Index [link.springer.com]978-1-59259-791...Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) cancer and, 101...
Transcript of Index [link.springer.com]978-1-59259-791...Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) cancer and, 101...
A
Aberrant crypt foci (ACFs) described, 437
Abl-Bcr proteins and Philadelphia chromosome leukemia, 17 4
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Karposi' s sarcoma, 55
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ALLs)
B-lineage, 202-203, 241 (See also Burkitt's lymphoma)
described, 383-384 genetic abnormalities in, 239-241,
383 hypodiploid, 383 phenotypic/ genotypic correla
tions, 206 T-lineage,203-204,241
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) chromosome changes in, 381 c-kit protein in, 239 diagnosis, 204, 235, 380-381 gene fusion products, 205-208,
237- 238 genetic alterations in, 208, 238, 381 prognosis, 381 suppressor genes in, 19 WHO classification, 204, 235
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) described, 205, 235- 237 residual disease, detection of, 237 suppressor genes in, 19 translocations in, 205-208
Adenocarcinoma and COX2, 57 duodenal and ras mutations, 72 gastric and p53, 59 genetic upregulation in metastasis, 309
489
Index
1552S and, 187 and Lewis blood group antigens, 40, 41 and LOH abnormalities, 413 NSCL and c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, 70
Adenomas described, 385- 387, 438 Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)
as molecular marker, 9, 429-431, 434, 437,438-439
gene in colorectal cancer, 430-431 Adenomatous polyps, 72 Adhesion, association with, 77- 78 a-Fetoprotein (AFP). See also individual
cancer by name characteristics of, 135-136,141,142-143 and disease stage, 145 half life of, 152, 153 in neoplasms, 48 physiologic function of, 38 sensitivity I specificity of, 16, 56-57,
132 Allelic band intensity, detecting, 400,401 Allelic imbalance, assessing, 411 ALLs. See Acute lymphoblastic leuke-
mia/lymphoma (ALLs) Amino acid sequences, predicting, 29 Amphiphysin described, 172 Amplicon defined, 269 Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)
protein expression, detecting, 250 Aneusomies and FISH detection, 326 Angiogenesis, 76-77, 110, 466 ANNA-l antibody, 172 ANNA-2 protein antibody, 172 Anthracycline therapy, 274, 275 Antibodies and neoplasm diagnosis,
27-28,29 Antigens, 40, 188 Antigen-specific immune responses,
measurement of, 218
490
Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs), 169 Anti-Yo/anti-Purkinje cell antibody
(PCA), 172 Apoptosis
association with, 74-76 inducing, 76, 99,466 inhibition of, 57, 71, 75
Artificial neural networks (ANN), 113 Ashkenazi Jews
and APC polymorphisms, 439 breastcancerand,459,460
Assays. See individual assay by name Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T)
breast cancer and, 476 cytogenetics in, 473-47 4 described, 364, 454, 473-475 and DNA repair problems, 361, 364 a-Fetoprotein (AFP) and, 473 immune defects in, 475 probands, haplotypes of, 482 proteins, truncated and, 481 T -cell leukemia and, 47 4-475
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene mutations and cancer risk,
475-477,480,481-483 mutation Database url, 481 protein kinase activity assay,
480-481 Autoantibodies, 169-170 Autoimmune diseases, 169 Autoimmunity, 170 Avastatin, 21
B
Basal cell nevus syndrome described, 454
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) described, 76
Bat-26 as molecular marker, 9 B-cells
clones, detecting, 244-245 lymphornas,214,242-249,384,476
B-cell small lymphocytic lymphoma/ chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 245, 384, 476
Bel-l protein, 211
Index
Bcl-2 protein, 74, 246 Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
cancer and, 101 finasteride and, 90 and FPSA, 89, 92
Benign PSA, 102 Bevacizumab in cancer therapy, 21 Bioinformatics described, 352 Bladder cancer
and antigen expression, 41 diagnosis and FISH, 95 and EGFR, 71 ligand-receptor assays, PCR based,
349 and LOH abnormalities, 409, 410 NMP marker in, 17,43 p16 gene mutations and, 74 PSMA and, 105 and ras mutations, 72 sPas levels and, 75 and SLN mapping, 297 telomerase activity in, 20
Bladder transitional cell carcinoma and TGF-[3, 69
BLCA-4, sensitivity of, 43 Blm gene, 19 Blood
antigens as tumor markers, 40-42 chromosomal aberrations, detecting,
387-388,397 collection technique, 398-399 gating strategy for, 200 Lewis blood group antigens, 40, 41 and nucleic acid based testing, 94 PCR sampling technique, 398-399 processing/ storage technique,
399-400 rare event detection in, 344
Bloom's syndrome and DNA repair problems,363,364,365
Bone marrow AML, flow cytometry diagram, 205 culture setup technique, 387-388 gating strategy for, 200 and LOH detection, 405
Bone metastases, 91-92
Index
Brain tumors EGFRand, 71 and hnRNP A2/B1 overexpression,
313,314 medulloblastoma, 71, 386 neuroblastoma, 330, 386 andp53, 175 retinoblastoma, 18, 19, 175, 386
BRCA1/BRCA2 gene detection of, 335 gene mutations in, 365,459-461 and hereditary cancer, 18, 19,
458-459 and prostate cancer diagnosis, 98
Breast cancer AFP serum levels in, 48, 136 and anti-CENP-F antibodies, 176 antigen expression and, 41 in Ashkenazi Jews, 459,460 A-T and,476 autoantibody assays in, 108 eDNA microarray of, 341 and c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, 70 and CRP,68 cyclin D1 and, 73 and cyclin E, 73 described, 458-459 detection of, 335, 343,461 E-Cadherin, 77 and EGFR, 70-71 gene amplification in, 263 genetic causes of, 18, 19, 454, 475 HER-2/neu antibodies in, 173 HercepTest kit, 264, 265, 266 and hnRNP A2/B1 expression,
308-309,310,313 IGF and, 71 and LOH, 398, 404-406, 473 lymph node micrometastasis in,
300-301 microsatellite instability (MSI), 60,
405 and monoclonal-defined tumors, 38,
39 mutation carriers and cancer risk,
459
and NMP assays,43 patient management, medical,
461-462 and PNDs, 171 PSMA and, 105
491
and rheumatic syndromes, develop-ment of, 171
RT-PCR and, 299 and sPas levels, 75 sialoglycoproteins and tumor me-
tastasis, 47 in situ hybridization, 266 and SLNs, 287-288, 290-293 staging and SLND, 287 tamoxifen in therapy, 462 telomerase activity in, 20 and topoisomerase Ila 275 VCAM-1, 78
Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT), 462
Bronchogenic carcinoma, 136 Burkitt's lymphoma. See also Acute
lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ALLs), B lineage
described, 212, 214
c
genetic abnormalities in, 248-249, 384
CA 15-3 serological tumor marker, 16, 17,39,46
CA 19-5 serological tumor marker, 40 CA 19-9 serological tumor marker, 16,
39-40, 56-57 CA 50 serological tumor marker, 40 CA 72-4 serological tumor marker, 16,
17 CA 125 serological tumor marker, 16,
39,56-57 Cancer
aggressiveness, predicting, 94 antigens, most w ell-characterized,
191 benign, 136 cells, development of, 3, 53-55, 361,
362, 396
492
detection of (See also Molecular markers in cancer detection)
DNA arrays in, 61, 95, 340 general discussion, 175, 370 immunologic methods, 6, 27, 138 metastatic I recurrent, 148-149 molecular profiling in, 8 p53 gene mutations in, 8-9, 18,
59-60,61,75 proteins arrays and, 61, 348 serologic methods, 6, 16 TRAP, 349
drug targeting, 20-21, 31 hereditary syndromes, features of,
19,453-455 immune responses, identification of,
170-171 modern concepts of, 4 mutation in, 361 predisposition testing
described, 333, 453 flow diagram for, 458 and genetic counseling, 455 informed consent in, 457 results, interpreting, 457-458 risk assessment, 456
and rheumatic disease, 169 specificity, increasing, 89 tissues and hK2, 103
Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), 172
Cancer-testis antigens, 177-178 Capillary electrophoresis, 244, 400, 402,
403,416 Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
blood group substance in, 40 identification of, 16, 37-38 sensitivity I specificity of, 16, 56-57
Carcinoembryonic proteins, 37-38 Cathepsin D, 178 Caveolin-1, 108-109 CBF leukemia. See Core binding factor
(CBF) leukemia CCI-779, 21 CD4+ CD56+ malignancies described,
215--216
CD44 alternative splicing regulation,
315-316 described, 78
Index
and prostate cancer diagnosis, 98 eDNA microarrays described, 337, 338,
339,341 Celecoxib and FAP, 466 Cell cycle, 73-74 Cell-free DNA and tumorigenesis
detection, 60-61, 67-68 Cells
growth, 173, 389 lineage specific marker reagents,
establishing, 29 single, analysis of, 350-351 tumor, 110, 289
Cell-specific tumor markers, 43-44, 65-66
CENP-F antigen described, 176 C-erbB-2 gene
in teratoma, 162 and tumorigenesis, 58, 70
Cervical cancer and Hsp-27 antibodies, 178 and LOH abnormalities, 412-413 molecular markers for, 9 molecular pathogenesis of, 396 and sec, 43 sPas levels and, 75 and SLNs, 296
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 43, 412
Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC),43
Chemotherapy and anthracycline therapy, 274 resistance and trastuzumab therapy,
273-274 and rheumatic syndromes, develop
ment of, 171 and tumor marker decline, 152-153,
155-156,160 Children
medulloblastoma, 71, 386 neuroblastoma,330,386
Index
retinoblastoma, 18, 19, 175, 386 Choriocarcinoma
and HCG, 139 incidence of, 130, 131 and LDH, 139, 140 management of, 146
Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH),271,330,332,337-340
Chromogranin A (CgA), 44, 66 18q chromosomal allelic loss and prog
nosis, 440 Chromosomes
aberrations, identifying, 387-388, 397,416
Giemsa banding, 379, 389-390 metaphase, preparation of, 367
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 245,384,476
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), 241-242,382,383
Circulating serum/plasma tumor DNA described, 8
Cisplatin, 274 c-kit protein in AML, 239 Clinical trial assay (CTA) described, 264 Cloning and amino acid sequence pre-
diction, 29 C-myb gene described, 173, 431 C-myc. See Myc family genes Cockayne' s syndrome, 363 Colchicine and mitosis inhibition, 388 Colon cancer
AFP serum levels in, 48 family pedigree showing, 465 genetic causes of, 18, 19, 454 and ICAM-1, 78 and NMP assays, 43 and sFas levels, 75 and VEGF, 77
Colony survival assay described, 368, 477-478,479
Colorectal cancer. See also H ereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) AFP and, 136 APC gene in, 430-431
493
classification, 385, 432, 434, 435 conventional pathway in, 429-432 and COX2, 57 and CRP, 68 development of, 434 DNA Methylator pathway in,
434-436 DNA Mismatch Repair pathway
in,432-434 familial, 438-440 HER-2/neu protein, 431 and IGF, 71 and inflammation, 53 methylation phenotype, 435-436 microsatellite mutation in, 20, 433,
441 molecular markers in, 8-9,396,
440-441 molecular pathogenesis of, 396,
429-430 Myc family genes, 72,431 and p53 mutations, 59, 431 and ras mutations, 72, 408, 435 risk factors for, 294 and SLNs, 294-296 telomerase activity in, 20
Comet assay described, 367 Comparative genomic hybridization
(CGH) described, 251, 333, 396 Compensation defined, 201 Computerized tomography (CT)
and molecular markers, 22, 316 testicular tumors and, 132
Connective tissue tumors described, 385-386
Conventional pathway in colorectal cancer, 429-432
Core binding factor (CBF) leukemia, 237-238
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), 6
Cowden syndrome described, 454 COX2. See Cyclooxygenase (COX2) CpG islands (CIMP)and DNA methyla-
tion, 434-435, 438 C-reactive protein (CRP), 53, 68
494
CRP. See C-reactive protein (CRP) CT. See Computerized tomography
(CT) Cyclin D1, 73 Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
(CDKs), 73-74 Cyclin E, 73 Cyclooxygenase (COX2), 57, 68 CYFRA-21 described, 46-47 Cytogenetics
assays described, 367-368 in A-T, 473-474 history of, 379-380 interphase, routine described, 326,
330,333,335 in leukemia, 234-242, 251, 326, 380 metaphase, routine described, 326 molecular, 380
Cytokeratin family and epithelial neoplasms, 27
Cytokines detection of, 189, 218 and tumorigenesis, 57-58, 69, 70
Cytosolic thymidine kinase (TK1), 47
D
DD3,97 Dendrogram defined, 340 Diagnostic accuracy, improving, 17, 18 Diagnostics testing, world market for,
325,326 Diagnostic testing described, 7 Digital image analysis described,
351-352 Dixon-Moore pathological classification,
testicular germ cell cancers, 130 DNA
arrays and cancer detection, 61, 95,340 changes, testing functional status of,
477 double-stranded breaks (DSBs),
364-366,367,368-369 isolation technique, 400 methylation
CpG islands (CIMP) and, 434-435, 438
Index
transcriptional silencing of genes, 98,395
molecular diagnostic techniques in, 327-328
oncology molecular diagnostics, tar-gets for, 325-336
ploidy analysis described, 216 quantitation of, 400 repairs
deficiency, assays for, 366-370 issues and cancer, 361,363-365,429 mechanisms, 361, 362,364-366
sequence variants of undetermined significance (VUS), 457-458
serum levels and metastatic disease, 397,399
DNA Methylator pathway in colorectal cancer, 434-436
DNA Mismatch Repair pathway in colorectal cancer, 432-434
DNMT encoded methyltransferase and suppressor genes, 19
Double immunodiffusion (DI), 6 Doxorubicin therapy, 275 DRAQ5 described, 216-217 Drugs
efficacy, predicting, 335 NSAIDs, 466 targets, detection tests, 20-21, 31 toxicity, testing, 333, 335
Duodenal adenocarcinoma and ras mutations, 72
Dysgerminoma, 138, 139
E
E-Cadherin, 77, 98 Ectopic tumor markers, 47-49 Effector functions, 188 Embryonal carcinoma
and AFP, 138, 139 HCG and, 138, 139 incidence of, 130, 131 LDH and, 138, 139, 140 management of, 146
Endocytosis described, 262 Endometrial cancer
Index
c-erbB-2 oncoprotein and, 70 and Hsp-27 antibodies, 178 mapping of, 296 and ras mutations, 72 sPas levels and, 75
Enhancer of zone homolog 2 (EZH2) gene
and hereditary cancer, 19 and prostate cancer diagnosis, 97-98,
108 Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in cancer
detection, 6, 348 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) described, 189, 271 Enzyme-linked immunospot assay
(ELISPOT), 189, 190, 191 Enzymes, 35- 37, 476 Epidermal growth factor (EGFR),
70-71,261 Epithelial tumors described, 385 Epitope Discovery System described, 188 Epitopes
discovery of, 188 software aids for, 188 and tumor markers, 38-39
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Hodgkin's disease, 251 lymphomas, association with, 55, 250 NPCs and, 415, 416
Esophageal cancer p53 and, 59 and sec, 43, 74
Evaluative testing described, 7 EZH2 gene. See Enhancer of zone
homolog 2 (EZH2) gene
F
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Syndrome (FAP), 438-439,454, 462, 466
Familial colorectal cancer, 438-440 Family history and cancer diagnosis,
455,456 Fanconi's anemia, 363,364, 365 Fetal tumor antigens. See
Carcinoembryonic proteins
Finasteride, 90, 91 Flow cytometry. See also
Immunophenotyping applications, 217-218 described, 199-201 and MRD detection, 209-210 quality issues in, 201
Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis and doublestranded breaks (DSBs), 369
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
advantages/limitations, 270, 332 aneusomies and, 326
495
and bladder cancer diagnosis, 95 gene amplification, detecting, 330 genetic abnormalities, detecting, 245,
270,326,368,390-391,396 leukemic cells, identification of, 209,
234,241,380 translocations, detecting, 326 and trastuzumab therapy, 272
Follicular lymphoma described, 212 genetic abnormalities in, 246-247,
248,384 Fraction of DNA radioactivity released
(FAR) assay described, 368 Free Prostate Specific Antigen (FPSA).
See also Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), 89,92
and cancer specificity, measuring, 89,92, 100,101
serum components, 102-103 Fusion gene products, 186, 205-208,
236-238
G
Gardner syndrome. See Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Syndrome (FAP)
Gastric cancer AFP and, 136 and c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, 70
496
E-Cadherin, 77 and ICAM-1, 78 ras mutations and, 72 and sPas levels, 75 SLNs and, 294
Gastrointestinal cancer. See also indi-vidual cancer by name
k-ras mutations in, 72, 408 and LOH abnormalities, 407-409 sialoglycoproteins and tumor
metastasis, 47 telomerase activity in, 20
Gating defined, 200 Genes
abnormalities, detecting, 243, 408 (See also specific technique by name)
amplification, detecting, 330 array technology described,
251-252 cluster analysis of, 340 expression profile, establishing, 370 markers in cancer diagnostics, 18 methylation status, measuring, 344 mutations, 74, 244, 246, 482
(See also individual cancer or gene by name)
rearrangements, detection of, 242-243,336
transcription, suppression of, 434 transcriptional silencing of and DNA
methylation, 98, 395 Genetic counseling described,
455-458 Genitourinary cancer. See also individual
cancer by name and SLN mapping, 296-297
Genomics assays, 370 Germ cell tumors described, 387
(See also individual tumor by name) Giemsa banding, 379, 389-390 Gleevec in cancer therapy, 21, 241, 325,
326 Glycotransferases, 41-42 Gold-facilitated autometallographic in
situ hybridization (GOLDFISH), 271
Index
Gynecological cancers, 296, 410-413. See also individual cancer by name
H
Hairy cell leukemia, 71, 212 Haplotyping and founder mutations,
identifying, 482 Head and neck cancer. See also Squa
mous cell carcinoma, SCCHN(head and neck SCC)
ATM mutation in, 475 and cyclin D1, 73 and EGFR, 71 field cancerization in, 396 and IL-2, 71-72 and LOH abnormalities, 414, 475 microsatellite mutation in, 20 and sec, 43, 56
Heat antigen retrieval and formalin cross-linking reversal, 29
Heat Shock Protein (Hsp-27), 178 Heliobacter pylori, 54, 55, 59 Hematopoiesis, disruption of, 200, 237 Hepatitis-C, 250 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
and anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs), 169
microsatellite mutation in, 20 and mRNA binding proteins,
176-177 p62 overexpression and, 177 and proliferation-associated anti
gens, 176 virus pathogens and, 55
Hepatoma,75, 141 Hepsin, 96 HER-2/neu protein. See also Herceptin
in colorectal cancer, 431 described, 173-174 and gene amplification detection,
330-331 HER2 protein
detection methods, 271 distribution, 262, 263 immunostain, interpreting, 267-269 overexpression in, 263-270 as prognostic factor, 271-274
Index
receptors amplification status, 265 signaling, 261-262 topoisomerase Ila copy numbers,
275 HercepTest kit
alcohol fixatives and, 268 and breast cancer, 264, 265, 266 scoring methods in, 267
Herceptin in cancer therapy, 21, 70, 90, 105,325,330
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). See also Colorectal cancer
described, 462-463 and DNA repair problems, 361, 429 mutation carriers, risk factors, 464 patient management, medical,
464-465 Heterodimerization defined, 261 Heterogenous nuclear ribonucleopro
tein. See hnRNP A2 /B1 High-grade prostatic intraepithelial
neoplasia (HGPIN), 106 hnRNP A2/B1
and 703D4, 308 alternative splicing regulation, 315 biology, 309-312 and cancer, 307-309, 310, 313, 314 coding sequence, 313 and E16 silencing, 316 and mRNA transport, regulation of,
314,315 overexpression of, 308, 309, 313 structure/function of, 312- 316
hnRNP proteins, structure/ function, 311
Hodgkin's disease, 78, 251 Homocysteine (Hey), 56, 66-67 Homodimerization defined, 261 Hormones as tumor markers, 35- 37 Host-cell reactivation assay described,
366 HPC1 and prostate cancer diagnosis, 99 HPV. See Human papillomavirus
(HPV) Hsp-27. See Heat Shock Protein (Hsp-
27)
497
hUBF. See Human upstream binding factor (hUBF)
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)
characteristics of, 136, 141, 142 and disease stage, 145 as tumor marker, 132, 142-144,
152-153 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1
(HIV-1) and E16 silencing, 316 Human papillomavirus (HPV), 54,333,
336 Human upstream binding factor
(hUBF) and RNA transcription, 176
Hybridization data, arrangement of, 340
8 Hydroxy deoxyguanidine (SOH DG) as biomarker, 55
Hyperhomocysteinemia, 56 Hyperplastic polyp s (HPs), 437, 440
I
Identity, establishing cytogenetically, 396
Immune responses, most well characterized, 191
Immune suppression and sentinel nodes, 301
Immunoblotting (IB) in cancer detection, 6, 478-480
Immunofluorescence in cancer detection, 6
Immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) gene arrangements, 242, 244, 246
Immunoglobulin light (IgK) gene arrangements, 242, 244-245
Immunohistochemistry (IHC), 30, 264, 347
Immunologic methods of cancer detection, 6, 27, 138
Immunomagnetic bead peripheral blood cell capture described, 352
Immunophenotyping. See also Flow cytometry
advantages/limitations, 201-202 and biphenotypic leukemia, 208
498
and diagnosis, 200 Inflammation, 53, 68 Inhibitor of apoptosis protein (lAP)
family described, 106 In situ hybridization
breast cancer and, 266 mRNA detection, 344-345,350
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) binding proteins (IGFBPs), 106, 177 described, 71, 106 and malignancy, 59, 71
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)
and metastasis, 78 Interleukin-2 (IL-2) described, 71-72 International Germ Cell Consensus
Classification System (IGCCC) described, 134-135 metastatic germ cell tumors, classify
ing, 150, 161 International Molecular Epidemiology
Consortium for Ataxia Telangiectasia (IMECAT), 476
International Union Against Cancer (UICC) TNM staging system, 135
Intracellular cytokine cytometry (ICC), 189-190, 191
Iressa in cancer therapy, 21 Isoenzymes as tumor markers, 35,36
J Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome (JPS), 439
K
Kallikrein, 99-100, 103-104 Karposi' s sarcoma, 55, 250 Karyotype analysis. See Cytogenetics Ki-67 described, 46 Kidney cancer and LOH abnormalities,
409 KLF6 gene and hereditary cancer, 18, 19 Knudson's two-hit hypothesis, 431, 434 KOC antigen, 176- 177 k-ras mutations
and cell-free DNA, 67 in gastrointestinal cancers, 72, 408
L
incidence of, 8, 58, 431 and pancreatic cancer, 9 in SAs, 438
Index
L552S and adenocarcinoma, 187 Laboratory tests, 4-7 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
characteristics of, 136-137, 142-144 in choriocarcinoma, 139, 140 and disease stage, 145, 147- 148 in dysgerminoma, 138 in embryonal carcinoma, 138, 139, 140 LD-1, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 150-152 in ovarian carcinoma, 37 in seminoma, 138, 139 in teratoma, 138, 139, 140 in testicular cancer, 132, 133 in yolk sac tumors, 139
Lambert-Eaton syndrome, 172 Laser capture microdissection (LCM)
and angiogenesis, 110 cancer cells, isolating, 95, 111,
350- 351 Leiomyomas described, 385-386 Leucoverin (LV) and tHey, 67 Leukemia. See also individual leukemia
by name acute
diagnosis of, 234 gene fusion products, 236
ATM mutations in, 475 and autoimmunity, 170 biphenotypic, 208 and CD44, 78 cell detection, 204, 209 and CRP, 68 cytogenetic evaluation of, 234-242,
251,380-384 lineage association scoring system,
209,211 LOH in, 475 and metaphase cytogenetics, 326 MLL abnormalities, 238 p16 gene mutations and, 74 and sPas levels, 75 T-cell and A-T, 474-475
Index
Lewis blood group antigen, 40, 41 Li-Fraumeni syndrome
described, 365, 454 and DNA repair problems, 363 Ligand-receptor assays described,
348-349 Limiting dilution analysis (LDA),
188-189, 190 Linkage mapping, 98-99 Lipid-associated sialic acid in the
plasma (LASA-P) described, 47 Lipomas described, 385-386 Liver cancer
and CRP, 68 and ICAM-1, 78 LD-1levels and, 151-152 and TGF-[3, 69
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH). See also individual cancer by name
analysis of, 400-403 described, 395-398 metastasis in, 406 microsatellite markers, analysis, 396 PCR photo in melanoma, 401
Lung cancer and anti-CENP-F antibodies, 176 and antigen expression, 41 deaths from, 307 and hnRNP A2/B1 overexpression, 313 ICAM-1 and, 78 and IGF, 71 imaging technologies and, 22 and LOH abnormalities, 413 MAGE antibodies and, 177- 178 and p53 mutations, 59 PNDs and, 171 and sec, 43 sialoglycoproteins and tumor me
tastasis, 47 Lung development, mammalian and
hnRNP A2/B1, 308 Lymph nodes
biopsy samples of, 387 mapping,285,286,288,295 metastases and cancer progression,
285,396 micrometastasis in, 299-301, 302
Lymphomas ATM mutations in, 475 and autoimmunity, 170 B-cell
CLL, 245, 384, 476 described, 214 detection of, 242-249 diffuse large, 248
and CRP, 68 cytogenetic evaluation of, 326,
384- 385 diagnosis of, 234, 242-251
499
and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 55, 250 Hepatitis-C and, 250 LOH in, 475 mantle cell, 211, 214, 247-248, 384 RT-PCR testing, 342 and sFas levels, 75 T-cell
described, 214 gene rearrangements in, 243,
249-250 translocations in, 235 viruses associated with, 250
Lymphoplasmacytic leukemia, 245-246 Lymphoscintigraphy, value of, 288 Lynch syndrome. See Hereditary
non polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), 78 Lytic activity, detecting, 189
M
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 22 Major histocompatibility (MHC) tet-
ramers applications, 192-194 described, 190, 194 peptide binding, characterization of,
188 and prostate cancer diagnosis,
109-110 specificity, conveyance of, 190
MALDI-TOF, 346-347 Mantle cell lymphoma
described, 211, 214 genetic abnormalities in, 247-248,384
500
Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) described, 212, 214 genetic abnormalities in, 246, 248
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDITOF) described, 346-347
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) described, 68, 106-107 regulation of, 69 and tumor metastasis, 68-69
MDS. See Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
Medulloblastoma, 71,386 Melanoma
cells benign vs metastatic, 293 suspicious features of, 293-294
DNA content, assessing technique, 398-399
and IL-2, 71 and LOH abnormalities, 406-407 lymph node micrometastasis in,
299-300 melastatin loss in, 345 metastases, detecting, 301 microsatellite markers in, 406 molecular pathogenesis of, 396 p16 gene mutations and, 74 p53 gene mutations, 431 pathologic processing of SLNs,
289- 290 and RT-PCR, 297-299 and the SLN, 287 SLN analysis, 291- 292 and TAAs, 186
Melanoma antigen encoding genes (MAGE)
antibodies to and melanoma, 177-178
expression of, 186, 191 and prostate cancer diagnosis, 96,
162 Melastatin described, 344, 345 MEN1 I MEN2, 454 Metaphases, obtaining, 381 Metastasis
and cellular adhesion molecules, 77
Index
and cytokeratin immunostaining, 292
first site of, 286 foci, identifying, 289 and ICAM-1, 78 indications of, 107 LOH and,406 lymph node, 285, 299-301, 302, 396 nodal, 295, 300 process of, 44-45 prostate cancer, 91-92, 107 rejection of, 193 sialoglycoproteins and, 47 skip, 295 and tumor markers, 47, 56, 91-92
MHL. See Tumor markers, half-lives of Microarrays in molecular diagnosis,
338. See also individual microarray by name
Microcapillary electrophoresis described, 352
Micrometastatic disease, detecting, 88 Microsatellite instability (MSI)
and breast cancer, 60, 405 and colorectal cancer, 20, 433,441 described, 336, 363,432, 463-464 detection of, 366-367, 416 markers of, 9, 55, 437 mismatch repair gene and, 432-434 mutation in, 20, 406, 433, 441 in SAs,438
Minimal residual disease (MRD), 208-209,216
Mismatch repair described, 363-364 Mitosin described, 47 Molecular markers in cancer detection
adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), 9,429-431,434,437,438-439
described, 8-9, 403-404, 408 ethical issues with, 10 imaging diagnostics, 21-22, 316 nonspecific, 45- 47 nucleic acid, 8, 18-20, 95-99 predictive, 29- 31 quality issues with, 9-10
Molecular profiling in cancer detection, 8
Index
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and hematological malignancies,
217, 219 immunophenotyping ot 200-201 making,29 astumormarker,38-40,67
Morton-Cochran concept of SLN, 286 mRNA
binding proteins and cancer, 176-177 detection ot 344-345, 350 differential display of, 342 markers,298,417 transport, regulation ot 314, 315
Multiple endocrine neoplasia I/2 (MEN1 / MEN2),454
Multivariate logistic regression (MLR), 113
Myc family genes and adenomatous polyps, 72 autoantibodies to, 173 Burkitt's lymphoma and, 248-249 in colorectal cancer, 72, 431 described, 72 in neuroblastoma, 330
Mycosis fungoids (MF) described, 215 Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), 210,
382 Myelomas, multiple, 384
N
Nasopharyngeal cancers (NPCs), 68, 414-416. See also individual cancer by name
Negative predictive value (NPV) defined, 5
Neoplasia, classification of, 129 Neoplasms
and amphiphysin, 172 and autoimmune diseases, 169 c-reactive protein (CRP), 53 diagnosis and antibodies, 27- 28, 29 epithelial and cytoskeleton proteins,
27 a -Fetoprotein (AFP) in, 48 formation and mutagenesis, 386 and HCG, 136 and SAGE, 187
501
small cell undifferentiated, 28 spindle celC poorly differentiated, 29 T-cells in, 213, 214 transformation ot 395
Neoplastic hematopathology molecular genetics studies and,
233-244 and the Philadelphia chromosome,
233 Neuroblastoma, 330, 386 Neurological tumors described, 386 Neuron specific enolase (NSE), 44, 66 Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS),
363-365 Nodal micrometastasis defined, 299 Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
and CD44, 78 cytogenetic evaluation ot 384-385 genetic abnormalities in, 243 phenotypic / genotypic correlations,
214 and rheumatic syndromes, develop
ment of, 171 and RT-PCR, 342 and sPas levels, 75
Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and hnRNP A2/ B1, 307, 308 markers for, 47 p16 gene mutations and, 74
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and apoptosis I angiogenesis, 466
Northern analysis described, 341 NSABP B31 study, 265, 267 NSAIDs and apoptosis/ angiogenesis,
466 NSCL adenocarcinoma and c-erbB-2
oncoprotein, 70 Nuclear matrix protein (NMP), 15, 17,
42-43 Nucleic acid molecular markers, 8,
18-20, 95-99 Nucleic acid sequence based amplifica
tion (NASBA), 97 Nucleic acid testing (NAT), 94 N ucleosporin protein fusions de
scribed, 239
502
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) described, 363
0
Oligonucleotides microarrays described, 337, 338
Oncogenes, 15,336 Oncology, 327-329 Oncoproteins as early markers, 58, 70 Oophorectomy, 462 Optical coherence tomography (OCT),
22 Osteosarcoma, 75 Ovarian cancer
AFP and, 136 AFP serum levels in, 48 and antigen expression, 41 CA 125 and, 141 and CD44, 78 c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in, 70 described, 458-459 detection of, 61 epithelial markers, improving, 56 genetic causes of, 18, 19, 454, 475 and LOH abnormalities, 410-412,
475 LPA and, 78 and MAGE antibodies, 177-178 monoclonal-defined tumors and, 38,
39 and PNDs, 171 ras mutations and, 72 and rheumatic syndromes, develop
ment of, 171 sFas levels and, 75
Oxidative stress and cancer development, 55
p
p16 gene, 74 p21 gene, 58-59 p27 gene, 19, 74 p53 gene
and angiogenesis, 110 autoantibody (Ab), 75, 174-175,
178-179
and colorectal cancer, 59, 431 described, 74-75, 365
Index
and laboratory testing, 4-5, 162 and LOH abnormalities, 408 mutations in cancer detection, 8-9,
18,59-60,61,75 in SAs,438
p62 antigen, 176-177 p185. See c-erbB-2 P330 antigen described, 176 Paclitaxel resistance and trastuzumab
therapy, 273-274 Pancreatic cancer
AFP and, 48, 136 detection of, 9, 336 development of, 53 and hnRNP A2/B1 overexpression,
309 and ICAM-1, 78 k-ras mutations in, 9 molecular markers in, 396 and monoclonal-defined tumors, 38,
39-40 MRI and,22 and mRNA binding proteins, 177 and ras mutations, 72, 408-409
Pap smear, sensitivity of, 412 Paradoxical deviation defined, 149 Paraneoplastic syndromes (PND),
171-172 Particle agglutination in cancer detec
tion, 6 Pathogens, known and cancer develop-
ment, 54,55 Pathological diagnosis, basis of, 147 Pathologists, 27-31, 202 Patients, 147-149,460 P AX-5 gene and lymphoplasmacytic
leukemia, 245-246 PCA. See Anti-Yo/anti-Purkinje cell
antibody (PCA) PCNA. See Proliferating cell nuclear
antigen (PCNA) PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) Penile cancer and SLN mapping, 297
Index
Peptide growth factor families, 107 Peptide libraries and vaccine develop
ment, 188 PET, 22
Peutz-Jegher Syndrome (PJS), 440,454 Pheochromocytoma,44 Philadelphia chromosome
described, 239, 241 discovery of, 379, 382 leukemia and Abl-Bcr proteins, 174 neoplastic hematopathology and,
233 Placental alkaline phosphatase, history
of, 37 Plasma cell disorders and
immunophenotyping, 210-211 Plasma cell myeloma described,
212-213,214 Plasmid assays for DSB repair, 369-370 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
blood sampling technique, 398-399 and direct sequencing, 335-336 genetic abnormalities, detecting, 395 and heparin, 398 ligand-receptor assays, 349 LOH, photo of in melanoma, 401
Polymorphisms and prostate cancer diagnosis, 98-99
Positive predictive value (PPV) defined,5
Positron emission technology (PET), 22 PPV. See Positive predictive value
(PPV) defined Precursor lesions, 436-438 Predisposition testing
described, 333, 453 flow diagram for, 458 and genetic counseling, 455 informed consent in, 457 results, interpreting, 457-458 risk assessment, 456
Prognosis, predicting, 149-153, 161, 397 Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
(PCNA), 46 Proliferation markers, 46
503
Promoter hypermethylation and pros-tate cancer diagnosis, 98
Prophylactic mastectomy, 462 ProPSA and cancer detection, 101 Prostaglandins and tumorigenesis, 57 Prostate cancer
benign, 102 and c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, 70 classification/ prognosis of, 20 diagnosis of
2DGE,92 artificial neural networks (ANN),
113 BRCA1/BRCA2 gene, 98 Caveolin-1, 108-109 CD44, 98 DD3, 97 E-Cadherin, 98 EZH2 gene, 97-98, 108 general discussion, 85-88, 93 Hepsin, 96 HPC1 and, 99 kallikrein biochemistry and,
99-100 linkage mapping, 98-99 MAGE, 96, 162 MHC tetramers, 109-110 MLR and, 113 NASBA and, 97 polymorphisms in, 98-99 promoter hypermethylation, 98 and protein arrays, 61 proteinsin,99-109, 112-113 SELDI, 92, 112 TRAP, 97
genetic causes of, 18, 19, 475 and IGF, 59, 71 immunotherapy, monitoring, 108 management of, 88 markers
for bone metastases, 91-92 classification of, 87 multiple, methodologies for, 113 neuroendocrine, 109 nucleic acid, 96 proteomics of, 111-113
504
search for, 92-94 and MRI, 22 NMP assays and, 43 and SLN mapping, 296-297 specimen sources for, 94-95 testing milestones, 93
Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, 90 Prostate gland and human kallikreins,
104 Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). See
also Free Prostate Specific Antigen (FPSA)
and cancer diagnosis, 3, 15, 56-57, 85,87-88,92
circulating autoantibodies to, 107-108
concentration, 90, 91 Finasteride and, 90, 91 in PSA, 102 intact forms, measuring, 102 limitations of, 100 primary value, goal of, 89 and prostate integrity, 90 sensitivity I specificity of, 16, 17,
100-101 serum, measurement of, 100
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), 92, 97, 105
Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), 187-188
Prostatic acid phosphate (PAP), 85, 86, 88,92
Prostatin described, 20 Protease as tumor marker, 45 Proteins
arrays and cancer detection, 61, 348 markers, 3, 417 molecular diagnostic techniques in,
328-329,345-348 and prostate cancer diagnosis,
99-109,112-113 RAS, 58- 59, 72, 174 (See also k-ras
mutations) therapeutic targets, predicting, 29 truncated, 348, 481
Protein Truncation Test (PTT), 481
Index
Proteomics assays, 370 PSA-ACT as cancer marker, 100 PTEN mutation and hereditary cancer,
18,19,439 PTT (Protein Truncation Test), 481
Q
Q-PCR, 234,252,380
R
Radioisotopes and lymph drainage, mapping, 285
Radiolabelled in situ hybridization (RISH), 332
RARa gene, 235-236,237 RARb2 gene, 19 RAS protein. See also k-ras mutations;
individual cancer by name autoantibodies of, 174 point mutations, detecting, 336 and tumorigenesis, 58-59, 72
RB gene. See Retinoblastoma Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
curves, 404, 411 Receptor tyrosine kinases described,
239 Regional node dissection, 285-286 Renal cell cancer
AFP and, 136 and hnRNP A2/ B1 regulation, 314 and LOH abnormalities, 409 PSMA and, 105
Retinoblastoma antibodies to, 175 in children, 386 and hereditary cancer, 18, 19
Retinoic acid receptor (RARb2) gene, 19 Rheumatic syndromes, 169, 171 RNA, molecular diagnostic techniques
in,328,337-345 RNAse L gene and prostate cancer di-
agnosis, 99 RNA transcription, regulation of, 176 ROC curves, 404 Rothmund-Thomson (RecQL4) syn-
drome,365
Index
RT-PCR described, 342 leukemia testing, 234, 238, 252, 342,
380 micrometastases, detection of,
342-343 Philadelphia chromosome and, 241 and PSA, 88 in situ, 298-299, 302 SLNDs, detection of, 342-343 and SLNs, 298, 301 telomerase activity, measuring, 97 tumor classification and, 342 and tumor markers, validating, 95 tyrosinase, 298, 299, 300
RUNX3 gene and hereditary cancer, 19
s Sam68 described, 313 Sarcoma,55,75,250,330,386 Saturated fats and prostate cancer, 90 sec antigen as tumor marker, 66 Schistosoma haematobium, 54 Seminoma
AFP and, 139 detection of, 148, 154, 162 HCG and, 138, 139 incidence of, 130, 131 LDH and, 138, 139 management of, 146
Sensitivity defined, 5, 6, 403 Sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND)
described, 286-287 detection of by RT-PCR, 342-343 diagnostic accuracy in, 288-289, 301 plasma analysis, melanoma, 407
Sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) analysis
immunohistochemical, 292-293 microscopic, 291-292, 293- 294
axillary, localization of, 286 breastcancerand,287-288, 290- 293 described, 286 internal mammary (IMSLN), 288 mapping, 296-297
Morton-Cochran concept, 286 pathologic processing of, 289-291 prognostic significance of, 301
Sequence variants of undetermined significance (VUS), 457-458
Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), 187, 342
505
Serological identification of antigens by recombinant expression cloning (SEREX), 171
Serological tumor markers, 16-17, 39-40, 56-57
Serologic methods of cancer detection, 6, 16
Serrated adenomas, 437-438 Serum
applications as tumor markers, 35-37 microsatellite mutation in, 20
Serum tissue polypeptide specific anti-gen (TPS), 46
Sezary syndrome described, 215 sPas described, 75 sFasL described, 76 SG2NA antigen described, 176 Sialic acids described, 47 Sialoglycoproteins and tumor metasta-
sis, 47 Signal transduction described, 261, 262 Signal transduction pathway, associa
tion with, 69- 72 Single nucleotide polymorphism detec
tion (SNPs), 333, 335, 417 Single Strand Conformation Polymor
phism (SSCP), 481 Skinner staging systems for testicular
germ cell cancers, 134, 157 SLN. See Sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) SLND. See Sentinel lymph node dissec
tion (SLND) Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), 172, 413 SNPs. See Single nucleotide polymor
phism detection (SNPs) Solid tissue and organ tumors (STOT),
activation of, 385 Southern blotting described, 336 Specificity defined, 5, 6, 403
506
Spectral karyotyping described, 251 S-phase fraction (SPF) described, 216-217 Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
described, 43 head and neck SCC (SCCHN) (See
also head and neck cancer) and cell-free DNA, 60-61, 67 cytokine levels and, 57 and LOH abnormalities, 414 p16 gene mutations and, 74 sensitivity/specificity of, 16,17
and p53 mutations, 59 Stomach cancer, 78 Suppressor genes, 18-19,20 Surface-enhanced laser desorption/
ionization (SELDI) and cancer detection, 17-18, 347 and prostate cancer diagnosis, 92, 112
Survivin described, 106
T
T A-4, isolation of, 43 Tamoxifen in breast cancer therapy,
462 T -cell large granular lymphocytic leu
kemia (T-LDL) described, 213-215 T-cells
antigen-specific, measuring, 185, 218 in A-T, 474-475 CD8+, isolation of, 193-194 enumerating, 109, 190-191, 192-194 lymphomas,214,243,249-250 markers and prostate cancer diagno-
sis, 109 neoplasmsin,213,214 responses, monitoring, 188-191 tumor antigens defined by, 185-186
TCRs and MAGE ligands, 193 Tdt, detection of, 202 Technetium-99 and lymph drainage,
mapping, 285, 289 Telomerase activity
in cancer, 20 as tumor marker, 79,96-97, 105-106
Telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP), 97, 349
Telomeres, 79, 315
Teratoma and AFP, 138, 139 c-erbB-2 gene in, 162 described, 387 HCG and, 138, 139 incidence of, 130, 131 LDH and, 138, 139, 140
Testicular cancer, 129-131 Testicular germ cell cancers
and AFP, 138
Index
Dixon-Moore pathological classification, 130
HCG and, 138 histologic types and tumor markers,
137-140 incidence of, 130, 131 monitoring of, 156 nonseminatous, detection of, 148, 154 prepubescent, classification of,
130-131 prognosis/ outcome, 131-132 staging systems of, 133-135
TGF and tumorigenesis, 57-58 Theranostic defined, 90 Therapeutic myelodysplastic syndrome
(tMDS) described, 382 Thrombospondin and angiogenesis,
110 Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases
(TIMPs), 69, 106-107 Tissue microarrays (TMA) described,
338,340,349-350 TKl. See Cytosolic thymidine kinase
(TK1) Topoisomerase Ila
amplicon, 274-275 and anthracycline chemotherapy, 274 copy numbers vs HER2, 275
TP53 mutation analysis, 335 Transcriptions
profiling and genetic microarrays, 337,339-341
repressing, 235 Transforming growth factor~ (TGF-~),
69 Transient transfection assays, 369 Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), 43
Index
Translocations, 326 Transmembrane receptors, encoding, 261 Trastumuzab
FDA approval of, 264 NSABP B31 study, 265,267 in therapy, 272, 273
Trichothiodystrophy, 363 T-screening in asymptomatic patients,
140-141 Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), 185 Tumor markers
blood group antigens as, 40-42 cell-specific, 43-44, 65-66 characteristics of, 3, 17, 135-137,417 clinical applications, 140-145, 160 decline and chemotherapy, 152-153,
155- 156, 160 ectopic described, 47- 49 epitopes and, 38-39 half-lives of, 152-153 human chorionic gonadotrophin
(HCG) as, 132, 142-144, 152-153 isoenzymes as, 35, 36 lysophosphatidic acid (LP A) as, 78 and metastasis, 47, 56, 91-92 monoclonal-defined, 38-40, 67 multiple and diagnostic sensitivity,
154,298 sec antigen as, 66 serological, 16-17,39-40, 56-57 serum,35-37, 132,153-160 stages of, 15, 145-146 telomerase activity as, 79, 96-97,
105-106 types of, 95- 111 usage guidelines, 132- 133, 146,148, 150 validating, 85, 95
Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) 70, 76 Tumor node metastasis (TNM) guide
lines, 300 Tumors
antigens discovery of, molecular ap
proaches, 187- 188 serologically defined, 186-187
in children, incidence, 131 classification and RT-PCR, 342
development of, 53 gene amplification in, 267 Gleevec resistant, 336 isolated cells defined, 300
507
node bed status, predicting, 286-287 solid
culturing of, 388-389 described, 385-387
suppressor genes in detection, 335, 430-431 inactivation of, 434 listing of, 334-335
tolerance induction by, 192 Tumor specific antigens, fluorochrome
conjugated, 216 Tumor-specific mutated products, 186 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
(2DGE), 92 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
(2DGE) described, 346 Tyrosine kinase described, 261
u Urine as specimen for cancer testing, 95 Urokinase-type plasminogen activator
(uPA), 107 Urological cancers, 349, 409-410. See
also individual cancer by name Uterine cancer, family pedigree show
ing, 465 UTMDACC cervical cancer staging
systems for testicular germ cell cancers, 134
v Vaginal cancer and Hsp-27 antibodies, 178 Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
(VCAM-1), 78 Vascular endothelial growth factor
(VEGF) and angiogenesis, 110 described, 60, 76-77 hnRNP A2/B1 and, 314
Vinyl chloride and serum anti-p53 antibodies, 175
Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC), 172
508
w Walter staging systems for testicular
germ cell cancers, 134 Werner's syndrome, 363, 364, 365 Western blot analysis described, 346,
478-480 WHO classification
acute leukemias, 202, 208 acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 204,
235 myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), 210 testicular cancer, 129-130
Women and tumor marker analysis, 56
Index
X
Xeroderma pigmentosa (XP), 361, 363
y
Yolk sac tumors andAFP, 138, 139 described, 387 HCG and, 138 incidence of, 131 and LDH, 139
z Zymogen and cancer, 101