Index

ABA block copolymeric surfactants, 8 and absorption, 424, 425, 439 adsorption on to polystyrene, 585, 586 cross-linked, 757 and dissolution, 359 in fat emulsions, 553 gels from, 757 meroxapol structure, 360 in multiple emulsions, 519 poloxamer properties, 356 poloxamine structure, 360 properties of, 356 solubilization with, 268, 269, 355 el seq., styrene-ethylene oxide, 362

Absorption of o-benzoylthiamine disulphide, 430 bile salts and, 425 el seq of diazepam, 446, 447 of digitoxin, 401 of enduracidin, 433 of ftuorescein, 444 of griseofulvin, 421 of insulin, 424 intramuscular, 433 of local anaesthetics, 443 of non-ionic surfactants into cells, 646, 647 of paraquat, 407 percutaneous, 435 of phenol red, 425 of phytomenadione, 420 of Pluronic surfactants, 616 of polysorbate 80, 434 of procaineamide, 426 of quinine, 426, 432 rectal, 430 of secobarbitone, 402, 416 of sulphisoxazole, 391, 416, 417---419 of thiopentone, 405 of thioridazine, 403, 405 of urogastrone, 427

Absorption spectrometry, 245-247 Acetanilides

4-ftuoro-, 358 release from gels, 757 solubilization of, 268, 269, 357

Acetophenone, 250 Acridine dyes, 259, 260 Acronine, 375 Acrylamide, 760 Activated carbon, 28 Activation

of enzymes, 634 of surfactants, 689

Activity, thermodynamic, 178 Acylcholinesters, 703 Adhesional wetting, 31, 590 Adhesion of particles, 590 el seq. Adipic acid, crystals of, 602 p-Adrenergic blocking agents

colloidal properties, 155, 156 non-specific membrane effects, 155, 175 stabilization of erythrocytes, 176, 177 surface activity, 156, 157

Adsorbents, 27, 28 Adsorption

isotherms, 20-25 of picloram on soil, 690 of surfactants at mercury electrode, 768, 769 of surfactants to Sephadex, 643 of surfactants to Sepharose, 644

Adsorption at liquid interfaces, 12 el seq. electrolyte effects on, 19 and Gibbs equation, 12 el seq. and surfactant structure, 18, 19 temperature effects on, 19, 20

Adsorption at solid surfaces, 20 el seq. adsorbent structure and, 27, 28 of drugs, 25 electrolyte effects on, 26 experimental determination, 20, 21 of ionic surfactants, 22 el seq. isotherms for, 20 el seq. of non-ionic surfactants, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27 pH effect on, 26, 27 surfactant structure and, 25 temperature effect on; 27

Adverse reactions, to surfactants, 649 el seq. AerosolOT

and absorption, 391,424 adsorption on to solids, 593

779

780 Index

Aerosol OT (Contd.) and bactericidal activity, 451 and dissolution, 392 and gastric emptying rate, 624 micellar properties of, 115, 116 in oily suspensions, 605, 606 and reaction rate, 729, 737 solubilization by, 284, 285, 352, 728 and suspension stability, 584 toxicology of, 170, 658, 659

Albumin, lecithin complex, 455 Alcohols

micellar properties and, 94, 95 surface activity and, II solubilization of, 236, 258, 259, 276-278, 281

Alkylammonium carbonates, 116 Alkylbenzene sulphonates, 22, 618, 675 Alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides, 183.

366 Alkylcyanoacrylates, 762, 763 Alkylmethyl sulphoxides, 106 Alkyltrimethylammonium bromides (see also

individual compounds) and arterial blood pressure, 668 in emulsions, 533 interaction with dyes, 367 intravenous LD50, 667

Alkyl tyrosines, association and conformation. 699-701

Almond oil, phase diagram, 353 Amaranth, interaction with surfactant, 368 Amides, micellar catalysis, 711 Amphipathic molecules, I Amphotericin. 323 Analgesics, colloidal properties of, 145-147 Analysis, effects of surfactants, 763 et seq. Anaphylactic response. to non-ionic surfactants.

649 Anionic surfactants, 2--4 Anthracene, 236. 246, 264 Antiacetylcholine drugs

CMC of. 132-134 colloidal properties of, 131 et seq. surface activity of, 136, 137

Antibacterial activity, surfactants and, 447 et seq.

Antibacterials association of, 147, 148 inactivation of, 458 interactions of. 455 et seq. solubilization of, 295 et seq.

Antibiotics activity and surfactants, 448, 757 colloidal properties of, 148 et seq. degradation of p-Iactam, 757 solubilization of, 318 et seq. surface activity of, 148 et seq.

Anticancer drugs, and multiple emulsions, 554 Antidepressant drugs

CMC of, 138 et seq.

colloidal properties of, 137 et seq. and red cell agglutination, 169 surface activity of, 143-145

Antihistaminic drugs CMC of, 126, 128 colloidal properties of, 105, 125 et seq. lytic effects, 165 membrane stabilizing effects, 165 surface activity of, 130, 131

Antihypertensive drugs, see p-Adrenergic block­ing agents

Antitoxin titres, 355 Antitubercular activity, of non-ionic surfac-

tants, 646, 648, 649 Antitumour activity, 668, 669 Approved emulsifiers, 615 Area per molecule at interface, 14, 18 Ascorbic acid, 62 Aspirin, hydrolysis of, 739 Association colloids

ampholytic. 2 anionic, 2--4 cationic, 2, 4, 5 drugs, 3 micellar properties of, 72 et seq. naturally occurring, 2, 3 in non-aqueous solvents, 114 et seq. non-ionic, 2, 5-8 phase behaviour of, 40 et seq. solubilization by, 229 et seq., 293 et seq. surface activity of, 8 et seq. toxicity of, 614 et seq.

Association models, 111-114, 129, 135, 146, 147, 156, 161

in non-aqueous solvents, 116 Attapulgite, 27, 28 Azobenzene, 246, 262, 274, 278

Barbiturates, solubilization of, 260, 262 Benzalkonium chloride, 5 Benzene, solubilization of, 236, 247-250, 257,

265.277 Benzoates, as hydrotropes, 376 et seq. Benzocaine. 26, 725

hydrolysis of, 742, 743 stability to y-irradiation, 745

Benzoic acid and derivatives biological activity of, 451 solubilization of, 237, 239, 241, 242, 246, 268,

273, 282, 305, 456 Benzophenone, 250 Benzpyrene, 674 BET adsorption isotherm, 23 Betaine-benzaldehyde-water systems, 714 Betamethasone

suspensions of, 579, 580 zeta potential, 580, 581

Bile acid binding of, 195 precipitation by neomycin, 199

Bile salt micelles and drug transport, 190 solubilization by, 188, 270, 274 structure of, 188

Bile salts, 185 et seq. and dissolution of drugs, 191 and drug absorption, 425 et seq. physical properties, 189 and platelet aggregation, 196 ternary systems, 196

Bimolecular reactions, 701 Binding, surfactants to proteins, 630 Biogenic amines

association of, 219 storage and release, 219

Biological activity of benzoic acid, 451 of chlorocresol, 449, 450 and CMC, 183 et seq. of enzymes, 631 et seq. of local anaesthetics, 443 of phytomenadione, 420 of sulphonamides, 436 surfactant effects on, 311 of tetrahydrocannabinol, 445

Biological membranes association of lipids in, 217 damage of, 169, 619 et seq. and micellization, 216 permeability of, 162

Biopharmaceutics, of emulsions, 540 et seq. Bismuth subnitrate

flocculation of, 569 suspensions of, 569

Bleomycin, emulsions of, 556, 557 Bolaform electrolytes, 18 Brij 35

and bactericidal activity, 452 and corneal penetration, 444 interaction with dyes, 765 membrane disruption by, 624, 628 and reaction rate, 699, 724, 741 solubilization by, 246, 248, 298 stability of, 751, 752

Brij 92/96 mixtures and emulsion stability, 507, 508 micelles in non-aqueous solvents, 353 solubilization by, 346

Brij 96 CMC of, 95 solubilization by, 313, 314

Brij 96-isopropyl myristate-water system, 520 Brij 96-oil-water systems, 56 et seq. Brijs, 7 (see also individual compounds)

and absorption, 622 oxidizing agents in, 751

Bromobenzene, 248 Bromonaphthalene, 258, 259 Bupivacaine, 675 Butamben

Index 781

release from surfactant systems, 460 transport through silicone, 412

Caffeine, solubilization by, 373 Calcium carbonate, 606 Carbohydrate, hydrolysis of, 738 Carbon-13 n.m.r., 76, 77, 80 Carcinogens, solubilization of, 672 et seq. Carmoisine, interaction with surfactants, 368 Catalysis, 701 et selj. Cationic surfactants, 2, 4, 5

metabolism of, 616 et seq. toxicity of, 615 et seq.

Cellophane membranes, 183 Cells, interaction with non-ionic surfactants, 646 Cephaloridine, 423 Cephalosporins, 744 Cephalothin, 423 . Cetomacrogol 1000, 7

and absorption, 422, 424 adsorption on to solids, 27, 579 and bactericidal activity, 449, 450, 452, 453 cloud point of, 281, 303 degradation of, 748, 749 and dissolution, 396 and emulsion stability, 480, 493 y-irradiation of, 747 micellar size of, 86, 234 and obstruction effect, 771 and preservatives, 299, 305, 306, 308, 311 partition of solvents into, 291 physicochemical properties of, 750 and reaction rate, 714, 739 solubilization by, 234, 238, 239, 246, 278, 296,

297, 318, 347, 352 Cetomacrogol-benzaldehyde-water systems,

67,68 Cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, 496 Cetomacrogol sulphate, 439, 493 Cetrimide, 5

cytolytic effect of, 453 and reaction rate, 707, 714, 744, 746

Cetrimide emulsifying wax, 496 Cetylpyridinium chloride, see Hexadecyl­

pyridinium chloride Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, see Hexa-

decyltrimethylammonium bromide Charge transfer interactions, 94 Chemisorption, 20 Chemistry at interfaces, 699 Chloramphenicol

association with albumin-lecithin complex, 455

solubilization of, 318, 319 stability of, 741

Chloramphenicol palmitate precipitation of, 591 suspensions of, 59 et seq.

Chlorhexidine salts solubility of, 312

782 Index

Chlorhexidine salts (Contd.) solubilization of, 313, 314

Chlorocresol, antimicrobial activity of, 449 Chlorophyll, photochemistry, 722 Chlorpromazine, 162 et seq.

bactericidal effect, 164 colloidal properties of, 139 et seq. enzyme inhibition by, 162 membrane stabilization by, 164, 165 and paraquat uptake, 169

Chloroxylenol, 295 activity in surfactant, 308 solubilization of, 241, 246, 279, 296

Cholestatic jaundice, 168 Cholesterol

dissolution of, 198, 199 mesomorphous phases, 196 monolayers of, 407 solubility in bile salts, 199 solubilization, 197, 267 ternary systems, 196

Cholesteryl esters, solubilization in lecithin, 206 Cholestyramine, binding of bile salt, 195 Cholic acid

derivatives, structures of, 186 structure and molecular model, 187

Chromatography, of protein-surfactant sys-tern, 643

Chromophores, effect of surfactant on, 763 Chylomicra, 213 Chymotrypsin, 729 Ciliary mobility, and local anaesthetics, 173 Clay, 27 Cloud point, 41

inorganic salts and, 94, 275 phenols and, 303 of polysorbate 20, 749 solubilizates and, 280 et seq., 344

Coal-tar products, 352 Co-micellization

and membrane interactions, 620, 621 and reactivity, 700

Compliance, in emulsions, 532, 533 Complex formation, and non-ionic surfactants,

506 Conductivity of electrolytes, effect of surfac­

tants, 770 et seq. Conformation

and aggregation, 699-701 of alkyl sulphates, 666

Contact angle, 28, 32, 35, 36, 687 of pharmaceutical powders, 30, 33

Coprecipitates, reserpine-cholanic acid, 192 Corneal permeability, surfactants and, 443 Cortisone acetate, 603 Co-solubilization, 278-280 Co-surfactants, effects on surface activity, II Counterions

and association pattern, 130, 161 binding to micelle, 73, 79, 90

and micellar properties, 91, 92, 116 and thermodynamics of micellization, 100,

102-104, 107 Creep, in emulsions, 532, 533 Cremophor EL

adverse reactions to, 649 et seq. and bioavailability, 447 and dialysis rate, 460 and histamine release, 651 and receptor interactions, 645 solubilization by, 323, 337 and thrombophlebitis, 445, 446 vehicle for i.v. use, 446

Cresol with soap (lysol), 295 Critical flocculation temperature, 585, 586 Critical micelle concentration

additives and, 91 et seq. of p-adrenergic blocking agents, 156 alcohols and, 94, 95 of antiacetylcholine drugs, 132-134 of antidepressants, 138, 139 of antihistamines, 126, 128 counterions and, 91, 92 determination of, 72 electrolytes and, 91 et seq., 104, 105, 127 and hydrocarbon chain length, 74, 87-89, 94 and hydrophilic group, 90, 91 and hydrophobic group, 87-90 and Krafft point, 45 of local anaesthetics, 153 in non-aqueous solvents, 114 et seq. of phenothiazines, 139, 140, 142, 144 and polar group, 90 and polyoxyethylene chain length, 91 pressure effect on, 97 and surface tension, 13 temperature effect on, 96 and thermodynamics of micellization, 99

et seq. Critical micelle temperature, 45 Critical solution temperature, phenol-water

systems, 303 Critical surface tension, 32

of pharmaceutical powders, 34 Crystal growth, 601 et seq. Crystallization, 400 Cubic mesomorphic phases, 45, 46, 49, 52, 54 Cutaneous toxicity of surf act ants, 659, 669--671,

675 et seq. Cyclohexane, solubilization of, 248, 265, 282 Cytotoxicity, 661

DDT insecticidal activity of, 683 Decane, solubilization of, 265, 271, 272, 280, 282 Decanol, solubilization of, 271, 274 Decylammonium bromide, 90 Decyldiethylammonium bromide, 90 Decylethylammonium bromide, 90 Decylmorpholinium bromide, 90 Decylpyridinium bromide, 90, 97

Decyltributylammonium bromide, 263 Decylpyridinium iodide, 93, 94 Decyltriethylammonium bromide, 90, 263 Decyltrimethylammonium bromide, 53, 79, 90,

252 Decyltripropylammonium bromide, 53, 79, 90,

252 Degree of micellar dissociation, 73, 79, 100, 102,

104, 105 Dialkyldimethylammonium chloride, 89, 116,

754 Dialysis

cell,233 in presence of surfactants, 410 et seq.

Diazepam bioavailability of, 447 formulation and activity, 446, 447, 547 formulation of, 547 intramuscular, 447 intravenous, 447 solubilization of, 377

Dichloroxylenol, 278, 279 Dielectric constant

and association in non-aqueous solvents, 116 at micellar surface, 78, 79

Di-2-ethylhexyl sulphosuccinate, see Aerosol OT

Diffusion coefficient and fluorescence, 723 in multiple emulsions, 555 in polarography, 769 of thioridazine/surfactant systems, 460

Diftorasone diacetate, 437 partition coefficient, 440 percutaneous absorption, 437 solubility, 440

Digitoxin, dissolution rate, 359 Digoxin, dissolution rate, 359 Diloxanide furoate suspensions, 583-585 Dimethyldodecylammonium propane I-sul-

phonate, 249, 250 Dissolution, from drug surfactant mixtures, 399

et seq. Dissolution rate

of benzoic acid, 392 bile salts and, 191 of digitoxin, 359 of digoxin, 359 of griseofulvin, 396, 425 of hexoestrol, 425 of hydrocortisone, 391 of phenacetin, 390 of salicylic acid, 391 of stearic acid, 399 of sulphamethizole, 394 surfactant effects on, 390 et seq. theoretical approaches to, 393 et seq.

Distribution coefficient, see Partition coefficient Diuresis, induced by Cremopbor EL, 650 DLVOtheory, 483

index 783

deviations from, 499 and emulsion systems, 483

DNA synthesis, effect of surfactants in vitro, 663 Dobanol 25-9, 752 Dodecylamine carboxylates, 285 Dodecylamine hydrochloride, 246, 265, 274 Dodecylammonium carboxylate, 733, 734 Dodecylammonium chloride, 22, 26 Dodecylammonium propionate, 115, 284, 287,

730-736, 738 Dodecylbenzene sulphonate, 636 Dodecyldimethylammonium chloride, 85 Dodecyltributylammonium bromide, 18 Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, 18, 27,

35, 37, 53, 79, 92, 252, 370 Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, 45, 46,

92,412,640 Dodecylpyridinium bromide, 22 Drug absorption

in goldfish, 389, 402-405 mechanism of surfactant effects, 389, 622

et seq. surfactant effects on, 388 et seq.

Drug delivery systems, and solubilization, 459 et seq.

Drugs adsorption on to solids, 25 colloidal properties of, 89, 91, 105, 113, 124

et seq. stability of, 739 et seq. surface activity of, 3, 124 et seq., 162 et seq.

Dupre equation, 31 Dyes

and haemolysis, 167 interaction with surfactant, 367, 763 pKa in micelles, 765 tricyclic, 165 et seq.

Ear, surface chemistry of, 215 Electrical double layer, 73, 486 Electrolyte

and adsorption at liquid surface, 19 and adsorption 00 to solids, 26 and CMC, 91 et seq., 104, 105 and flocculation, 581 and micellar shape, 84 and solubilization, 273, 285, 287 and surface activity, 10

Electron spin resonance, 76, 253-257 Electrophoresis, of proteins in surfactant

systems, 642, 643 Electrophoretic mobility

of alumina, 574 of bacteria, 607 of betamethasone, 580 of blood cells, 607 of diloxanide furoate, 586 of griseofulvin, 580 of latex, 586 of nalidixic acid, 580

784 Index

Electrophoretic mobility (Contd.) of thiabendazole, 580

Empicol ML 26A, 317, 318 Emulsifiers, approved for human use, 615 Emulsions

additives and, 505 and autoxidation, 715 biopharmaceutics, 540 et seq. of cells, 671 concentrated systems, 530 droplet size and stability, 481, 508 evaporation from, 558, 559 fluorocarbon, 495 HLB and stability of, 471, 503 et seq. instability of, 471 intestinal absorption from, 541 inversion of, 480 in vitro model for drug release, 545 mechanisms of stabilization, 470 mesomorphic phases in, 46, 50, 494 multiple emulsions, 509 et seq. mycobacterial, 671 PIT and stability, 471 preservative distribution in, 535 release from, 538 rheology of, 524, 530 et seq. self-bodying, 496 semi-solid, 495 solute disposition in, 534 stability theory, 483 et seq. temperature effects, 502 viscosity of, 524 et seq. zeta potential, 507

Emulsion viscosity factors affecting, 525 structured systems, 530

Enthalpy of micellization, 100-102, 106, 107 determination of, 106 of methylene group, 106, 107

Entropic repulsion, 488, 587 Entropy

and micelle formation, 8, 9 of micellization, 100, 107

Enzyme activity, 631, 632 Equilibrium constant for micellization, 101, 102 Erythromycins, chemical structure, 170 Erythrosine, interaction with surfactant, 368 Ethirimol, suspension of, 589 Ethylbenzene, solubilization of, 232, 246, 260,

261 Excimer fluorescence, 74, 75 Extraction, 729

of enzymes, 633 of phospholipid, 622 et seq. of protein, 623 et seq.

Eye, surface chemistry of, 215

Fat absorption, 190 Fat emulsions

elimination, 552

formulation, 547 et seq. and phagocytosis, 552

Fatty acid, solubilization of, 397-399 Fish

toxicity of surfactants to, 656 use in surfactant toxicity testing, 656, 657

Flocculation, 567 et seq. controlled, 571 critical flocculation temperatures, 585 electrolyte effect on, 581 polymeric flocculating agents, 576 rapid, 581

Fluorescein, 736 penetration into eye, 444

Fluorescence in micellar systems, 719 quenching of, 235, 723

Fluorescent depolarization, 74, 251-253 Fluorescent probes, 74-76, 79, 250-253 Fluorinated surfactants, 10, 77, 88, 89, 688 Fluorine magnetic resonance, 77 5-F1uorouracil

in emulsions, 518 in gelatin microsphere systems, 518

Fluphenazine, adsorption of, 166 Free energy of micellization, 99 et seq.

of antihistamine drugs, 105 determination of, 104, 105 electrical component of, 105 hydrocarbon component of, 105 of methylene group, 105, 106

Frusemide solubility of, 351 solubilization of, 351

Functional micelles, 699 Fungicidal activity, of benzoic acid, 451 Fungicidal formulations, 690 Fusidic acid, 216 Fusion, of membranes, 624 Fusogens, 624

Gamma irradiation, 744 et seq., 757 Gastric emptying, and surfactants, 624 Gastric mucosa, effect of surfactants, 625 et seq. Gel filtration, 235 Gel phase, 50, 65, 66 Gels

cross-linked, 757 diffusion in, 414, 437 release of drugs from, 757 swelling of, 758

Gentamicin, bioavailability, 431 Gentisic acid, hydrotropy, 375 Gibbs equation, 12 et seq.

for ionic surfactants, 14, 15, 16 for non-ionic surfactants, 12 for multicomponent solutions, 16 validity of, 14, 15, 29

Glass, adsorption on, 24 Glutaraldehyde, 317, 318

Glutethimide, 270, 399, 400 Glyceryl mono-octanoate, 199 Glycoprotein, aggregation of, 218 Goldfish, 389,401--403,415,426 Graphon,22 Griseofulvin

absorption of, 420, 421 adsorption on to, 578, 579 dissolution of, 191, 322, 425 solubilization of, 241, 270, 321, 322, 425 suspensions, 578, 579 wetting of, 31 zeta potential of, 580, 581

Gouy-Chapman layer, 73 Gum arabic, interaction with surfactants, 364,

365

Haemolysis, prevention of, 456 Ham effect, 253 Hartley's rules, 701, 702

circumvention of, 702 HDL, see Lipoproteins Hemimicelles, 23 Henry equation, 568, 569 Heparin, absorption from emulsion, 544 Hepatotoxicity

of erythromycins, 170 et seq. and surface activity, 170-172

Heptaoxyethylene glycol dodecyl ether (CUE7)' 94, 130

Herbicides activity of, 682 et seq. solubilization of, 682

Hexachlorophene, 314, 452 potentiation of, 451

Hexadecyl polyoxyethylene ethers (C'6En), 10, 19,91

Hexadecylpyridinium bromide, 22 Hexadecylpyridinium chloride, 250, 282, 319,

453, 577, 724 Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide

and absorption, 406, 407, 622, 623 absorption and excretion of, 616, 617, 618 adsorption on to solids, 22, 27, 577 dye interactions, 370 in emulsions, 494, 501, 534 micellar properties of, 75, 76, 79, 84 and OjW partition, 413, 414 phase behaviour of, 53 and reaction rate, 701, 702, 709-711, 716, 717,

741, 744, 745 solubilization by, 236, 247, 248, 250-252, 258,

259, 282, 319, 330, 674 uptake by cells, 609

Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide­phenol-water systems, 303, 304, 308

Hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, 248, 723

Hexaoxyethylene glycol monodecyl ether (CWE6)' 42, 50, 51, 55, 67

Index 785

Hexaoxyethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C'2E6),43, 86, 98, 235, 581

Hexaoxyethylene glycol monohexyl ether (C6E6),48

Hexaoxyethylene glycol mono-octyl ether (CSE6)' 42, 67, 68

Hexoestrol, 191 Hexylresorcinol, uptake of, 452 Histamine, release by non-ionics, 649 HLB

and bactericidal activity, 320 and cloud point, 476 and corneal penetration, 444 critical value, 475, 477, 506, 507 and dielectric constant, 477 group numbers, 473 and heat of hydration, 476 and inversion of emulsions, 480 optimal value, 475 and pesticidal activity, 683 of polysorbates, 6 scale\ 5,472 and solubility parameter, 474 of sorbitan esters, 6 and stability of emulsions, 471 et seq., 503

et seq. of surfactant mixtures, 473

Hydrated electrons, 716, 717 Hydrocarbon chain

conformation of, 76, 77, 666 extended length of, 81 segmental motion of, 76, 80

Hydrocarbons, solubilization of, 264, 265, 275, 276, 280

Hydrogen ion concentration, see pH Hydrolysis

acid-catalysed, 70 I et seq. base-catalysed, 70 I et seq. of benzocaine, 742, 743 of benzylideneaniline, 701 of carbohydrates, 738 effect of CT AB on, 709 and degree of saturation, 713 of dye molecules, 713 of esters, 707 ion-promoted, 724, 725 of procaine, 741 of propyl benzoate, 712 surfactant effects on, 707 et seq.

Hydroperoxide formation, 715 Hydrophile-lipophile balance, see HLB Hydrophobic group

and adsorption on to solids, 25 and association pattern, 89, 90, 135, 161 and micellar properties, 87, 88, 89 and surface activity, 9, 10, 18

Hydrophobic hydration, 8 Hydrotalcite, 195, 196 Hydrotropy, 370 et seq.

benzoates and, 376 et seq.

786 Index

Hydrotropy (Con/d.) of hydroxynaphthoates, 372, 373 salicylates and, 376 et seq.

Hydroxynaphthoates, hydrotropy of, 373, 373 5-Hydroxytryptamine, interaction with ATP,

219 Hyperlipaemia, 652

Igepals, 7, 80, 250,639, 640, 738 Immersional wetting, 32, 590 Immunogammaglobulin G (IgG), nanoencapsu-

lated,761 Immunological activity, of vaccines, 671 Inactivation, of antibacterials, 458 Indicator dyes, 728 Indomethacin

dissolution of, 192, 193 solubility of, 193

Indoxole, emulsion system, 463, 540 Inhibition

of bacterial growth, 647 of reactions, 701 et seq.

Inhibitory concentrations, methyl paraben/ polysorbate 80, 311

Insulin absorption from emulsions, 424, 544 jejunal absorption, 422, 423 surfactant effects on absorption, 422

Interactions antibacterial-surfactant, 455 et seq. dye-surfactant, 367, 763 ion-ligand, 726 et seq. membrane-surfactant, 619 et seq. polymer-surfactant, 361 et seq. surfactant -surfactant, 365

Interfacial chemistry, 699 Interfacial film, complexed, 496 Interfacial tension

factors affecting, 9, 10, II and microemulsion formation, II ultra-low, 11

Intestinal absorption bile salts and, 427 surfactants and, 418 et seq.

Intralipid, 548, 549, 550 Intramuscular injection, of diazepam, 447 Inverse micelles, 114 et seq.

reactions in, 728 water pool in, 736

Iodine systems, 315 et seq., 453 Iodophors, 314 et seq. Ion

binding to micelles, 706, 707 complexation, 737 reactions involving metal, 724

Ionization, in presence of surfactants, 765, 766, 767

Ion-selective electrodes, 79 Iron, determination of, 768 Irritancy

in ear, 670 in eye, 669, 671 of surfactants, 659

Isopropyl benzene, 248, 249 Isopropyl myristate, polysorbate 80/water

system, 442

Kaolin, 27, 28 adsorption on to, 596

Kaolinite, adsorption of surfactants ott to, 577 Kinetics, of micelle formation, 86, 108 et seq. Krafft point, 45

Langmuir isotherm, 21, 22, 297, 577, 595 LDL, see Lipoprotein Lecithin

chemical structure, 203 composition of soybean, 551 in fat emulsions, 549 interaction with Triton X-l00, 208 micelles in non-aqueous solvents, 114, 287 solubilization by, 204 ternary systems of, 196 et seq. ultrasonic irradiation of, 204

Light scattering, 79, 84, 86, 92, 115, 116 Lipidosis, surface active drugs and, 172 Lipids

classification of, 202 solubilization of, 621 surface active, 202

Lipoproteins, 213 Liposomes, 207 et seq., 755

microviscosities of, 211 osmotic contraction of, 109 solubilization sites in, 210

Liquid crystalline phases, 40 et seq. and emulsion stability, 50

Liquid membrane systems, 557, 558 Local anaesthetics

biological activity of, 443 CMC of, 153 colloidal properties of. 153 surface activity of, 153,154

London forces, 484 Lubrol WX, 82 Luminescence, 719 Lung, surface chemistry, 214 Lymphatic transport, of emulsions, 546 Lysol,295 Lysolecithin, 3, 206, 322, 624

Magnesium phenyl stearates, 287 Mass action model of micellization, 101 et seq.,

127, 129 Mass transfer, surfactant effects on, 413 Maximum additive concentration

of alcohols, 265 of barbiturates, 262 determination of, 230, 231 of glutethimide, 270

of griseofulvin, 270 of hexoestrol, 270 of hydrocarbons, 261, 265, 271, 275 of polycyclic hydrocarbons, 266 of steroids, 263, 330 of vitamins, 343

Membrane fusion, 624 -surfactant interactions, 619 et seq., 685

et seq. Membrane bound enzymes, solubilization of,

641 Membrane permeability

bile salts and, 427 surfactants and, 401 et seq. surfactant structure and, 405 et seq.

Membrane transport, of micelle forming solutes, 180 et seq.

Menadione, photolysis of, 724 Mesomorphic phases, 40 et seq. Metabolism of surfactants, 615 et seq.

anionic, 618 cationic, 616 non-ionic, 615

Metal ion interaction with polyethylene glycol, 728 interaction with surfactant, 728 in reactions, 725

Methoxydecaoxyethylene decyl ether, 265, 281, 282

Methoxydodecaoxyethylene decyl ether, 271, 272,282

Methyl anisate, 282 Methylene blue, 113, 147 Methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate

in emulsions, 537 solubilization of, 235, 236, 279

Methyl orange, 543, 544 Micellar reactions, 699 et seq. Micellar weight

additives and, 92, 93, 95 alcohols and, 95 counterions and, 91 determination of, 85 distribution of, 85-87 electrolytes and, 92, 93 hydrocarbon chain length and, 88 hydrophilic group structure and, 90, 91 hydrophobic group structure and, 88-90 in non-aqueous solvents, 114 et seq. polar head group structure and, 90 polyoxyethylene chain length and, 91 pressure effect on, 97 solubilizate effect on, 282, 283 temperature effect on, 96, 97, 271 and thermodynamics of micellization, 101,

107, 108 Micelle polymerization, 756, 759 Micelles

core of, 74-78

Index 787

counterion binding by, 73, '79,90 in nonaqueous solvents, 114 et seq., 283, 284 and reaction rate, 698 et seq. reactivity in, 698 et seq. shape of, 80 el seq. size distribution of, 85-87, 110-113 stability of surfactants in 'functional', 699

Micellization, 72 et seq. biological consequences of, 162, 178 et seq. enthalpy of, 100-102, 106, 107 entropy of, 100, 107 free energy of, 99-108, 112, 113 kinetics of, 108 et seq. in non-aqueous solvents, 114 et seq. thermodynamic parameters of, 99 et seq. and transport of surfactant, 180 et seq.

Microemulsions, 69, 519 et seq. formation of, 11, 520 geometry of droplets, 522 phase inversion, 521 as reaction medium, 763 viscosity of, 528

Microencapsulation, 761 Microsomes, 409, 410

solubilization of, 454 Middle phase, 40, 41 Minerals, surfactant effects on absorption, 685 Minimum inhibitory concentrations, and CMC,

184 Mitochondria, solubilization of, 409 Mixed micelles

alkyltrimethylammonium salt/sodium cholate, 194

and antibacterial activity, 455 and biliary excretion, 199 imipramine-bile salt, 194

Mobility, of solubilizate molecules, 257-260 Molecular sieve, 235 Monolayers, surface tension of, 17 Monomer activity

above CMC, 101-104 in self-associating systems, 136, 137

Monooctanoin, 199 Montmorillonite, 27

suspensions of, 577, 578 Multilayer formation, 572, 583 Multiple emulsions

biopharmaceutics of, 554 diffusion in, 555 droplet size in, 510 drug release from, 518, 554 forces of attraction in, 516 mechanisms of breakdown of, 513 et seq. osmotic flow in, 515 rheology of, 527 vaccines in, 554 viscosity of, 527 W /O/W systems, 509 et seq., 554

Multiple equilibrium theory of micellization, 86, 107

'i88 Index

Murexide, interaction with NiH, 726, 737 Myrj, 321, 399

Nalidixic acid, suspensions of, 579-581 Na1trexone, diffusion in formulations, 555 Nanocapsules, 759 et seq.

formulation of, 760 of immunogammaglobulin, 761 of norethindrone, 760

Nanoencapsulation, 759 et seq. Naphthalene

adsorption on to, 582 sedimentation of, 583 solubilization of, 236, 246, 264, 274, 278

Naphthoates hydrotropy, 371 et seq. effect on solubility, 372

Neat phase, 40, 41 Neomycin, precipitation of bile acids, 199 Niacinamide, 374, 375

complexes, stability of, 374 4-Nitroacetanilide, hydrolysis of, 711 Nitrobenzene, 248, 249 Nitrodiphenylamine, 274 p-Nitrophenylacetate

decomposition of, 709, 731 et seq. solubilization of, 732

Nitroxide probes, 76, 253 et seq. Non-aqueous solvents, micellization in, 114

et seq. Nonaoxyethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether

C16E\I,86 Non-ionic surfactants

absorption into cells, 646, 647 adsorption on to solids, 20, 21, 25-27, 36, 37 and anaphylactic response, 649 anti-tubercular activity of, 646, 648, 649 biodegradation of, 752, 753 gamma-irradiation of, 746, 747 hydration of, 73, 80 interaction with cells, 646 interaction with membranes, 619 et seq. metabolism of, 615 et seq. micellar properties, 73, 77, 80, 82, 86, 88, 91,

94-96, 99-101, 106 oxidizing agents in, 751 ozonization, 752 phase behaviour of, 41-43, 48, 50, 51, 55

et seq. solubilization by, 241, 260 stability of, 748 structures and uses of, 2, 5 et seq. surface activity of, 10, 109 variability of, 750

Non-micellar association, 104, III et seq. Norethindrone, in nanocapsules, 760 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 76,

77, 80, 84, 248-251, 257 Nylon, 28, 34

microcapsules of, 761, 762

Obstruction effect, 770 Octane, 265, 282 Octanol, 265, 276, 277, 282 Octaoxyethylene glycol monododecyl ether

(CuEs), 82 Octylammonium sulphonate, 54 Octylbenzene sulphonate, 636 Octyltrimethylammonium bromide, 53, 54 Oil recovery, II Oil Red XO, 544 Optical rotary dispersion, 77 Oral hypoglycaemic agents, as hydrotropes, 379 Orange OT, 262, 274, 217, 278, 363,418,637 Osmometry, 85, 86, 116 Ostwald ripening, 499 Oxidation

of benzaldehyde, 714 of drying oils, 714 of P-Iactoglobulin, 715 of linoleic acid, 714, 715 in surfactant systems, 714 et seq.

Palisade layer, 73, 241 Parabens

non-ionic surfactants and activity, 456, 457 solubilization of, 237, 239, 242, 283

Paraquat, surfactants and absorption of, 407 uptake by lung, 169

Partition coefficient amines/sodium dodecyl sulphate, 432 benzoic acids/Brij 35, 298 of caffeine, effect of sodium salicylate, 379 cresols/cetomacrogol, 297 of diftorasone diacetate, 440 and drug transfer, 410 et seq. of hydroxybenzoic acid, 305 ionized/non-ionized species, 299 micelle/water, 233 et seq., 267-269, 305 phenols/cetomacrogol, 297 of phenylbutazone, effect of CT AB, 414 second solute and, 305 steroid/non-ionic surfactants, 332, 337 sulphisoxazole/non-ionic surfactant, 325 tetr(I.Cyclines/surfactant, 328 xylenols/cetomacrogol, 297 of zwitterionic species, 328, 329

Partitioning of f1uorophores into micelles, 721 of solubilizate into micelles, 721

Penicillin acid degradation, 757 colloidal properties of, 148, 149

Pentaerythritol mono-octyl ether, 579 Pentagastrin, association of, 159 Pentaoxyethylene glycol monodecyl ether

(C1oE,),96 Pentaoxyethylene glycol monododecyl ether

(CuE,)-dodecane-water system, 481 Peppermint oil-polysorbate 20 systems. 347

Perfumes, solubilization and odour, 348, 349 Pesticide, activity and surfactant HLB, 683 pH

and adsorption on to solids, 26 and micellar properties, 143, 144 at micellar surface, 78

Pharmacokinetics, of DDT from emulsions, 543 Phase behaviour of surfactants, 40 et seq.

and HLB, 59 representation by phase diagrams, 41, 46-48,

63,64 solubilizate structure and, 52-54, 56, 57 surfactant structure and, 52, 55, 59-61 temperature effect on, 61, 62

Phase diagrams binary, 41 et seq. quaternary, 63 et seq. ternary, 47 et seq.

Phase inversion temperature, see PIT Phase separation model of micellization, 98

et seq. Phenol

partial pressure in CT AB solution, 309 solubilization of, 249, 276, 281

Phenol-water systems, 295, 303, 304 Phenothiazines

adsorption of, 166 association of, 139 et seq. binding of, 162 biological activity of, 162 et seq. CMC of, 140, 141 ionization of, 718 and membrane damage, 169 microencapsulated, 762 and red cell agglutinations, 169 surface activity of, 143-145, 162 et seq.

Phenylbutazone dissolution of, 192, 193 stability of, 193

Phosphated nonylphenolethoxy late/phosphated fatty alcohol ethoxylate systems, 64, 65

Phosphatides, 2 Phosphatidylcholine, see Lecithin Phosphocholine derivatives, 209, 211 Phospholipids

colloidal properties of, 202 et seq. interactions with anionic and cationic drugs,

205 release by surfactants, 623 et seq.

Phosphorescent probes, 258, 259 Phosphorescent quenching, 258 Photocyclization, 724 Photoionization, 718 Photosensitizers, 722 Phytomenadione, 420 Phytotoxicity, 678 et seq. Picloram, adsorption of, 690 PIT, 62, 478

correlation with HLB, 479, 502 et seq. of oil mixtures, 478

Index 789

pKa of dyes, 738 of solubilizate, 765-767 at surface of micelle, 710

Plants absorption of mineral nutrients by, 685 solute penetration into, 680 surfactant effects on, 678 et seq.

Plasma, viscosity of, 652 Plastics, 28, 34 Pluronic F38, 616, 617 Pluronic F68

and absorption, 391, 421, 424,425 cross-linked gels of, 757, 758 and dissolution, 392, 400 membrane disruption by, 627 and partitioning, 413 solubilization by, 358, 759

Pluronic L64, 358 Pluronic P75, 602, 624, 627 Pluronic surfactants

properties of, 356 and skin permeability, 439 solubilization by, 355

Polarity at micelle surface, 78 Polarography, 768 Poloxamers, see Pluronic surfactants Polycyclic hydrocarbons, 264, 672 et seq. Polydispersity of micellar size, 85 et seq., 114,

115 Polyene antibiotics, 175 Polyethylene, 28, 33, 34 Polymeric stabilizers, 490 Polymerization

of liposomes, 755 of surfactant molecules, 754

Polymers, critical surface tension of, 34 Polymer-surfactant interactions, 361 et seq. Polyoxyethylated alkyl phenols, 7 Polyoxyethylated glycol monoethers (see also

individual compounds) adsorption on to solids, 21, 27, 36, 572, 578 metabolism of, 676, 677 micellar properties of, 73, 77, 80, 82, 86, 88, 91,

94, 96, 98, 106 monolayer interactions, 407, 408 phase behaviour of, 41, 43, 48,50,51,55,61-

63, 67, 68 phytotoxicity of, 683, 684 solubilization by, 241, 260, 263, 267, 268,

271-273,284,286,300,301 surface activity of, 10, 19 uses of, 7

Polyoxyethylated nonyl phenol ethers, 7, 19,26, 42,55,287,582-584,586,593,712,713

Polyoxyethylated octyl phenol ethers, see Tritons

Polyoxyethylene chain conformation of, 80 hydration of, 73, 80

790 Index

Polyoxyethylene glycol stearates, 320 Polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, 320 Polysorbate 20

and absorption, 424, 433 cloud point of, 749 and corneal permeation, 444 and dialysis rate, 414, 415 and membrane transport, 410 solubilization by, 300, 319, 327, 330, 331, 335,

347, 349, 352 stability of, 748, 749 and suspension stability, 594

Polysorbate 40 solubilization by, 336, 338, 339, 342, 343, 349 and suspension viscosity, 601

Polysorbate 60 solubilization by, 318, 342, 343, 349

Polysorbate 80 and adhesion of particles, 590 and absorption, 389, 416--419, 422, 428--430,

433 adverse reactions to, 650, 652 and bacterial activity, 449, 450, 458, 459 and dissolution, 390 interaction with cells, 646, 648 membrane disruption by, 624, 626 and membrane transport, 401, 402, 405, 410,

412 and partitioning, 413 phase behaviour of, 62 and reaction rate, 742-744 solubilization by, 299,300,305,308,311-313,

319, 321, 324, 325, 327, 335, 342-346, 349-351, 353

Polysorbate 80-isopropyl myristate-water sys­terns, 442

Polysorbate 81, 354 Polysorbates (see also individual compounds)

and absorption, 326 biodegradation of, 752, 753 and enzyme activity, 634 HLB,6 oxidizing agents in, 751 physicochemical properties of, 750 phytotoxicity of, 678, 679 and skin permeability, 439 sohlbilization by, 260, 262, 267, 268, 276, 279,

325, 341 structures, 7 toxicity of, 654-657, 669

Polystyrene, 22 Polystyrene latex

adsorbed layer thickness, 586 adsorption on to, 576, 578, 586 zeta potential, 573, 586

Positron annihilation, 115 Potassium caprylate-decanol-water systems,

48-50 Potassium decanoate, 261, 262 Potassium dinonylnaphthalene sulphonate, 287

Potassium dodecanoate, 232, 261, 262, 673 Potassium hexadecanoate, 261 Potassium laurate, 246, 262, 265, 266, 274, 277,

297 Potassium octanoate, 261 Potassium oleate, 277 Potassium phosphate, dibasic, as flocculating

agent, 569 Potassium tetradecanoate, 261, 262 Potentiometric titration, 234, 235, 311 Powders, wetting of, 29, 30, 33, 34 Preservative mixtures

competitive binding, 306, 307 interaction with surfactants, 235, 236, 278,

304,305 Pressure, effect on micellar properties, 97 Probes

electron spin resonance, 76, 253 et seq. fluorescent, 74-76, 250-253 phosphorescent, 258, 259

Proflavine, 723 Prolonged release, from multiple emulsions, 554 Propicillin, acid degradation of, 745 Propyl gallate, 66, 67 Propyl paraben, 279 Prostaglandins

colloidal properties of, 160 surface activity of, 160

Proteins interactions with surfactants, 620, 628 et seq. solubilization of, 620 et seq.

Protein -surfactant complexes, solubilizing ability, 636

Prothrombin time, surfactant effect on, 420 Pyrene and derivatives, 250 et seq., 264, 724

Quaternary phase diagrams, 63 et seq. Quinine, absorption of, 426

Radiation sterilization, 744 Raman spectroscopy, 77, 80 Reactivity and surfactants, 698 et seq. Receptors, interaction of surfactants with, 645 Rectal absorption

of amines, 432 of gentamicin, 431 of insulin, 433 sodium salicylate and, 378 of sulphisoxazole, 326 of sulphonamides, 326 surfactants and, 326, 430 et seq.

Reduction, 715 et seq. of steroids, 715, 716

Renex 650, 399, 400, 460 Riboflavin, hydrotropic solubilization, 372

Saccharin sodium effect on absorption, 431 as hydro trope, 380 and tetracycline solubility, 360

Salicylamide, absorption from emulsions, 542 Salicylates, as hydrotropes, 376, 378, 379 Salicylic acid

growth of particles, 603 percutaneous absorption of, 438, 439 solubilization of, 260

Salting in, 94 Salting out, 287 Sapamine, 324 Sarcoma, surface active dyes and, 660, 661 Saturation, micellar, and hydrolysis, 713 Schiff base formation, 737 Secobarbitone, absorption of, 389, 402 Scatchard plots, 238

additive effect on, 300, 301 cetomacrogol/chlorocresol/methyl paraben

systems, 306 non-ionic surfactant/preservative systems,

239, 300, 30 I, 306 Self-bodying action, 496-498 Semliki Forest virus, disruption by surfactant,

638,639 Sephadex, effect of sodium dodecyl sulphate on,

643 Shellflex 131, 55, 56 Silastic, drug permeation in, 179 Silica, adsorption from non-aqueous systems,

593 SKF 525-A, 165 Skin

adsorption of sulphonates by, 658 surfactants and irritancy, 659

Soaps, 3, 4 Sodium alkyl carboxylates, adverse reactions to,

664 Sodium alkyl sulphates (see also individual

compounds), adverse reactions to, 665 aggregation numbers of, 87 CMCs of, 91

Sodium benzoate, 234 Sodium caprylate, phase behaviour, 52, 53 Sodium cetyl sulphate, 591, 592 Sodium chloride, dissolution from non-aqueous

dispersion, 605 Sodium chromoglycate, interactions with

cationic surfactants, 366 Sodium decanoate, 250 Sodium decyl sulphate, 258, 573, 633, 640 Sodium decyl sulphonate, 45 Sodium dialkylsulphosuccinates, 116 Sodium dinonylnaphthalene, 287 Sodium dodecanoate, 262 Sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate, 24 Sodium dodecyl sulphate

and absorption, 406, 418, 422, 424, 425, 428-430, 432, 622

absorption and excretion of, 618 and adhesion of particles, 590-592 adsorption at liquid surfaces, 16, 20

Index 791

adsorption on to solids, 22, 24, 35, 37, 364, 365, 573, 574

adverse reactions to, 662, 665 cytolytic effect of, 453 in emulsions, 501, 534 and gastric mobility, 424 membrane disruption by, 619-621, 624, 625 and membrane transport, 412, 418 micellar properties of, 75, 76, 79, 84, 86, 92, 93,

96-98 in microemulsions, 523 and OjW partitioning, 413 phase behaviour of, 69, 70 and protein binding, 644 protein binding of, 630, 632, 636-638 and reaction rate, 700-702, 711, 714-718,

724-727, 741, 744, 745 and skin permeability, 435, 437, 439 solubilization by, 236, 247-251, 254, 301, 302,

309, 321, 330, 362, 363, 673 stability of, 751 and viral activity, 639, 640

Sodium hexadecyl sulphate, 596 Sodium laurate, 44, 262, 437 Sodium lauryl sulphate, see Sodium dodecyl

sulphate Sodium myristyl sulphate, 248 Sodium 2-naphthalene sulphonate, 276 Sodium octanoate, 108, 244, 274 Sodium octyl sulphate, 258, 640 Sodium octyl sulphate~ecanol-water system,

54 Sodium octyl sulphonate~ecanol-water sys-

tern, 54 Sodium oleate, 265, 303 Sodium salicylate, release from ointments, 604 Sodium stearate, 303 Sodium tetradecylsulphate, 24, 258, 630 Solubility, and reaction rate, 743 Solubility product, 367, 703 Solubilization, 229 et seq.

by ABA block copolymers, 355 et seq. of alkyl parabens, 302 of antibacterials, 295 et seq. of antibiotics, 318 et seq. of ametryne, 682 of atrazine, 682 of barbiturates, 260, 262, 345 of carcinogens, 672 et seq. CMC determination by, 115 definition of, 229, 230 and diffusion, 460 as a distribution phenomenon, 233 et seq. of diuron, 682 and drug absorption, 389 and drug delivery systems, 459 et seq. and drug release, 461 experimental study of, 230 et seq. factors affecting, 260 et seq. of fat-soluble vitamins, 340

792 Index

Solubilization (Contd.) of flavouring oils, 347 kinetics of, 257 et seq., 397-399 limiting factors in, 293 maximum additive concentration, 230-232 in non-aqueous solvents, 283 et seq. of nonelectrolytes, 276-278 of mixtures of solubilizates, 278 et seq. of oils, 346 oil/water partition coefficient and, 267-269 oxyethylene chain length and, 263 pH and, 237, 311 pharmaceutical aspects of, 293 et seq. and phase behaviour, 49-51, 56 et seq. and plant activity, 682 polar head structure and, 262, 263 by protein-surfactant complexes, 636, 637 of salicylates, 345 solubilizate structure and, 264 et seq. of steroids, 263, 266, 267, 268, 272, 279, 280,

329 et seq., 337 of sulphonamides, 324 et seq. surfactant structure and, 260 et seq. temperature effect on, 269 et seq. of vitamins, 340 et seq. of water, 283 et seq., 352 et seq.

Solubilizate distribution between micelles and water, 233

et seq., 273, 275, 276 and cloud point, 280-282 location in micelle, 241 et seq., 269, 274, 280,

282, 299 and micellar size, 282, 283 mobility of, 257 et seq. molar volume of, 264 polarity of, 267

Solulan surfactants, 391 Solvolysis, 704 Sorbitan esters, see Spans Soybean oil

in emulsions, 552 phagocytosis of, 552, 553

Spans association in nonaqueous solvents, 116 biodegradation of, 752, 753 HLB of, 6 structures of, 6 and suspension stability, 594 toxicity of, 654, 655 and viral activity, 641

Span/Tween mixtures in emulsions, 428, 503, 504, 510, 511, 519 in microemulsions, 523, 524, 530 in oily suspensions, 606, 607 solubilization by, 354

Spontaneous emulsification, 9 Spreadability

of creams, 560 of solutions, 687

Spreading coefficient, 32, 687

Spreading wetting, 32 Stabilization quotient, 741, 742 Stability

of cetomacrogol, 748 of polysorbate 20, 749 of sodium dodecyl sulphate, 751 of sucrose monolaurate, 751 of surfactants, 748

Steric repulsion, 488, 585 Steric stabilization, 488, 585 Stem layer, 73, 78-80 Steroids

mixtures of, 337 partition coefficients, 332 solubility of, 273 solubilization of, 206, 263, 266-268, 272, 279,

280, 329 et seq. Stratum corneum

conductance in, 664, 665 extraction of, 664, 665

Streptomycin, 323 Sucrose esters, 341, 418, 751 Sulphacetamide sodium, solubility of, 327 Sulphaethylthiadazole, 325 Sulphamerazine, suspension of, 570, 571, 575,

576, 585 Sulphanilamide, activity of, 436 Sulphapyridine, solubilization of, 325 Sulphated castor oil, 4 Sulphated fatty alcohols, 4 Sulphated polyoxyethylated alcohols, 4, 10 Sulphathalidine, absorption of, 424 Sulphathiazole

adsorption on to, 582 crystal growth of, 602, 603 sedimentation of, 583 solubility of, 327

Sulphisoxazole absorption of, 416, 417 solubilization of, 325

Sulphonamides, solubilization of, 324 et seq. Surface activity, 1, 8 et seq.

alcohols and, 11 and amphipathy, 8, 9 of drugs, 124 et seq., 162 et seq. electrolytes and, 10, II, 144 hydrocarbon chain length and, 9 and local anaesthesia, 172 et seq. of non-ionic surfactants, 9-11 pH and, 143 polyoxyethylene chain and, 9 surfactant structure and, 9 -II and Traube's rule, 9

Surface area of adsorbed molecules of bolaform electrolytes, 18, 19 calculation of, 14 polyoxyethylene chain length and, 19

Surface excess concentration electrolyte effect on, 19 equations for, 12 et seq.

experimental measurement of, 14, 15 surfactant structure and, 18 temperature effect on, 19, 20

Surface free energy, 31 Surface potential, 73, 78 Surface pressure, 17 Surface tension

concentration dependence of, 13 critical, 32 and dissolution, 390 and drug absorption, 389, 390 prediction of, 17, 18 of spray solutions, 679

Surfactant mixtures, interaction of solutes with, 307

Surfactant toxicity, 614 et seq. Surfactants

anionic, 2 et seq. cationic, 2 et seq. naturally occurring, 2, 3 non-ionic, 5 et seq. zwitterionic, 2

Surfactant structure and adsorption at liquid surface, 18 and adsorption on to solids, 25 effect on CMC and micellar size, 87 et seq. phase behaviour and, 53, 55, 59--61 solubilization and, 260 et seq. surface activity and, 9

Suspensions, 567 et seq. adsorptive capacity, 596 caking of, 568, 569 crystal growth in, 605 deflocculation of, 567 flocculation of, 567 et seq. flow properties of, 600 non-aqueous, 592 et seq. rheology of, 597 et seq. sedimentation of, 567 settling of particles in, 567 stability of, 36, 37 surfactant adsorption and stability, 572 et seq. viscosity of, 597 zeta potential of, 568 et seq., 599

Synergism of benzoquinone/non-ionic surfactant, 459 of hexachlorophene, 451 preservatives and surfactants, 309

Szyszkowski's equation, 17

Tartrazine, interaction with surfactant, 368 Temperature

and adsorption at liquid surfaces, 19, 20 and adsorption on to solids, 27 and micellar properties, 84, 96, 271 and phase behaviour, 61, 62 and solubilization, 269 et seq., 285

Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide, 250 Tetracyclines

adsorption of, 28

Index 793

solubilization of, 327 Tetradecylammonium bromide, 336, 337, 339 Tetradecylpyridinium chloride, 573, 593 Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, 53, 79,

252, 279, 368-370 9 ~_ Tetrahydrocannabinol, formulation of, 445 Tetramethylammonium bromide, 250 Thermodynamics of micellization, 98 et seq. Theory of micellization

mass action, 101 et seq. multiple equilibrium, 86, 107 phase separation, 98 et seq.

Theta temperature, 490, 585 Thiabendazole suspension, 579, 580 Thiopentone, absorption of, 404 Thioridazine

absorption of, 405 diffusion coefficient, 460

Thioxanthones, colloidal properties of, 158, 159 Tissue reaction

to alkyl sulphonates, 670 to non-ionic surfactants, 670

Titanium dioxide, adsorption on to, 575 Topical application of surf act ants, 669--671, 675

et seq. Topochemical reactions, 755 Toxicity

of diazepam, 446 of digitoxin, 401 of surfactants, 614 et seq.

Tranquillizers lytic effects of, 165 membrane stabilizing effects, 165

Transfer across membranes bile salts and, 427 and partitioning, 410, 411 surfactants and, 410 et seq.

Traube's rule, 9, 25 Tridodecylammonium salts, 116 Triethylene glycol monodecyl ether (CIOE3)' 55,

67 Tritons, 8 (see also individual compounds)

adverse reactions to, 655 interaction with cells, 647 phytotoxicity of, 686, 687 solubilization by, 409 and viral activity, 641

Triton WR 1339, 335, 649 Triton X-35, 594 Triton X-45, 647 Triton X-l00

cloud point, 280 and enzyme activity, 634, 635, 642 y-irradiation of, 746, 747 interaction with liposomes, 208 membrane disruption by, 619, 620, 624, 626,

638,639 micellar shape of, 82, 83 oxidizing agents in, 751 and polarographic waves, 768, 769

794 Index

Triton X-IOO (Contd.) protein binding of, 630 and reaction rate, 725, 738 and receptor interactions, 645, 646

! solubilization by, 344, 355 and viral activity, 639

Triton X-I02, 594 Triton X-165, 511, 519 Triton X-400, 505 Triton X-405, 747 Tryptic activity, 631, 632 Tweens, see Polysorbates Tyrothricin, solubilization of, 319

Ultrafiltration, 235 Ultrasonic relaxation, 129, 130, 258, 259 Urea, effect on CMC, 92, 93 Urogastrone, bile salts and, 427 Ursodeoxycholic acid, 189

Vaccines, 354, 355, 671 Van der Waals' forces, 484, 570 Veegum, see Montmorillonite Vinylpyridinium salts, polymerization of, 756 Viologen, photoreduction of, 723 Virus

infectivity and detergents, 640 solubilization of, 638

Viscosity of emulsions, 524 et seq. of micellar core, 74-76 of microemulsions, 528 of multiple emulsions, 527 of plasma, 652

Vitamin A palmitate, solubilization of, 343 Vitamin A -polysorbate-water systems, 342 Vitamin B12a

absorption of, 421 interaction with glycine, 730 solubilized, 729-731

Vitamin K J , solubilization of, 343 Vitamins, solubilization of, 340 et seq. VLDL, see Lipoproteins

Water absorption, inhibition by surfactants, 409

Water-in-oil vaccines, 354 Water

penetration into micelles, 77 solubilization of, 283 et seq., 352 et seq.

Water structure, 8, 93 Wetting, 28 et seq.

adhesional, 31 and-contact angle, 28 et seq. and critical surface tension, 32-34 immersional, 32 spreading, 32 surfactants and, 34 et seq.

Xanthine derivatives, colloidal properties of, 157, 158

Xanthones, colloidal properties of, 158, 159 X-ray diffraction, 243, 244, 245 p-Xylene, 251

Yellow AB, 276 Yellow OB, 362, 637 Young's equation, 28, 29

Zeta potential of IX-alumina, 574 of bacteria, 607 of bismuth subnitrate, 569 of emulsion globules, 507, 508, 549, 550 ofIntralipid, 549, 550 of micelles, 73, 105 of polystyrene latex, 573 of suspensions, 568 et seq.

Z-values, 245 Zwitterionic surfactants, 2, 79, 86, 87,249