Opportunity hoarding, 160, 439Oppositional
culture, 164–167, 176, 424identity, 470
Oppression, 97–99, 105, 109Organizational commitment
three component model, 449affective commitment, 449continuance commitment, 449normative commitment, 449
Organizational embeddedness, 209, 210, 223Othering, 52, 640
defensive, 131, 147, 550defensive othering, 286oppressive, 550
Out-group affect, 533Overreward, 579Ownership of the means of production, 443
PParticipatory incentives, 671, 672
moral, 675, 676selective, 673, 674solidary, 674, 675
Patriarchal bargains, 131Peer groups, 410
and social identity, 423–425Personhood, 274–276, 290Planful competence, 621Political ideology, 343Possible selves, 259Poverty trap, 222, 223Power, 12, 13, 16, 19, 21, 27–29, 53, 55, 59, 62, 99,
278–281, 286, 576–578, 588relative and total, 37, 38
Powerlessness, 443, 444Power-status theory
structural emotions, 305Pragmatism, 687, 691, 709Prejudice
contact hypothesis, 384racial, 516–518, 520–522, 526, 528, 529, 532, 534
social strucuture, 526sociocultural, 518, 521, 526
Principle-implementation gap, 520Privilege, 98, 99, 105
white, 115Profiling, 576, 585, 586, 588, 603Prototype, 440Psychological dispositions, 718, 722, 723, 733
QQueer theory, 631
RRace, 96, 97, 102, 105–107, 113, 114, 117, 125, 127,
132, 137, 138, 254, 262, 264, 575, 600, 601, 716, 717, 723, 731
and construction difference, 134, 135, 139–141and health, 721, 724, 730and socialization, 249internalized racism, 131multiracial, 115racial conceptualization, 517racial identity, 116white privilege, 104, 115whiteness, 104, 112
Racial ideology, 112color-blind racism, 335Laissez-Faire racism, 335
Racial resentment, 517, 519, 522, 525, 537, 538Racial stereotypes, 516, 529–531, 534, 536, 537Racial/ethnic inequality, 438Racialized politics, 521, 537Racism
aversive, 520, 521, 527Rational choice, 689Reciprocity, 210, 212, 213
norms, 213–215Reference groups, 244, 576, 690, 692Reflected appraisals, 550, 554, 557Relational cohesion theory, 38, 39Relative deprivation, 70, 71, 78, 82, 128, 718, 731, 732Religion, 248, 261Residential segregation, 459, 589, 720
and crime, 693and health, 721, 722integrationist, 590mixed neighborhood, 590racial, 532–537segregationist, 590
Resistance, 282–284, 286, 287, 289Resource dilution model, 388Reward, 580
actual, 579just, 579
Ruralism, 463
SSame-sex couples, 382, 383, 391, 394, 403Sandwich generation, 389Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 182
748 Index
Schools, 703and children’s outcomes, 220and deviance, 704charter, 418common school movement, 410in heteronormativity, 636–638public, 409, 410, 416–418, 429role in social class inequalities, 560segregation, 413
Segregation, 461, 465, 466, 477, 478Segregation, 463, see also Racial segregationSelf, 155
concept, 327, 345efficacy, 694enhancement, 245, 246esteem, 51, 57, 59, 253, 254, 257, 258, 263, 299,
303, 307, 311, 313, 316, 555, 642, 644, 646, 722
estrangement, 443feelings, 553, 555fulfilling prophecy, 614generalized other, 690, 691identity meanings, 302, 303, 316looking glass self, 632mastery, 555, 556narratives, 168, 169, 176possible selves, 555, 556presentation, 156, 159, 163, 164, 168, 169, 265,
515, 528, 554, 556, 569probable selves, 555, 556schema, 235self-efficacy, 281, 282self-esteem, 281, 282, 284self-verification, 288sentiments, 317verification, 307
Serious mental illness, 57Sex work, 638, 640Sexism, 633, 636, 641Sexual minority status, 639Sexual orientation, 103, 113, 116, 126Sexualities, 627, 632, 645Siblings
sibling structure, 387Similarity-attraction theory, 441, 451Skin color, 601, 602Small groups, 5, 74Social breakdown syndrome, 614Social capital, 208–210, 212–215, 217, 218, 220–222,
224, 439, 693–695, 726and deviance, 709and health, 725definitions, 211
Social class, 95, 104–107, 114, 115, 117, 547–550, 552–556
and status, 20Social cognition, 95, 96, 100, 108, 110, 111, 115, 126,
174, 177, 237, 691, 692Social cohesion, 214, 215
Social comparisons, 72–75, 77–80, 87, 516, 550, 554, 555, 557, 619, 664, 732, 733
and health, 718, 732, 734Social constructionism, 632Social control theory, 686Social disorganization, 462, 464, 465, 472, 473,
686–688, 694Social distance, 576, 582–585, 589, 592, 593, 603Social dominance
orientation (SDO), 84, 341, 441, 451theory (SDT), 340, 344
Social environments, 721Social exchange, 208, 392, 397, 398
and emotions, 308, 309and social capital, 208, 209, 214generalized exchange, 210interdependence, 209network generalized exchange, 214productive exchange, 214
Social identity theory, 439, 451, 728Social influence network theory, 36Social integration, 723–725Social isolation, 443, 464, 465, 471Social justice, 550, 567Social learning theory, 486, 488, 493, 506, 686, 690Social movements, 297, 318, 657, 658, 660–664, 666,
669, 671, 672, 675, 678and emotions, 317
Social networks, 57, 207, 449, 551, 552, 554, 558bridges, 216, 217, 219closure, 219, 222domain-specific ties, 217exchange network theory, 215network inequality, 215, 217strong ties, 216structural holes, 216weak ties, 216, 217
Social reproduction, 548, 560, 562Social rewards, 7, 9, 11Social structure and personality (SSP), 247, 249, 254,
312–314, 326, 327, 332, 340, 343, 444, 487, 558, 563, 628, 629, 636, 644, 646, 718
and emotions, 305and gender, 488, 490, 492and socialization, 248, 259, 264
Social support, 691, 723–725, 733in networks, 209, 211, 218in the workplace, 447, 449
Socialization, 449, 486, 489, 508, 553, 558, 562, 563, 727, 728
and deviance, 702and health, 729concerted cultivation, 250, 251cross-national research, 253extended investment model (EIM), 251family stress model (FSM), 251gender socialization, 486–488, 491, 493, 495learning-generalization model, 257resocialization, 259, 260, 265
749Index
selection model, 252socialization processes, 243–249, 251, 253, 257,
262–266Sociobehavioral theory, 575
personal qualitative characteristics, 576personal quantitative characteristics, 576primordial sociobehavioral outcomes, 576
Socioeconomicgradient, 615, 619position, 716, 730, 731position and health, 715, 717, 720, 721, 724status, 548, 555, 561
Solidarity, 207, 210, 215, 224mechanical, 460organic, 460
Speechact theory, 182, 183style, 185
Sphereof freedom, 444, 445of necessity, 444, 445
Status, 3, 4, 11, 16–18, 576, 578, 580attainment, 381, 386, 415beliefs, 279, 285, 393, 394characteristics theory, 7, 9, 10, 57, 101, 296, 297,
299, 300, 303, 314, 399–401, 497, 499affective cultural meanings, 300and gender, 497
construction theory, 14, 15, 128, 132, 279, 346, 439, 441, 451, 491, 497, 499, 506
and gender, 499, 506status beliefs, 14, 15
enhancement, 673generalization, 5, 7–9, 11, 19hierarchy, 439, 441
low status workers, 441influence theory, 41loss, 51, 53processes, 730, 733
and health, 733safeguarding, 561, 562, 568status rituals, 5value theory, 12, 13, 40, 41, 44, 71, 72
Stereotypebehavior from intergroup affect and stereotypes
(BIAS) map, 301content model, 296, 297, 299–302content theory, 451threat, 11, 12, 56, 255, 423, 528
Stereotyping, 51Stigma, 99, 101, 102, 113, 175, 247, 296, 301, 302, 304,
305, 312, 629, 632, 634, 646and deviance, 708concealability, 53coping responses, 59, 60course, 54, 62disruptiveness, 53origin, 53, 54peril, 53, 54
Stigmatization, 612, 614, 622Stories, 189, 190Strain theory, 691, 703Strategic disruptions, 156, 164, 167, 176Stress, 297, 305, 313, 314, 318, 450, 733
exposure, 718–722Structure and agency, 43Subcultures, 297, 314, 318Subgroups, 576, 577, 581, 582, 584
emergent subgroups, 587pre-existing subgroups, 587split, 583, 587, 588subgroupistas, 587
Symbolic interaction, 208Symbolic interactionism, 6, 158, 159, 175, 182, 243,
275, 282, 285, 630–632, 700and deviance, 687and emotions, 296and gender, 487and interpersonal influence, 230and intersectionality, 115and power, 33, 37and socialization, 244, 245
Symbolic racism, 519, 525System justification theory (SJT), 85, 128, 343, 441, 451System justifying beliefs, 86
belief in a just world (BJW), 82, 84
TTerms of reference, 187, 188, 200Theory
predictions, 576, 578, 589unification, 578, 580
Transgender, 641–643intersex, 116transsexual, 116
Trust, 210, 211, 213distrust, 221, 222learned mistrust, 222
UUnderreward, 579, 582Unemployment, 57Urban underclass, 684, 693, 698, 706Urbanism, 463
effects of, 459–461
VViolence, 683, 688, 692, 696–699, 701, 703
WWelfare, 526, 529, 530, 534, 536, 538Word choice, 186, 187Work, 437, 442–445Work attitudes, 447World Values Survey, 448Worlds of pain, 450