Index [link.springer.com]978-1-4757-4451-4/1.pdf · Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) ......
Transcript of Index [link.springer.com]978-1-4757-4451-4/1.pdf · Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) ......
Index
Abdominal tokography, 362Abortion, 177-178Active sleep, 14Adreno-corticosteroids , 255-256Adrenogenital syndrome, 261Alcohol , 244-247Aldrin , behavioral effects, 265Alph a-fetoprotein (AFP) measurement s,
for neural tube deformitydetection, 192
Alpha-methyl-paratyrosin e (AMPT),animal beh avioral studies with, 266
American Academy of Pediatrics, 118American Inst itut e of Ultra sound , 172Aminophylline
for apnea of prematurity, 26effect on cere bral blood flow, 70
Amniocentesis, 187-189Amniotic fluid, during uterine
contrac tions, 36 1Amniotic fluid pressure, effect on fetal
cranium, 362-368Amniotic fluid volume, qualitative
estimation of, 142Amphetamines
learning deficit effects , 273teratogenic effects, 251-252
Analgesics, depressive effects innewborns, 238
Androgens, teratogenic effects, 260-261Anencephaly, diagnosis, 192Anesthesia
for breech labor and del ivery, 112effect on neonates, 240-243
Anesthetic agents, effect on cerebra lblood flow, 70
Anoxi a, fetal, 30 IAntenatal treatrnent, of IUGR, 146-147Ant epartum evaluation, biophysical
methods of, 145-146Antepartum hemorrhage, 186Antidepressants, ter atogenic effects,
250-251Antithyroid drugs, hypoactivi ty syndrome
and, 269-270Apgar score(s) , 147-148,232,238
value as screening method, 54Apnea, 1-39
causes of, 9-21cent ra l, 2-3, 33early , 2factor promoting, 6-8factors terminating, 8-9in full-terrn infant, 28-29initial evaluation of infant with, 23-24mixed,3,5obstructive, 3, 5, 20-21in older infants, 30-39of prematurity, 24-28prolonged sleep , I , 3, 38-39short, 16signs of ventilation abnormalities in, 20reflexive, 9-10types of, 2-4
Apnea/cardiac monitor, 27, 31-32, 33Apnea monitor, 32Apnea monitoring, results of, 37-39Appetitive and aversive learning tests, 233
429
430
Ascites, 194Asparagine deprivation , 259Aspartame, teratogenic effects , 258Asphyxia
birth,53brain-imaging in, 57-59defined, 53-54intrapartum, 147-148prevention, 53-54prognosis, 54-55in umbilical cord compression or
prolapse, 95Aspirin, seeSalicylatesAtelectasis, 149Atropine sulphate, effect on fetal
breathing, 2075-Azacytidine, behavioral teratology
stud ies with, 269
Babson standards, 60Barbiturates, 248Bayley Scales of Infant Developrnent, 242,
274Behavioral, sexual, 261Beha vioral assays
of learn ing, 273of maturational reflex , 273-274
Behavioral maturation test, 233Behavioral pathology, individual
differences, 277-278Behavioral syndrome, and drug
treatment, 274Behavioral teratogenesis, 231-278
associated effects , 272behavioral assay, 273-274behavioral syndrome, 274conceptualization of, 276-277cross-generational effects, 274-275high-dose studies, 272human studies in, 232low-dose studies, 272paternal effects, 274-275primate studies in, 233, 237rodent studies in, 233, 237secondary effects , 271-272
Behavioral teratology, critical periods in,268-270
Beta-adrenergic drugs, for treatment ofpreterm labor, 147
Betamethasone, for respiratory distresssyndrome, 209
Bicarbon ate infusion, 69
Index
Biometrymeasurement of fetal dimensions,
195-196normal values, 196-198placental, 184
Birth trauma, 65as cause of death, 297cerebellar hernorrhage, 65-66diagnosis and prevention, 67-68occipital osteodiastasis, 65-66severe handicaps caused by, 297spinal cord disruptions, 66-67subdural hemorrhage, 65tentorial tear, 65
Birth canalpassage of fetal head through, 368-369obstruction of, 413-419
Birth weightand neonatal survival , 48-50small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant,
60-64Blighted ovum, defined, 177Blood flow, real -time scanning of, 219Blood sampling, fetal, 189Body movements, and real-time scanning,
210Bowel atresia, 194Brachial palsy, incidence in breech
deliveries , 97Brain
effect of developmental malnutritionon ,257-260
perinatal damage to, 45-75Brain-imaging, in cerebral asphyxia,
57-59Brazelton scale, 232Breech delivery(ies)
amniotic fluid pressure in, 367and cerebral palsy, 298and minimal brain darnage. 299risks of, 298-299
Breech extractions, rapidly performed,95-96
Breech perinatallosses, obstetricalattempts to decrease, 99-109
Breech presentarion, 89and birth weight, 90causes, 90, 93cesarean seetion in management of,
102-109current management of, 109-112factors contributing to mortality in, 88frequency in congenital disorders, 91
Index
Breech presentation (cont.)historical background, 87-89incidence, 89-90incidence of umbilical cord prolapse in ,
94multiparous, 99and prernaturity, 89superstitions about, 87in twins, 90types , 91-92vaginal delivery in, 1I 1-112
British Perinatal Mortality Study, 147Butylated hydroxyanisoJe (BHA) ,
teratogenic effects, 260Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT),
teratogenic effects, 260
Cadmium, neurological symptoms, 264Caffeine, for apnea of prematurity, 25Cannabis, teratogenic effects, 253Cardiac physiology, and ultrasonic
imaging,211-214Cardiovascular anomalies, effect on fetal
growth and developrnent, 124-125Central nervous system (CNS) depression,
63-64, 67Cephalometry, 195-196
and IUGR detection, 201Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)
brain damage caused by, 302diagnosis, 302-303etiology , 302and pelvimetry, 303-305
Cerebellar hernorrhage, from birthtrauma, 65-66
Cerebral artery thrombosis, and neonatalhemorrhage, 69
Cerebral blood flow alterationby cranial compression, 71-72by hypertonie solutions, 70-71by vasoactive drugs, 71
Cerebral palsy, 67Cerebral perfusion
alterations in, 50-51results of inadequate, 55, 56
Cervical rigidity, 404Cervix
biomechanics of dilatation of, 361-362pressures during first stage of labor,
375resistance to dilatation, 384-387
Cesarean section , 96, 98, 148in breech delivery, 102-109
431
Chlordane, behavioral effects, 265Chlordiazepoxide, teratogenic studies, 250Chloroprocaine, effect on infant
perforrnance, 241-242Chlorpromazine, animal studies, 249-250Chondroectodermal dysplasia, 194Clinical indices, for fetal growth
retardation, 137Codeine, teratological profile of', 236-237Colchicine, and hypoactivity, 269Collaborative Perinatal Project, 54, 250
on alcohol, 244-245on birth traurna, 297on labor patterns, 299on obstetric drugs, 243-244on smoking, 254
Computed tomography (CT)advantage, 72for cerebellar, 66in cerebraI asphyxia, 57-58in GLH/IVH studies, 50hazards,72-74in meningitis, 69for thromboembolism identification, 70
Congenital malformations, in IUGRneonates, 151
Continuous epidural anesthetic technique,112
Contractionbalance of forces in, 379coefficient of friction in, 382-384in first stage of labor, 374pressures during, 372-379
Contraction stress testing (CST) , 143-144Corticosteroids, hypoactivity syndrome
and, 269-270Corticosterone, teratogenic effects, 255Cortisol, teratogenic effects, 255Cranium, fetal, effects of uterine
contractility on, 295-352Cushing response, 71Cyclophosphamide, hypoactivity
syndrome and, 269-270Cytomegalovirus, and IUGR, 124
Davenport rnaze , 273DDT, behavioral effects, 265Delivery presentation, and intellectual
development, 297-299Delta-9 THC, teratogenic potential of,
252-253Denver Developmental Screening Test,
232, 274
432
Diazepameffect on fetal breathing, 207teratogenic studies, 250
Diazinon, behavioral effects, 265Dietary deficencies, teratogenic effects,
2585-7-Dihydroxytryptamine, effect on
serotonin terminals, 267Dopamine, and congenital behavioral
abnormalities, 267Doppler devices, 172Driving reflex, 9
Early Neonatal Neurobehavioral Scale,241, 242, 243
Echocardiography, 211Ectopic pregnancy, diagnosis, 176Edema, cerebral
and asphyxia, 55diagnosis , 57
Elastic moduluseffect of fiber orientation on, 326, 328,
329effect of gestational age on , 326, 328,
329of fetal skull bone, 331-335
Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring, 148Embolism
foreign-body, 69-70lipid ,70
Environment, and behavioral teratogenicstudies, 275-276
Environrnental pollutants, teratogeniceffects, 262
Environmental toxins, and fetal growthretardation, 134
Estriol(s)circadian variations in, 138and fetal growth retardation, 138-319significance of, 143
Estrogens, teratogenic studies, 262Ethanol, and fetal growth retardation, 134Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, 318Exogenous stimuli, for treatment of apnea
of prematurity, 24-25External cephalic version (ECV), 99-100
Fetal age , assessment, 181Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
and fetal growth retardation, 134symptoms, 244-245, 246-247
Fetal anatomy, 191Fetal biparietal diameter, (BPD), 195-198
and IUGR detection, 139-140
Index
Fetal bone distortions, diametral strainson , 343-346
Fetal breathing movements (FBM)characteristics, 204-205detection, 204factors affecting, 205-209pathophysiology, 209-210rccording, 205
Fetal craniumamniotic fluid pressure on, 362-368deformation of, 414, 415, 416 , 417,
418,419,422displacement
in first stage of normal labor,387-395
in hypotonic inertia, 402during uterine hypercontraculity,
395-402effects of pressure on, 419-421effects of pressure gradient on,
357-425lower uterine segment pressure on,
368-411parity and pressure exerted on,
406-407pressure components between uterine
wall and, 379and rupture of rnernbranes, 407-408schematic representation in lower
uterus, 370shape, 369-370size of, 405-406
Fetal dynamies, 175-176body movements, 210breathing movements, 204-210echocardiography, 211-214renal function, 214-219stornach function, 214
Fetal growth, 127-128maternal constraint to, 122
Fetal head, hyperextension of, 98Fetal head molding, 350-352Fetal heart rate
effect of pressure on, 419-421intrapartum monitoring of, 53-54
Fetal malformations, and ultrasound,194
Fetal-maternal mass studies, 127-128Fetal rnortality, according to type of
delivery, 96-97Fetal motion, visualization of, 175Fetal parietal bone
bone-thickness values for , 340deformations, 344-346
Index
Fetal parietal bone (cont.)finite element analysis of, 338finite element model of, 339 , 335-349loading data , 34 1-342material pr operties of, 339-341struetural geometry of, 336-339
Fetal peripheral pH, perinatal ehanges in,95
Fetal/plaeental weight ratio , 129-131Fetal positions, abnormal, 408-411Fetal sealp pH testing, 148Fetal skulI, regions of, 335Fetal skull bone
ash content of, 332, 333bending tests, 324characteristics, 317-318elastie modulus of, 331-335fiber orientation, 319grain structure of, 318rneasurernents, 320- 322meehanieal properties of, 315-331mineral content of, 331-335specimen preparation, 318-320
Fetal skull moldingas bending phenomenon, 322defined, 296developing model for , 315future study, 314-31 5and multiple-cycle loading, 322-323review and reevaluation, 305-311and second labor stage , 299with trauma, 296
Fetal structural abnormalnies, uhrasonieidentification of, 181
Fetal substrate availabilityenvironrnental toxins , 134matemal and fetal hormones, 134-137matemal nutrient status, 126-129plaeental factors, 129-1 32uteroplacental perfusion, 132-133
Fetal substrate utilizationand eardiovaseular anomalies, 124-125genetie deterrninants, 122-123infeetion, 124in multiple pregnaney, 125-126
Floppy infant syndrome, 67, 250Folie acid deprivation, 259Food additives, ter atogenic effects, 259Footling breeeh presentation, 91-92Foreeps
vs. manual rnethods, 88Piper, 101-102
Foreeps delivery, effects on neonataloutcome, 300-301
433
Foreeps extraction, and neonatalneurologie abnorrnalities, 67
Frank breeeh presentation, 91-92Frietion coefficient, during contraetion,
382-384
Germinal layer hemorrhage (GLH) ,ineidenee of, 50-52
Cestational age, 119, 120Cestational sac, 173-174Glomerular filtr ation rate (GFR), 217Gray -seale imaging, 166
for molar pregnaney dia gno sis, 179Growth retardation stud ies, and opioid
drugs, 235
Halothanebehavioral toxicity 0[, 265-266effeet on eerebral blood flow, 70learning defieit effects, 273
Head-to-cervix pressures, 378 , 397, 398compared to amniotie fluid pressures,
388-39 3sehematie diagram of, 381
Heart rate monitor, 33Hemorrhage
antepartum, 186eaused by head eompression, 72cerebellar, 65-66germinal layer (GLH), 50-52intraventricular (IVH), 50-52, 70-71model for , in newborn infant brain,
51-52periventricular, 55posterior fossa, 65spinal epidural, 66subdural , 65
Heroin addiction, and fetal growthretardation , 134
Home Lift 0/a Monitor Infant, The , 35Horne rnonitors
alarm response, 33-34ehoice, 32-33diseontinue, 37effeet on daily living, 35equipment, 31-32false alarms, 32support systerns, 35-37training program for , 31-35
Hormonesandrogenie, 260-261fetal , 136rnaternal, 134-137teratogenic studies, 255-257, 260-262
434
Hot-plate tests, 236Hourly fetal urinary production rate
(HFUPR),214-218Human growth hormone, effect on fetal
weight , 136Human placentallactogen (HPL), and
fetal growth, 139Hyaline membrane disease , 636-H ydroxydopamine, 267Hyperactivity
and lead , 263and parachlorophenylalanine, 267
Hyperactivity syndrome, and narcotics,236
Hyperinsulinemia, fetal , 136Hypertonic solutions, and cerebral blood
flow alternation, 70-71Hyperviscosity, in IUGR neonates, 151Hypocalcemia, in IUGR infant, 150-151Hypoglycemia, in IUGR neonate, 150Hypomagnesemia, and hypocalcemia, 151Hypoparathyroidism, in IUGR infants,
151Hypotonic inertia, displa cement of fetal
skull bones in, 402Hypoventilation. chronic, 24Hypoxia
evidence of in SIDS autopsies, 21-22in prolonged sleep apnea, 10
Hypoxidischemic insultsdefinition, 53-55in full-terrn infant, 55-57pathology and pathogenesis, 55-57in preterm infant, 55and SGA infants, 61
Iatrogenic lesions , 69-74Imipramine, learning deficit effects, 273Imipramine hydrochloride, teratogenic
effects, 250-251Impedance apnea monitor, 27, 31-32Incomplete breech presentation, 92Infant mortality, and parity of mother, 99Infants, withdrawal symptoms in, 234Infection(s)
as cause of IUGR, 124in IUGR neonates, 151
Insecticides, neurotoxic effects, 262-263Insulin, 135-136
maternal-fetal transfer of, 134-135Intelligence tests, for rats, 273Intensive care, 46-48Intrapartum management, of growth
retarded infant, 147-148
Index
Intrauterine electrohysterography, 374Intrauterine growth, determinants of, 60Intrauterine growth acceleration (IUGA),
202Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR),
117-155altered substrate availabilit y, 126-137altered substrate uti lization, 122-126and amniotic fluid volume, 142and congenital malformation , 123definitions of, 118diagnosis of, 137-142effect on brain development, 61etiology , 121-122identification, 64incidence, '120- 121long-term sequelae of, 152-155neurological outcorne, 154-155perinatal rnortality, 121pregnancy, management of, 142-148protocol for biophysical evaluation of,
145and sex chromosome abnormalities, 123treatrnent, 64
Intrauterine pressure, measurement of,362
Intrauterine stress, and neurologichandicap, 62-63
Intrauterine tokometry, 364-368Intraventricular antibiotic therapy, 69Intraventricular hemorrhage, and
hypertonic solutions, 70-71IQ scores , 232
and androgenic hormones, 261and biomechanics of deliver y
presentation, 298in children of alcoholi c mothers, 246in children of smokers, 254and forceps delivery, 300-301and labor patterns, 299and progesterone, 262of SGA infants, 62
Ischernia, model for, in newborn infantbrain, 51-52
Ketamine, effect on infant performance,241-242
Ketamine-nitrous oxide, effect on infantperformance, 241-242
LAAM (lambda-alpha-acetyl-methadol),237
Index
Laborsecond stage, press ures on fetal
cranium, 411-413stress factors in, 357
Labor patterns, effects on neonatal wellbeing, 299-300
Lashley III maze, 273Lead
as environmental toxicant, 263neurotoxic effects , 262-263and visual deterioration, 263-264
Leukomalaci a, 1-2,55Lidocaine pudental block, effect on infant
perforrnance, 241-242Linear array system, 170Lithium , teratogenic effects , 250-251Lower uterine segment pressure, effect on
fetal cranium, 368-411Lubchenko standards, 60
Malnutrition, and teratogenesis, 257-258Maneb, behavioral effects , 265Manganese, prenatal deprivation of,
258-259Marihuana, teratogenic effects, 252-253Maternal nutrient status , and fetal
growth , 126-129Maternal parity as factor in breech
perinatal outcome, 98-99Mechanical sector scan, 168-169Meconium aspiration, 149-150Membranes, rupture of, 407-408Mental retardation
in ehildren of alcoholie mothers, 246and lead , 263premature infants, 30 I
Meningiti s, 68-69Meperidine
behavioral impairment studies, 243effeet in neonates, 238-239effect on infant behavior, 241-243
Meprobamatelearning deficit effects , 273teratogenie studies, 250
Mercury, neurotoxic effeets , 262-263Metaproterenol, in IUCR treatment, 147Methadone, 234-235Methylazoxymethanolaeetate (MAM)
behavioral teratology studies with,269
Methyl-mercury poisoning, neurotoxieity,264
Methylxanthines, 28-29; seealsoXanthinetherapy
435
Minamata disease, see Methyl-mereurypoisoning
Minimal brain dysfunetion, 676-hydroxydopamine and , 267neurotransmitter level alteration and ,
267-268and penfluridol, 267
Minimal brain dysfunction-hyperaetivitysyndrome, response toamphetamines, 266
Minute vent ilation, 13Modulus of elasticity, defined, 315Molar pregnaney, 178-180Monitors
apnea, 32-33apnea/cardiae, 27, 31-32cardiac, 32-33impedanee, 27, 31-32
Monosodium glutamate, (MSC),teratogenic effects , 259
Morphineanalgesie response to, 236and CNS maturation, 235-236and infant growth retardation, 234-235
Motor ability rest, 233Multiehannel physiologie recorder, 23Multiple-cycle loading, tissue response 10,
322-323Multiple pregnaney
detection, 64and IUCR, 125-126and ultrasonic examination, 180
Multisean principle, of real-time systems,170
Musde relaxants, effeet on eerebral bloodflow, 70
Myometr ial fibrillation , 403
Naegele 's rule, for fetal age assessment ,199
Naloxone, behavioral impairment studies,243
Narcotiesand hyperaetivity syndrorne, 236learning deficit effects , 273perinatal exposure to, 234pregestational treatment of mother
with,236teratogenic effeets, 234-237
"Near-rniss" infants, 2, 11-19,36-37Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale,
238, 239, 240, 242Neonatal complieations, related to IUCR,
148-151
436
Neo natal intensive care unit (NICU),salvage rates, 48-50
Neura l tube de fects, and ultr asound,191-194
Neurobehaviora l Exam inat ion , 239-240Neurologica l sequelae, 01'IUGR infan ts,
154-155Neuromuscu lar d rive
cessat ion 01', 6-7reflex suppression 01', 7-8
Neuro transmitters, activity levelregul ation de velopment, 266 -268
Nitrous oxide, effect on cere bra I bloodflow, 70
Nonstress testin g (NST), in IUGR , 144Nuchal arm, 97Nullipara, normal contraction 01', 376Nutrition , and teratogenesis, 257-260
Obstetric drugssta tistical stud ies 0[, 237-239ter atogen ic ef fects, 237 - 244and visual beh avior, 243- 244
Occipita l osteodias tasis, from birt htr auma, 65-66
Ope n-field test, 233Operant performance test, 233Oxford record er, 23Oxygen dep rivat ion , and IUGR, 129Oxytocin , use in breech presentat ion , 111Oxytocin cha llenge test (OCT ), in IUGR,
144Oxytocin infusion, and neon atal
neurologic abno rma lities , 67
Parachlor ophen ylalanine (PCr,A)and hyperactivity, 267learning deficit effects, 273
Par ietal bon esdeformat ion 01', 363, 394, 396 , 400 ,
400,401 ,404,408,409,410,41 2displacement 01', 287
Parit y, and fetal cranial pressu res,406-407
Pelvic rnass, and ultrasonic examina tion,182
Pelvimetry, and cephalopelvicd isprop ortion , 302-305
Penfluridol, 267Perinatal asphyxia , 149-1 50Perin atal rnortalit y, in int rauterine growt h
reta rda tion, 121Perinatal mortality ra te (PNMR), 93-94
Index
Periodic breathingdefined, 14in "near-rniss" infants, 14-17
Peri ven tricular leukom alacia (PVL), 5 1Pethidine, effect on fetal br eathing , 207Phased ar ray secto r scan, 169Phenergan , 242Phen obarbitol, neona te with d rawal, 248Phenothiazines
effects 01'pren atal use, 249learning defi cit effects, 273
Phenylketonuria (PKU) syndro me, 258Piper for ceps, in breech delivery, 101-102Placental ana tomy, and menstrua l age,
187Placental d ynarn ics, 184-1 86Placental dysfunction , 64Placental factors, and fetal growth,
129-1 32Placental tum ors, ultrasoni c d iagn osis 01',
183Placen ta previa , 186Placentogr aphy, 183-1 89Pneumogram techn ique, for res piration
and heart rate record ing , 26- 27Pneumogra ms, 28 -29Podalic version, and tentorial tears , 96Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
and dev elopmental toxicity, 264-265ne urot oxic effects , 262-263
Polycythem ia, in IUGR neon ates, 151Polygrap h, 23Polyhydramnios, 194Ponderal index, 119, 128Posteri or fossa hem orrh age, 66Postnatal growt h, 01'IUGR infa nts,
153-1 54Pregnan cy, effect 01'alco hol consumption
in, 244-247Pregnancy confirma tion, with ultrasound,
176Premature deliver y, and trauma, 30 1Prematurity
and cerebra l palsy, 30 1defined,46
Pre ssure gradient, effeets on fetalcra nium, 357- 425
Pre term infant , 46, 47Priloeain e, effeet in neon ates, 238-239Priming effeet, 6 1Primiparity, and neon atal neu rologie
ab nor malities, 67Progestero nes, teratogen ic stud ies,
260-262
Index
Prostaglandins, and fetal grow th, 136-1 37Protein restriction s, and IVCR , 128Pud en dal block anesthetic technique , 112Pyrid oxin e dep rivation , 259
Qu iet sleep , 13
Radi ation hazard , 72- 74Radiation sparing effect, of CT scanning,
72Radi onucleotide brain scanning, 69Real-time visua lization, 167-1 70Region al anes the tic technique, 112Ren al fun ction , ultrasound observation of,
214-21 8Reserpine , anima l beh avior al studies with ,
266Respirator y dis tr ess syndrome (RDS), 46 ,
209Retardation , PKV-rel ated , 267Retinoic acid, see Vitamin ARhesus incompatability, 187Ritod rine, in IVCR treatm ent, 147Rosvold -Mirsky swimming maze, 273Rubell a virus, and IVCR, 124
Salbutamol, in IVCR treatm en t, 147Salicylate s, teratogenic effects, 251, 273Scanning meth ods
CT 57- 58, 69, 70, 72- 74radionuc!eotide, 69technetium-99m , 57, 69ultrasound, ss,69
Scotopic vision, and lead toxicity, 264Secondar y effec t
defined , 27 1in human stud ies, 272source in animal experirnents, 271
Serial cephalometry, for IVCR diagn osis,140
Sexu al differ entiation, critical periods for ,262
Shock escape tests , 236Shoulder dystocia , 97Sieep hypoventil ation, 12Small-for-gestat ional age (SCA) infant ,
117defined , 60full-term , 62inte rvent ion, 63- 64neurologic pathology and path ogenesis,
60- 61preterm, 62-63
437
Smokinganimal studies, 254-255and fetal growth retardation, 134and lUCR, 146passive, 254teratogenic effects , 253-255
Sodium bicarbonate, infusion of, 70Soma tomed in C, and fetal growth, 136Sonography, 142; see also VItrasoundSpinal cord trauma, 66-67Splinting effect, in breech presentation,
92-93Stornach function, visualization, 214Strength of Association, defined , 238Subdural hem orrhage , from birth trauma,
65Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) , 2,
11-12, 14,17-1 9,21 -22
Tartazine, teratogenic effects, 259-260Technetium-99m brain scanning, 57Tentori al tear , from birth trauma, 65Teratology, defined, 231Terbutalin , effect on fetal br eathing, 207T estoste rone, teratogenic stud ies,
260-262Testosterone depression, du e to narcotic
tre atm ent, 235Thalidomide, effects of pren atal use , 249Theophylline
for apnea of prematurity, 25-28for apnea treatment, 37-38for ful l-time infants, 29
Theory of Ilexure, 3 18, 320Thiazides, for antihypertensive tre atment
in pregn an cy, 146Thiopentone
effect on cerebra l blood llow, 70effeet on infant performan ce, 241-242
Thiopenton e-nit rou s oxide, effect oninfant performance, 241-242
T hree-dimen sional imaging, 170-1 72T hromboem bolic lesions, 69- 70T hyroidectom y, 134Thyro id hormon e, teratogen ic effects,
256-257Thyroxine, matemal-fet al tr an sfer of,
134-1 35Tokograph, 370-372Tokography, abdominal, 362Tokometry, intrauterine, 364- 368Total intrauterine volume measurement
(T lU V). and feta l growthdetermination, 140- 141
438
Tranquilizers, teratogenic effects,249-250
Trauma, and premature delivery, 301Twinning
amniocentesis in, 188and IUGR, 125, 126, 153
Ultrasonic beam, focusing of, 166-167Ultrasonic devices, miniaturization of, 170Ultrasound
and abnormal fetal growth, 139-142antepartum hemorrhage, 186confirmation of pregnancy, 176Doppler devices, 172early and late amniocentesis, 187-189fetal age, 181, 199fetal growth, 199-203fetal weight, 203-204in first trimester, 173-182gray-scale imaging, 166intra- or extrauterine location of
pregnancy, 176multiple pregnancy, 64, 180in normal and high-risk pregnancy,
165-220pelvic mass, 182possible prospects for, 219-220real-time visualization, 167-170recent developments in, 165-172rhesus incompatability, 187safety of, 172in second and third trimesters, 182-219three-dimensional, 170-172vaginal bleeding, 177-180ultrasonic beam focusing, 166-167
Ultrasound brain scan (UlS), 52, 58, 59Umbilical cord, 94-95Urinary tract , congenital abnormalities,
194Usher standards, 60
Index
Uterine action, abnormal, 403-404Uterine contractility, effects on fetal
cranium, 295-352Uterine hypercontractility, displacement
of fetal skull bones during,395-402
Uterine perfusion, and metaproterenol,147
Uteroplacental blood flow, 146Uteroplacental perfusion, 132-133Uterus
adaptation to labor, 358-361changes in, during pregnancy, 359funetions in reproductive process, 358just after delivery, 360muscle fiber arrangement in, 358
Vaginal bleeding, 177Vaginal delivery, 93Vasoactive drugs, and cerebral blood flow
alteration, 71Ventilation
defective control of, 11-20regulation of alveolar, 4-6
Vitamin Aand exencephaly, 268and hypoactivity , 269and maze learning ability, 268-269
Voluntary breathholding, breakpoint for,8
Vulnerability patterns, in term brain, 56
World Health Organization, 118,231
Xanthine therapy, 25-28X-ray pelvimetry, 100-101, 303 ; seealso
Pelvimetry
Zinc, prenatal deprivation of, 258