Index [link.springer.com]978-3-319-32930-7/1.pdf · students group discussion, 81 ... Coope Dota,...
Transcript of Index [link.springer.com]978-3-319-32930-7/1.pdf · students group discussion, 81 ... Coope Dota,...
229
livelihoods, 201, 206, 212–214, 216, 219Agano River, 98Agenda of governments, 127Aging
society, 129at communal level, 172in Japan, 154in rural areas, 155population aging, 154
Agrariancommunity, 209, 215urbanism, 123, 126
Agriculture, 201, 209, 211, 212, 215, 219fallow land, 212, 214, 219, 222lands, 44, 46, 50plantation, 200, 211, 213–215, 219smallholder, 200, 201, 213, 219stakeholder, 201, 205, 220, 222
Agro-ecosystems, 45Agroforestry
development, 42, 44experts, 55farms, 42, 55, 56, 59, 61projects, 47systems, 44, 50–52, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62
Akita, 154, 158Alternative
concepts, 123livelihoods, 185
America, 118Analysis, 32, 34, 35
of secondary data, 119qualitative, 81quantitative, 80
Ancestral sovereignty and self-determination, 178
AAbandonment, 158
of communal plantations, 190of community-owned properties, 172of private houses, 161of rice terraces, 187, 191
Academia, 42, 62Academic field, 23Academic recommendations, 132Access, 161
to basic services, 162to care services, 170to groceries, 170to PES, 44to transportation, 161
Accredited NGO, 53Acetaldehyde, 95, 97, 98, 101, 107Acquisitions, 200
construction work permit, 204land, 200, 206, 208, 211, 222large-scale, 206, 212operational license, 204provisional license, 204siting clearance, 204
Activities, 78, 81, 83, 85, 86, 89community, 156, 172economic, 159local, 157, 166seasonal, 164
Adaptation strategies, 119Additional part-time job, 167Adjustment strategy, 178Aeta, 182, 188–191Afforestation of pasturelands, 50Africa, 6, 200, 219
Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA), 200–203, 222
Index
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 M. Esteban et al. (eds.), Sustainability Science: Field Methods and Exercises, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32930-7
Index230230
Anecdotal evidence, 127Angle of observation, 147, 149Anglo-saxon model, 122Anticipatory competence, 70, 71, 77, 83, 84Applications, 149
process, 52Appraisal approaches
bottom-up sustainability, 220, 221rapid sustainability, 201, 205, 206, 208,
220–222reductionist, 205top-down sustainability, 220, 221unified sustainability, 220
Approach, 24, 25, 27, 28, 34, 37Arid, 24, 27, 28, 30Artifacts, 143Asia, 6, 11Assessment, 199
bioenergy projects, 219, 220, 222Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA),
199, 202, 205, 206sustainability impact, 205, 220, 221
Assessment Discussion of Tohoku Unit 2015, 85
Assessment methodologyContribution to Competency, 79qualitative analysis, 80, 81
students group discussion, 81quantitative analysis, 80, 81
active and passive learning, 80survey design, 80
Assistance, during recovery process, 155Ataxia, 95Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute
(AORI), 76, 83–85Australia
BBackcasting, 178Background, 142, 144, 146
layers, 145, 147Baseline assessment, 62Basic services, 153, 161
access to, 162Bays, 72
Funakoshi Bay, 72Otsuchi Bay, 72
‘Before’ and ‘after’ maps, 183Beijing, 129Benefit sharing, 205, 208, 212BioFuel Africa, 214. See also BiofuelsBiodiversity, 42, 44, 46, 49, 50, 55, 60
loss, 3protection, 42
Bioenergy project/system, 205, 206, 220, 222Biofuels, 200, 201, 205
company/investor, 203–205Galton Agro Ltd, 207, 210, 217Kimminic Estates Ltd, 207, 210, 217
policy, 200, 203, 220projects, 202, 206, 211, 216, 220, 222
community participation, 202, 203Biology, 7Biomagnification, 99, 100, 108Biomass
biofuels, 221Bird-eye view, 141Blog posting, 93, 103, 106, 111Blueprint, 42Bottleneck, 44Bottom-up approach, 7, 11Boundary, 32–34Brundtland, 129Building
building types, 126building block, 125, 126building plots, 125
CCapability
of individual communities, 153, 156Career, 161Cash remuneration, 42Cat #400, 97Categories
of survey questions, 160, 161, 170Centreless city, 125Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claims
(CADC), 180, 182Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT),
180–182, 189, 191Certificate of Ancestral Lands Claims
(CALC), 180Certificate of Ancestral Land Title (CALT),
180, 181Certification process, 101, 109, 219Challenges
in property management, 166local knowledge management, 173of rural communities, 158property management, 172
Changesin rural communities over time, 156of target system, 156
Index 231231
within rural communities, 154Chiefs, 200, 205, 212, 215Chieftaincy trust, 215China, 26, 28, 30
environment problemsChisso, 95, 97, 98, 102, 108, 111Christianization, 186City
analysis, 122beautification, 118, 131functions, 118
Civil societies, 127Clear evidence
of community marginalization, 171of population aging, 154
Climate change, 3, 6, 13, 118, 120, 123, 130, 132
adaptation to, 119Clinical issues of Minamata disease, 109Co-design, 125, 130Coffee farmers’ cooperative, 48Collaboration, 4, 6, 121
with local partners, 45Collaboration Center for Minamata Disease
Victims in Minamata, 104Collapsed jatropha projects, 201, 205, 206,
211, 212, 215, 221feedstock selection, 200, 203financial planning, 200investor funding, 200mismanagement, 200mitigation strategies, 200, 205, 219, 221
Collective, 25, 26, 33management, 178, 192
Combination of aging and depopulation, 154, 158
Commercial activities, 125Common challenge
in property management, 166Common type of farming, 165Communal ceremonies, 157Communal irrigation system maintenance, 191Communal land, 187–189Communal level, population aging at, 172Communal plantations, 190Communication, 27, 32Community, 72, 76, 77, 201, 203, 204, 213,
215, 216, 219, 221acceptance, 201–203, 208networks, 87participation, 201
conceptualizing biofuel project, 202, 203
distributive justice, 208
procedural justice, 206, 208, 222, 223redistributive justice, 203, 206, 222,
223perceptions, 205, 206, 208, 211, 219, 220,
222social service, 201, 214
Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM), 180–183, 189
changes through, 186implementation, 181, 182, 189in Lingay, 185mediocre outcomes of, 191role, 190
Community empowerment, 180Community-function, 155, 157Community groups, 160Community marginalization process
community groups in, 171in Kamikoani, 170in rural areas, 155, 156, 158stages, 157
Community vitality, 156Community workshop, 188Compact city, 126Compensation, 100, 102, 106, 108, 110, 111,
205, 208, 211, 212, 222Competence, 34, 35, 81
anticipatory, 83interpersonal, 84normative, 84strategic, 84system-thinking, 83
Complex design, 121Complex dynamics, 139, 144, 146Complex issues, 3, 7Complexity, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 25, 28, 37,
138–141, 143, 147, 149Complexity thinking, 139, 140Complex systems, 140Comprehensive concepts, 123, 126Concept, 142
of community marginalization, 157of resilience, 119
Conceptual model, 147Conceptual understanding, 137Conditionality, 44Conditions
in marginal communities, 158of community, 157of households, 170of residents, 172
Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM), 121
Connections, 146, 149
Index232232
Consensus building game, 111Conservation, 142, 146Consumption. See Self consumptionContext, 138, 143, 145, 147–150Contextual situation, 117Contextual understanding, 139, 144Contextualization, 139Continuous depopulation, 158, 171Contracts, 49, 50, 53Coope Dota, 58Costa Rica, 15, 42, 43, 45–48, 56, 58, 60–62Cost-efficient ways for ecosystem service
provision, 62Course, 24, 31Creations, 143Creative output, 102Criteria selection, 52, 199Cultural, 25, 33–35, 37Cultural landscape, 179, 182Culture, 122, 161Curriculum, 5, 6, 24, 25Customary law, 182
DDaily products, 164Dalligan, 182, 184–186Damage, 72, 73, 75, 76Death and life of great american cities, The,
123, 125Decentralization, 202, 203. See also Project
planningDecision makers, 124, 127Decision model, 138, 149Decisions, 119, 138Decline
economic decline, 154forestry decline, 160of community-functions, 171population decline, 153, 156, 157
Deforestation, 42, 46Degradation, 29, 30Degree
of community-functions, 157, 171Demographic profiles, 119Demographic trends, 153, 154Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR), 180, 182Depopulation, 154–156, 158, 171De portzamparc, Christian, 121Desertification, 29Design, 24, 27, 30, 34, 35, 37
activities, 83
concept, 131juries, 117of field exercise, 81of field units, 89of survey, 80phase, 124profession, 124, 126, 132
De solà-morales, Manuel, 121Determination of Capacity use of Lands in
Costa Rica, 52Development, 205, 214, 215, 220–222
countries, 119of competencies for sustainability research,
77of anticipatory competence, 83of competencies, 89of interpersonal competency, 85of strategic competency, 84paths, 191, 192, 194rural, 200–202, 204, 222urbanl, 202
Dialogue, 147, 148, 150Differentiation, 140, 147Dimension, 35, 37, 38
economic, 123, 127environmental, 123, 127of target system, 154of sustainability, 85, 89social, 123, 127
Disaster, 73, 75, 76, 86, 87, 89, 130, 132Disciplines, 121, 122Discourse, 137, 139, 161
on leadershipDiscussion, 28, 37Dissatisfied participants, 186Dissemination of information, 112Domain
science and engineering, 128Drinking water supply, 187, 192Dynamic patterns, 139, 144, 149, 150Dynamics, 139, 144
EEarthquake, 73, 75, 76, 131Eco-city, 123, 129Ecology, 205, 206, 220. See also
Environmenatal impactsissues, 68, 83urbanism, 123, 124, 129
Ecomarkets I, 49Economic
concept in urban planning, 125
Index 233233
commodities, 44development, 144disadvantaged areas, 50incentives, 47income satisfaction level of households,
167issues, 81state, 161, 162status, 170
Ecosystem, 29, 32based adaptation, 123services, 124
Education, 4, 6, 15, 24, 25, 27, 34, 37, 187game development, 112programs, 69purposes, 70sustainability program, 70
Educational and research field methodologies, 75
applications, 75assessment results, 81development, 77study area, 72sustainability in reconstruction process, 77
Empirical knowledge, 45Employment, 209, 211, 213, 216, 219End-state, 130Energy, 4, 220. See also Bioenergy project/
systemenergy security, 200, 222renewable energy, 201, 202, 204
Engineer, 32Environment, 26, 27, 29–33, 155, 162, 168
benefits, 44consciousness, 44degradation, 49development, 15, 16education, 15impacts, 208, 213, 216, 219, 222
air quality, 217, 222soil quality, 213, 216water quality, 213, 216
issues, 11, 68, 81, 85leadership, 15problem, 11service sellers, 62services, 42, 49, 50, 52, 55, 60–62law, 48
Europe, 118, 122, 129Evaluation, 138, 139, 142, 143, 146, 147, 149,
150, 205, 221on current income levels, 167
Events
local events, 156, 157, 166, 171Evidence
of community marginalization, 170of population aging, 154
Evidence-based, 126Evidence-based design, 123Evidence-based problem-solving, 131Executive decree, 52, 61Executive Decree No. 23214 -
MAGMIRENEM, 52Exercise on Resilience (ER), 15, 68, 69, 72,
75, 80, 86, 87Experience, 28, 30, 35, 38, 77, 156, 158Expert and local knowledge, 147Exploratory, 42Exterior, 25, 26, 33Extinction, 61
FFONAFIFO regional officer, 53Facilitators and implementer, 42, 46Fact
continuous depopulation, 171Faculty, 30, 32, 75, 89Failures of community forestry, 190Family, options for, 168Farming, 123, 164, 165, 170Farmlands, 158, 164Farm to market road, 187Feedback, 7, 144, 145Feedstock, 200, 203, 205, 206, 219, 222
biofuel production, 200, 203, 205, 212, 215, 219, 220, 222
poor selection, 200Fertility rate, 154, 155Festivals, 157, 166Field-based method, 193Field exercise, 5–7, 9, 11, 15, 24, 25, 27, 28,
31, 34, 37, 138, 150Field level survey, 42, 46Field method, 138, 144, 147, 150Field research, 117, 127, 144, 147, 150Fields of urban planning
disciplines, 119practitioners, 119
Field study, 42Field survey, 45, 47Fieldwork, 7, 15, 24, 30, 32, 37, 47Financial insecurity, 4First Forest Law, 48Fishermen, 77, 83Fishermen’s catch, 100, 108
Index234234
Fishery industry, 77, 83Fishing, 76, 77Five elements
districts, 122edges, 122landmarks, 122nodes, 122paths, 122
Flemish Zoning Code, 129Flexible law, 61Focus, 141, 142Focus–system, 142, 146Food
availability, 212, 214, 216production, 219security, 201, 206
Foreign direct investment (FDI), 200, 206Forest, 159, 164, 172, 206, 213, 214, 219
cover, 42, 47, 54decentralization, 192non-traditional forest products (NTFPs),
213, 215, 216protection, 42, 47, 49, 50recovery, 48restoration, 47
Forest cover target (2020), 55Forestry, 159
incentives, 42plan, 52, 56, 59, 62
Formal land title, 52Formalist, 118Formation
of local groups, 153Foundational reconstruction, 73Four-quadrant, 24–26, 33Framework, 69, 80, 87
marginalization framework, 154, 157, 158, 160, 171
Frequency of grocery shopping, 164, 170Full-fledge reconstruction, 75Functions
community-functions, 153, 156, 157of local communities, 155
Future demography, 153Future planning, 147, 150Future sustainability, 71, 83
GGIS tracking, 47GPSS-GLI International Symposium, 46GPSS-GLI. See Graduate Program in
Sustainability Science– Global Leadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI)
Garden cities of to-morrow, 123Garden city, 124Gatherings, 156, 157Gender differentiation, 208, 215Generations, 173Gentrification, 131Geographers, 122, 130Geographical spaces, 179Ghana, 205, 222
Adidome, 209, 212, 213, 215biofuel project, 204–206, 219Kobre, 209, 212, 213, 219Kpachaa, 209, 212–214, 219government, 200, 203, 206income, 211, 214literacy rate, 213, 215local communities, 201
Global environmental problemsGlobal Field Exercise (GFE), 5, 6, 13, 15, 42,
43, 45Global Leadership Exercise (GLE), 5Global, 24, 25, 30, 32Globalization, 178, 192, 194Global population, 154Glocalization, 178, 192, 194Good city form, 122Gosho-no-ura Island, 104Governance, 143Governing practices, 143Graduate Program in Sustainability Science–
Global Leadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI), 68, 69, 72, 75, 90
Green ecosystem layer, 123Groceries, 162
access to, 162, 170mobile grocery stores, 164
Group discussion, 77, 79–81, 83, 84, 88Groups
community groups, 153, 159, 160, 162, 168, 170, 171
Group work, 6, 15, 85Guanacaste Conservation Area (ACG), 47Guanacaste province, 47
HHachiman pool, 97Hard infrastructure, 123, 129Hard solution, 125Heihe River basin, The, 15Historical analysis, 146Holistic, 4, 6, 9, 11–13, 24, 25, 30, 33, 37Holistic thinking, 138, 139, 142, 144, 145,
149, 150
Index 235235
Households, 153, 160, 162, 164, 169conditions of, 170income satisfaction level of, 167livelihoods of, 172operation of, 165part-time farming, 170private properties of, 172property management of, 164proportion of, 170survey, 202, 206, 208, 216, 221
Houses, 158, 161, 164Howard, Ebenezer, 124Human geographers, 119Humanity, 3Human–natural systems, 138–140Human scale, 124Hunter-Russel syndrome, 95Hyakken port, 97
IIfugao, 182, 183, 186Image of the city, 122Impact, 27, 29, 33
of population aging, 154, 172of social dimensions, 154
Impaired hearing, 95Implementation structure, 42, 43Incentives for reforestation, 48Inclusive design, 60Income, 153, 167, 168, 170Income groups, 126Income tax reductions, 48Increase the accessibility of PES to
smallholders, 42In-depth investigation, 45In-depth literature survey, 42Indicator, 220Indigenous
cultural communities, 142, 177, 178, 180, 182, 191
law, 178people, 178, 180, 183, 194population, 52
Individual, 25, 27, 33community, 156, 170from rural to urban areas, 155households, 164
Industrial pollution, 101, 106, 108Infill development, 129Informal land ownership, 44Informal settlements, 122Inhabitants, 117, 146, 182, 187, 188, 208Innovation, 143Institution, 27, 30, 37
Intangible resources, 164Integral approach, 15Integral framework, 28, 33, 37Integrated, 56Integrated Research System for Sustainability
Science (IR3S), 4Interaction, 144
among residents, 170with outside communities, 172with urban residents, 158
Integration of trees, crops and animals, 44InterdependencyInterdisciplinary, 24, 25, 37, 121, 127
research, 11, 148, 150Intermediaries, 51, 53Intermediary
agencies, 53, 56, 60Interior, 25, 26, 33Intermingling of housing, 126International Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN), 48, 60, 62International community, 130International organizations, 119Interpersonal competence, 70, 71, 81, 84Interpretation, 139, 140, 143, 147InterregionalInterrelationships, 121Interviews, 33, 72, 76, 79, 83
group sizes, 86semi-structured, 85
Irrigation, 182, 187, 191, 192Issue, 36, 37, 142, 144, 146
in rural planning, 161of local economy, 162related to residents’ mobility, 170rural issues, 158
Iteration, 143process, 45understanding, 143, 150
Iwate, 72, 73, 76, 83, 84
JJacobs, Jane, 124, 129Japan, 7, 13, 15, 16, 30
population aging in, 154rural studies of, 156, 161
Japanese Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), 182
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 182
Jatropha, 200, 201, 203, 212, 213, 219. See also collapsed jatropha project
Jobs, 167and incomes, 212, 213
Index236236
KKajikawa, 128Kamikoani village, 154, 158–160, 165, 171,
172Key competency, 69, 70, 80, 87, 89Key stakeholders, 42Kiangan, 182, 184, 190, 191, 194Knowledge, 4, 10–12, 15, 24, 25, 27, 30, 34,
68, 69, 81, 87, 164, 173economic, 126local, 173scientific, 126social, 126
Knuckels forest reserve, 146Kumamoto Prefectural Government, 104, 105Kumamoto Prefectural Government Division
of Minamata Disease, 104Kumamoto Prefecture, 94–96
LLa Gaceta No. 143, 52Labor shortages, 154Lack of additionality, 45Land, 76, 84Land cover change, 49Landowners, 42, 50–52, 55, 56, 59–62Land readjustment (LR), 123, 126Large-scale agriculture, 119Landscape
architects, 124, 126ecologist, 124urbanism, 123, 124
Land use changes, 49Land use modalities, 42, 50, 55Leadership, 4, 5, 11, 15, 24, 25
experience, 5development, 4, 6, 11, 15education, 15
Learning, 70, 80active, 80passive, 80traditional modes, 89
Le Corbusier, 121Lectures, 72, 75, 77, 81, 83–86, 89Legal easement, 52Legal proof of land ownership, 44Levels
communal level, 155, 172community level, 160income satisfaction levels of, 167
Levels of expected learning, 75, 77competencies development, 70outcome of field work, 70
Levittown, 123, 125Licensed forest engineer, 53Limited prior knowledge, 42Lingay, 182, 184–186, 194Literature reviews, 42, 45, 46Liveability, 131Live hedges, 50Livelihoods, 161, 162
in rural communities, 168of households, 172
Living environment, 155, 158, 168, 170–173Local activities, 157, 166Local culture, 161Local events, 166, 171Local festivals, 166Local forest resources, 178, 182Local government, 73, 118, 129Local groups, 153Localization, 147Local knowledge, 164Locally relevant issues, 45Long-term challenge, 118Long-term mechanism, 123Long-term sustainability, 61Low-cost housing, 125Low-intensity logging, 50Luxury building, 124Lynch, Kevin, 122
MMachizukuri, 123, 125, 129Maintenance
for individual households, 165of community-functions, 171of community properties, 161of living conditions, 171of local living, 155
Major tropical systems, 47Malnourishment, 190, 191Management
of households, 164of local resources, 156, 173of private properties, 173property, 161, 166, 172
Manpowerfor local activities, 166shortage of, 167
Marginalization framework, 154, 156, 158, 160Market, 158Market-oriented approach, 50Mass-produced urbanisation, 125Matrix method, 148Measurability, 126
Index 237237
Meemure, 146, 149Members, 157, 166, 168Mercury-contaminated fish, 99, 100, 108Mercury pollution, 95, 99Method, 24, 27, 31Methodologies, 24, 26, 27, 31–33, 37, 42, 43,
45, 52, 120, 122, 128approach, 45challenge, 154in Exercise on Resilience (ER),Education
and Research, 75, 77guide tour, 76interviews, 76lectures, 75social gathering, 77
of field exercise contribution to competen-cies, 79
for rural areas sustainability examining, 156
in community marginalization, 156Methyl mercury, 95, 97–99Migration
to rural areas, 162to urban areas, 154
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 45Mimaikin Solatium Agreements, 100Mimaikin (sympathy money), 100Minamata Bay, 96, 97, 100, 108Minamata City, 94–96, 98, 101, 102,
104, 107Minamata Disease, 7, 15, 95–98, 101, 108,
111Minamata Disease Victims Mutual Aid
Association, 104Minamata Disease Patients Alliance, 104Minimum land area, 44Ministry of Environment and Energy
(MINAE), 48, 52, 53, 61Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, 42Mixed methods, 131Model, 25, 33Mode-1 science, 126Mode-2 science, 126Modernistic planning theory
lacks flexibility, 119Monitoring and compliance, 53Modernism, 118, 121Monodisciplinary sustainability science, 126Morphological
layout, 125methods, 129planning, 125, 127shapes, 128
Mozambique, 200, 201Mt. Pinatubo, 188Multi-functional agroforestry system, 60Multiple stakeholders, 43Multiple views. See observation methods
NNational Biodiversity Institute (inbio), 48National Census surveys, 155National Forest Financing Fund (FONAFIFO),
49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 60, 62National level
population aging at, 154National parks, 48National System of Conservation Areas
(SINAC), 47, 53Native and foreign tree species, 61Natural, 25, 26, 31, 33
disaster, 13interaction, 128typography, 124
Nature, 138, 146degradation, 142, 146nature based solutions, 123
Negative environmental externalities, 49Neighborhood-based social ties, 155New research project, 45New urbanism, 123, 126Niigata Prefecture, 98Nippon Nitrogen Fertilizer Corporation, 95,
104Nitric acid, 95, 97, 98Normative competence, 70, 71, 84Non-governmental organization (NGO), 25,
48, 51, 53, 60, 62, 100North AmericaNumber of trees planted, 42, 55, 60, 61
OOasis, 24, 26–30, 32, 35–37Observation methods, 138, 139, 141, 143
dimensional view-based method, 147layer view-based method, 146
Oil palm, 200, 206One third of the sales tax on fossil fuel, 49On-site, 24, 34Open space, 124Operation of households, 165Opportunistic behaviour by landowners, 62Optimal provision of environmental services,
42
Index238238
Optimization, 55Organic growth, 124Organizational role, 48Organizing relationships, 140, 144, 145Otsuchi Fukko Suishin Tai (NPO), 78, 83, 86Otsuchi Town, 70, 72, 73, 75, 81, 84, 85, 89Outcome, 27, 34, 35, 37Outside of communities, 171–173Overarching understanding, 139Overpopulation, 121
PPES
for agroforestry, 42, 44, 46, 53, 54, 60, 61modalities, 42, 44, 50, 51
Part-and-whole, 140Participation
appraisal, 180, 192approach, 125development, 177, 179mapping, 177, 179, 180, 184, 190, 192
Parts, 140, 141, 148Passive learning, 80, 83, 85, 87Patient and sufferer, 109, 111Payment for ecosystem services, 44Payment scheme, 44, 51, 55, 60, 61Payments by hectare, 42Payments for Environmental Services (PES),
42–46, 48–50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60–62Pedestrian permeability, 125People, 29, 30, 33, 38
migration, 155Peoples’ Right Act, 180Performance-based, 60, 61Period, 153, 155, 156Permanganate, 95, 97, 98Person, 165Personal competence, 87Perspectives, 154, 155, 158, 171, 173Perverse incentive, 55, 60Phenomenon, 155, 158Philippines, 180
case study in, 181in CBFM projects, 194
Philosophy, 5, 7, 12, 13, 140, 150Physical
changes, 125shape, 125solutions, 118
Pillars of sustainability, 9Place, 155, 156, 170Planet, 139Planetary boundaries, 32–34
Planetary wellbeing, 142Planning, 161
acquisitions, 122compact city, 118design, 118physical space, 118policy, 129systems, 121
Plantingdensity, 55, 56distance, 56
Policy, 30, 32–34, 143, 147focus on identifying gap, 120makers, 126objectives, 42, 43policy contexts, 118results, 43variety of policy, 118
Population, 73, 77, 83, 85aging, 7, 154change, 4declines, 153impacts of, 172in Japan, 154in Kamikoani, 158in rural areas, 155
Positionof community, 158
Positive externalities, 50Post-colonial movements, 179Post-fieldwork, 34, 35Poverty, 4, 144, 146
reduction, 50Practical, 24, 30, 31Practice, 24, 25, 29, 37, 144, 146Practitioners, 42, 126, 138, 144, 148Prefabrication, 125Prefecture
Akita, 154, 158Preliminary assessment, 42Preliminary surveys, 6Prioritization criteria, 61Priority, 173Pritzker prize, 121Private
landholders, 48properties, 161, 172woodlots, 187
Problem-based, 45Problem-oriented perspective, 5Problem Ranking, 177, 180, 182, 184, 192,
193Problems, 156, 168Problem solving, 43, 127
Index 239239
Process. See Community marginalization process
reconstruction process, 69, 70, 73, 76, 77, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89
recovery process, 68, 72Processing facilities, 77, 83, 84Production, 157Profession, 121Program, 24, 27, 30, 34, 37Programme, 69Project, 25, 30, 32
implementation, 200, 201, 203, 204, 208, 214, 219CBFM, 189, 193design, 201, 203, 216, 219–222
project planning, 201–203, 213, 220, 222. See also Biofuelsdecentralization system, 202stages, 204, 206
Proof of ownership, 44Properties
community, 161community-owned, 172in rural areas, 164, 172local, 158private, 161
Proportion, 154, 155, 158, 165, 167of households, 170, 173
Proposed framework, 158Protected forests, 49Protection of water, 42Provision of scenic beauty, 42Proximity, 129Public facilities, 170Public realm, 128
QQuadrant, 25, 26, 28, 31, 34, 38Quadrivia, 25, 27, 32Qualitative changes in rural communities, 153,
156Qualitative methods, 47Qualitative survey, 117Quantitative survey, 117Quality
of agroforestry farms, 42, 55of community-function, 156–158of life, 10of trees, 60within rural communities, 154
Questionnaire, 80, 81, 84, 87, 153, 160, 162, 164, 168
Quota for the number of hectares and trees, 52
RRapid appraisal. See Appraisal approachesRapid assessment, 192, 194Rate
fertility rate, 154, 155Recommendations, 130Reconstruction issues, 75Reflexive understanding, 150Reflexivity, 143, 150Reforestation, 42, 48, 50, 182, 185, 186, 190,
191subsidies, 48
Region, 24, 27, 28, 32, 38Tohoku region, 75
Regional activities, 33, 161Regrowth of tropical dry forest, 47Regulations, 143Relationships
among residents, 168social, 161, 162
Relief of Pollution-Related Health Damage, 101
Religious practices, 186Remaining community members, 157Removing snow, 165, 166Research, 156
researcher, 25, 27, 37, 38research field methodologies, 75, 85, 87research questions, 45, 46
Residential housing project, 129Residents, 75, 77, 85, 155, 157, 158, 162, 168,
170–173Resilience, 131, 142, 192
aspects, 68, 87thinking, 14resiliency, 13, 14, 16resilient society, 4, 6, 7, 13, 14
Resistance, 178Resources, 27–29
depletion, 118, 128, 130intangible, 164limitations, 143, 144local, 156, 173
Respondents, 162, 164Responses, 166–168, 170Review, 24, 32, 33Revised Forestry Law 7575, 49Revitalization, 162
local economy, 158local festivals, 170
Rice terraces, 182, 187, 192Road connection, 187Rules, 143Rural areas
Index240240
Small farmers, 158Smallholders, 44, 51, 53Small scale farming, 165Snow, removing, 165, 166Social
capital discourse, 162changes, 186dimensions, 154discrimination, 102, 109gathering, 77inclusion, 125issues, 81
observations, 125phenomenon, 158relationships, 161, 162, 168
among residents, 168security systems, 154wellbeing, 118
Societal transition, 43Socio-cultural spaces, 179, 180Socio-ecological systems, 142, 149Socioeconomic challenge, 60Socioeconomic impacts, 208, 209, 213, 214,
216, 222Soft solutions, 125Soft systems method, 147Soil conservation, 44Solid waste management, 187Solution oriented framework, 45Solution-oriented problem, 132Sorensen, 125Soshisha, 104South AmericaSpace, 143, 144, 146, 150Spatial
analysis, 131, 132characteristics, 122issues, 131
Speech impairment, 95Spread of diseases, 121Sri Lanka, 146Stages, in community marginalization, 157,
158, 171Stakeholder, 6, 8, 11, 27, 30, 32, 75, 79,
83–85, 94, 105, 109–111, 128, 147, 150engagement, 43
Start-up costs, 44State
economic state, 162economic states, 161of community groups, 171of rural community, 156, 157, 171, 173
State-driven scheme, 60
Community marginalization, 155sustainability examination methods, 156
Rural communitiessustainability of, 172
Rural issues, 158
SSafety
of residents, 123Salmon fishing, 73, 77, 83San Jose city, 47, 55Satisfaction
in income, 168, 171level of households, 167
Scenarios, 141, 150Science direct search engine
sustainability, 120urban design, 120urban planning, 120
Science of Minamata Disease, 106Science practitioners, 130Science. See Sustainability scienceScientific knowledge, 131Scientific papers, 120Scientific reality, 117Scientific research, 127, 130Seasonal gatherings, 157Second-generation, 42Selection process, 52Self-consumption, 165, 170, 173Self-governed areas, 179Self-organization, 140Semi-Nomadic Tribe, 182, 188Sensory disorder, 95Service buyer, 44Service provider, 44Settlement, 95, 101, 106, 110, 111Shade coffee, 50, 58Shares
of households, 168of part-time farmer, 165of self-consumption farming type, 165
Shifting cultivation, 188, 189Shiranui sea, 100, 102Shopping, 164, 170, 171Shortage
labor, 154, 165, 171Showa Denko, 98Single element of functionality, 125Skill, 30, 31, 68–70, 85, 89Slash-and-burn, 185, 186, 190, 192Slow lane, 129
Index 241241
planning concept, 120practical urban design, 120
scientist, 42, 149, 150supply, 49sustainability-linked knowledge, 143sustainability-linked worldviews view
changes, 143urban development, 16
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), 119Synergy, 58Synthesis, 147System, 138, 139
environment, 140relationships, 142, 145, 149social security systems, 154systemic perspective, 158target system, 153, 156thinking, 146, 147view, 139, 140
Systems-thinking competence, 71
TTanzania, 200, 201Target, 188–192, 194
system, 153, 154, 156village, 182, 188
Taskremoving snow task, 165
Technical assistance, 53, 56, 58, 59, 62Temporal, 7, 11, 14, 205Temporary housing unit, 76, 77, 83, 85, 86ThailandTheoretical framework of Costa Rican PES, 43Theoretical understanding. See Conceptual
understandingTheory, 138Thresholds, 158Ties
social ties, 155Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami (2011), 7, 15Tohoku Unit, 68, 70, 75, 77, 87, 89, 131Tokyo. See University of TokyoTop-down approach, 7, 9, 11Totality of self-managing capability, 156Tour
bus tour, 84guided, 76, 86
Tourism, 47, 78, 168Trade-offs, 214, 219, 221, 222Traditions, 164, 173
events, 156, 157farming, 45methodologies, 122
Status, economic, 167, 170Stores
mobile grocery stores, 162, 164, 170Storm surge, 119Strategic competence, 70, 71, 81, 84Strauss, Lévi, 120Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), 48Structural separation, 58Student, 24, 30–32, 37, 68, 72, 75–77, 79–81,
83–89Study, 24, 26, 29, 32Subjective, 26, 27, 33Subsidized credits, 48Subsidy for timber, 48Subsystems, 146Sugarcane, 200, 206Support, external, 166, 171–173Survey, 6, 11, 15, 24, 33, 81, 84, 88
questions, 161, 162, 165, 166, 168Sustainability
achievement of a higher level, 124agriculture, 47, 51agroforestry, 56assessment, 139boundaries, 142, 148challenges, 118, 127community, 118, 119, 121community development, 179, 180, 183,
190–193contexts, 138, 142, 145, 150development. See economic developmentdimensions, 142, 144dynamics, 140, 146, 150forest management, 42, 50framework, 142, 149, 150indicators, 147issues, 70, 80, 87logging plan, 50methodology, 137, 142, 147of biofuel, 201, 219, 221. See also
Appraisal approachesimpacts, 201, 202, 205, 208, 220, 221science, 202, 205, 206
of rural areas, 158of rural areas, examining, 156of social security systems, 154of target system, 156patterns, 139, 144policy, 147principles, 147problem, 43provision, 61science, 42, 43, 45, 69, 70, 77, 87, 88, 137,
144, 150
Index242242
social, 119spaces, 122sprawl, 125
Urban design, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124–126, 128–130
concept, 120focused on morphology, 120layers, 123
Urban environment, 16, 124management, 16problems, 16
Urbanization, 124, 128–130Urban planning, 118–120, 122, 124–126,
128–131field techniques, 119foundation of contemporary, 121layer, 123morphological, 119morphological analysis, 121morphological research, 120physical solutions, 119planner, 119, 121, 122, 128, 130–132problem-solving, 119promote better environment, 121solution-oriented, 124typological, 119
VVideo production, 93, 109Villagers, 170Village. See Kamikoani villageVision, 32Visual field constriction, 95Vitality
community vitality, 156Vlaamse codex voor ruimtelijke ordening, 129Volcanic eruption, 182, 188, 189, 192Voluntary transaction, 44
WWaldheim, 123Waste water, 95, 97, 99Water, 26, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35
supply, 187tariff, 49
Well-being, 142Well-defined environmental service, 44Whole, 140, 141Wholistic understanding, 141Women headed households, 52Working landscape, 44
Trajectories of target system, 156Transaction costs, 44, 53Transdisciplinarity, 128Transdisciplinary, 24, 26, 33, 37
research, 11, 147, 148, 150Transferable bonds, 48Transformation, 143Transition, 43, 68, 126, 127, 158Transportation, 161, 162, 171
of households, 163Tree combinations, 55Tree cover, 42Trends
demographic trends, 153, 154in population aging, 154of agriculture and forestry decline, 160of population decline, 155out-migration trend, 155
Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), 48, 55, 56, 58–62
Tsunami, 7, 15, 68, 73, 75–77, 131Tuwali, 182, 183Types
of activities, 166of challenges, 158, 172of egg cooking
boiled egg, 122industry, 122modern city, 122
of properties in rural areas, 163
UUSA, 118Uncertified patients, 111Un-habitat, 118, 121University, 28, 30, 32, 38University of Lüneburg, 79University of Tokyo, 68, 76, 78, 84Urban
agriculture, 126architecture, 121areas
migration to, 154, 155economic, 119infrastructure, 125landscapes, 121morphological, 130morphologists, 120morphology, 130paradigm, 119, 121, 124problems, 16