Index

Abarenicola, 483, 494, 495, 521 claparedi, 576 pacifica, 493, 575, 576 vagabunda, 576

Abra, 208 longicallus, 493, 573, 593 nitida, 492, 573, 593

Abrotocrinus, 391 Abudefduf saxatilus, 379 Acanthaster, 442

planci, 75, 76 Acanthohaustonus sp., 579 Acervulina, 339 Acesta angolensis, 362 Acmaea testudinalis, 90-91 Acritarchs, 270-273, 274 Acritosia, 467, 471 Acropora

cervicornis, 60, 71, 76, 93 paimata, 60 spp., 80

Acteocina, 357 culcitella, 358

Actinocrinus multiramosus, 403 Adaptation

and morphology on soft bottoms, 748-749

role in onshore-offshore community displacement, 703-704, 706, 743, 787-789

Adaptative strategy, 132, 147, 722, 725. 726, 736, 742-743

Adhaerentia, 339 Aemula inusitata, 769 Aenona, 753

eufaulensis, 772 Aequipecten

gibbus, 784 irradians. 784

Agaricia agaricites, 79 Agaricocrinites, 405 Agelas, 56-57 Agerostrea, 759

falcata, 754, 755, 757, 758, 760, 761, 772 Albertella, 685, 707 Algae

origins. 261-264 Algal symbiosis

and aberrant morphology of hosts, 449 algal groups, 433 benefits to host and symbiont, 432-433,

448 and bivalves

cardiacean, 434, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 448, 450, 456

inoceramids, 461 ostreids, 460-461 rudists, 456-460

calcification increase, 349, 446-447 and cnidaria, 349, 434, 435, 436, 439,

440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447,448,451,453,460

control of algal numbers, 446 criteria for recognition in the fossil

record, 449-453 definition, 432-433 and dinoflagellates, 433, 434, 437, 446

and evolutionary patterns, 452 and foraminifera, 347-349, 433, 434,

438, 439, 441, 442, 443, 446, 447, 448,449-450,451,454-456

in the fossil record, 453-474 and gastropods, 438, 445, 447

hosts by phylum, 433-435 ideal environments, 435-436, 440. 448 isotope fractionation evidence, 451 larval infection of symbionts. 445-446 light exposure considerations, 440-442

813

814

Algal symbiosis ( cont'd) in Lyttoniacea, 471-472 nutritional interdependence, 349, 442-

445 oligotrophic success. 435-436, 448-449 origins, 436-439 origin in brachiopods, 473-474 in Permian brachiopods. 462-473 and planktonic hosts. 462 and primary productivity, 448-449 and radiolarians, 434, 441. 443, 444, 446,

448, 462 rapid growth and large size for hosts. 448 reproduction of host and symbiont, 445 in Richthofeniacea, 463-471 in sponges, 434, 444, 460 in Teguliferinidae, 471-472

Allelopathy, 62, 77, 287 Allogromia laticollaris, 364 Allopatric speciation, 305, 788, 791 Alpheus lottini, 76 Alutera sp., 379 Alveolinella quoii, 359, 363 Alveolites, 94 Ambocoelia. 526 Ambonychia, 685, 709 Amensalism, 11, 12-13, 161, 169, 187,

481,483,488-489,494,505,511. 515, 565, 629, 646, 785, 786

Amiskwia, 723 Ammonia beccari, 366 Ammonicrinus, 382, 383 Ampelisca, 168

abdita, 164, 167 Amphidinium sp., 348 Amphipods, 8, 166, 394, 397, 401, 403,

482, 484, 485, 486, 497. 498. 499, 501, 506, 507, 509, 510, 523. 572. 579. 594

Amphipoiis sp .. 582 Amphipora, 94, 525 Amphisorus henprichii, 348, 349 Amphistegina, 347, 351, 352, 449, 450

lessonii, 348, 441 lobifera, 348, 349 papillosa. 348

Amphitrite kerguelensis. 355 ornata, 576

Amphora tenerrima, 348

Ampyx, 683, 709 Anadara, 225, 226-227, 228 Anastrophia, 590 Anchura, 776 Anomaiorthis. 683, 709 Anomia, 225, 226-227, 228, 757, 759

argentaria, 754, 774 Antedon, 379

bifida, 378, 387. 393 Antholites specious, 405 Antropora, 77

tincta, 65-66, 68-69 Aphrodina eufaulensis, 773 Aptychus. 662 Araphahoia,685, 707 Archaeocyathids. 102-105, 525, 591 Archaeoscyphia, 685, 708 Archaias angulatus. 348, 349 Archimedes. 104, 527 Arctustrea, 754

coiubrina, 764-765, 767 Arenicoia, 483, 521, 594

grubii, 576 marina, 576

Argopecten gibbus, 204 Argyrotheca

bronni, 769 coniuncta, 769 hirundo. 769

Arnioceras flavum, 353 Arrhoges

elegans. 758 lobata, 773

Arthrocantha, 382 Asaphid, 698 Asaphis, 225, 228 Ascidians. 47, 61, 73, 434, 446, 460 Assemblages

definition. 7 49 epifaunal

Jurassic. 400, 782-783 Late Cretaceous. 747-794

lateral boundaries. 18 life and death, 176-182. 195-234 physical factors. 45-46 predatory effects, 21, 22-25 zonation patterns. 48 see also. Communities

Astarte, 225. 226-227, 228 triangularis. 204

Index

Index

Asterias forbesi, 582 rubens, 582 vulgaris, 358

Asteroidea: see Starfish Astringia, 443

danae, 435, 436 Astrhelia, 225, 226-227, 228 Astriclypeus manni, 594 Astropecten, 490, 499

marginatus, 594 Astropoliton, 556 Astrorhiza Jimicola, 344-345, 363 Atmospheric circulation, 125-126 Atrina, 225, 226-227, 228, 552 Atrypa mascula, 96 Atrypoidea, 526 Austrocochlea constricta, 653 Autogenous theory, 253, 254 Autotrophs, 137, 141, 253, 258, 263, 264,

276,277,286,293,436,555 Avicularium, 456 Axiothella

catenata, 577 rubrocincta, 589

Axius, 496 serratus, 580

Baculites sp., 753 Balanoglossus, 488, 586

auranticus, 587 gigas, 587 sp., 587

Balanus, 225, 226-227, 228 amphitrite nivens, 54 balanoides, 49, 55 eburneus, 54

Barnacles aggregative growth, 50 aggregative settlement, 48 competitive rank, 61 and crinoids, 400 example-interspecific competitive

exclusion, 106 in Late Cretaceous communities, 754,

762, 763 seasonal recruitment rates, -17

Barnstable Harbor, Mass., 30, 200 Barrandeocrinus, 382 Barrettia, 459

Barycrinus, 391 Bathyporeia

pilosa, 579 sarsia, 579

Bathysiphon sp., 161, 362 Bathyurus, 683, 709 Batillaria minima, 493, 574 Bauplan, 728-729 Bdelloidina vincentowensis, 363 Bdellovibrio, 261, 277 Bergaueria, 556 Bicorbula, 225, 226-227, 228 Bifolium wetherelli, 769 Biodeposition, 488, 491, 494, 515 Biogenic sedimentary structures

815

and tracking infaunal evolution, 642-646 types, 628 versus sedimentation events, 631, 645 see also Traces

Bioherms, 94-102 Biological disturbance

abundance as test for bulldozing hypothesis, 539-544

and biogeochemistry of sediments, 554-555

and bivalves, 535-536 and brachiopods, 531-535, 560-561 counteraction by stabilizers, 523-524 diversity of functional groups through

time, 530-539, 540, 542, 544, 592 effects on diversity, 560 and environmental heterogeneity, 560 exclusion of bioturbators, 490, 499 by fish, 20, 26, 88, 104, 353, 520 functional groups by taxa, 591 and land plant effects, 523, 555, 557-

558, 559, 560 and lithification of carbonates, 561-562 magnitude of reworking modes, 490-494 mobility in bioturbator diversification,

558-559 and the Permo-Triassic extinction, 544-

547 in the Phanerozoic, 502, 505-515, 520-

522 and Phanerozoic patterns, 524-544, 563.

674, 682-683 and preservation of fossils through time,

555-557 and preservation of success, 553-554

816

Biological disturbance ( cont'd) compared to Recent, 507, 511, 683 refuges from bulldozers, 547-553 reworking intensity of Recent taxa, 568-

589 reworking intensity through time, 514 sediment-mediated exclusion through

time, 529, 531 sediment-mediated processes, 488-489,

491 and sedimentation rate effects, 523 byscaphopods, 519 strategies, 487, 547-553

see also Sediment mixing trace fossil information, 520-521, 551,

556, 557, 558 by trilobites, 518-519, 522 victims and villains, 495-498

Biotic interactions among crinoids, 377-418 and crinoidal evolution, 418-420 and community structure through time,

719, 722, 725-741, 742-743, 791 differentiation from physical effects, 5-6,

106-107 fossil evidence, 96-106 and infaunalization, 627-648 natural selection perspective, 40 and Precambrian eukaryotes, 251-277 seasonality effects, 152 in sessile fauna, 39-107 and siliceous marine phytoplankton,

285-320 size effects, 13-14 temporal patterns, 161, 162, 163 unit of measure, 5-6

Bioturbation see Biological disturbance; Sediment

mixing Bioturbation rates, 234, 482, 484, 485, 486,

501, 502, 512-517 in the deep sea, 549 effects of

temperature, 501-503 grain size and organics, 503-505 selectivity, 504-505

through Phanerozoic, 516-527 Bivalves

aggregation, 48 aggression, 12

Index

Bivalves (cont'd) and algal symbiosis, 434, 439, 440, 441,

442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 448, 450, 456-461

bioturbation rates, 482 burial rates, 593-594 clade of marine family diversity, 723 competition through sediment

disruption, 6, 11, 535-536 composition of functional groups, 590 epifauna in the Recent, 784 functional groups through time, 532,

533, 538 guilds, 731 interspecific competition, 6 of Jurassic assemblages, 782-783 juvenile size, 4 of Late Cretaceous assemblages, 752-

776, 783 magnitude of reworking modes, 493 and modern evolutionary fauna, 676,

678, 679, 680, 683, 684, 689, 692, 693, 695, 696, 699, 700, 706, 743

and mutualism, 76 Paleozoic appearance, 571 refuges from bioturbation

hard substrata, 548 size, 552

as sediment stabilizers, 523 and shell-breaking predation, 650, 654,

661 substrata preference through time, 527-

528, 535-536 and taphonomic feedback, 198, 199,

202-203, 204, 207, 208, 223-233 Blountia, 685, 707 Bohadshia vitiensis, 585 Boreadorthis, 590 Boring organisms

bivalve diversification, 564 and crinoids, 406-411, 412-414, 420 dead shell substrata, 199 in Late Cretaceous assemblages, 757,

760, 762-763 Botrylloides Jeachi, 54 Botryllus schlosseri, 53-55 Bougainvillia, 54

Bowerbankia gracilis, 54 Brachiopods, 94, 313, 460, 632

and algal symbiosis, 463-473

Index

Brachiopods (cont'd) burial rates, Recent, 593 clade of family diversity, 723 colonization in the Recent, 784-785 competition, 560-561, 791 and crinoids, 388, 399, 401, 405, 411 in the deep sea, 550 diversity patterns, 565, 566 and evolutionary faunas, 150, 545, 546,

551, 628, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 683, 689, 690, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 699, 700, 704, 706, 725, 781, 782, 783

food gathering, 559 and foraminifera, 363 functional groups through time, 530, 538 guilds, 731, 741 in the Late Cretaceous assemblages, 754,

755-757, 760, 767, 768, 769, 770, 777-778

some life habits, 590 planktotrophy through time, 149, 792 refuge from bioturbation, 547 sessile faunal examples in the fossil

record, 524, 526-527 and shell-breaking predation, 651, 660 and substrate preference through time,

531-535 Brachyura, 482, 493, 496, 501, 508, 509

519, 558, 572, 594, 580-581, 588 Branchiocaris, 661 Branchiostomata lanceolatum, 586 Bryozoans

and crinoids, 400 clade of family diversity, 723 competitive rank, 61 in the deep sea, 550-551 and evolutionary faunas, 676, 678, 679-

680, 683, 690, 693, 694, 695, 696, 699, 706

functional group, 591 growth patterns, 64-69, 102 larval settlement, 52 in the Late Cretaceous assemblages, 754,

757, 760, 762, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 778

planktotrophy through time, 790 refuge from bioturbation, 549 seasonal recruitment rates, 47 substrate preferences, 45

Buccinum undatum, 21, 652 Bugula

californicum, 55 simplex, 54 stoJonifera, 54 turrita, 50-52, 54

817

Bulldozing hypothesis, 480-481, 489, 491, 494, 522, 544, 562-563, 565, 566, 629, 646, 703

Bullia, 516 digitalis, 575, 593 laevissima, 593

Bullopora, 339, 757 Burgess Shale, 507, 557, 660 Burial rates, 592-595 Burrows

effects at sediment-water interface, 631

owner identification, 16, 18 in the Paleozoic, 556, 644-645 see also Traces; Trace fossils

Busycon, 225, 651 Buzzards Bay, 163, 175, 179, 181, 197, 199,

200 Bynumia, 685, 707

Caesticorbula crassaplica, 773, 775 Calcification

and algal symbiosis, 349, 446-447 secondary, 46, 74-75

Calappa hepatica, 651 Callianassa, 483, 488, 496, 498, 534

californiensis, 580 isJelagrande, 580 major, 485, 492, 580 sp., 580 stebbingi, 492, 580

CalJicocrinus, 382 murchisonianus, 384-385

Callinectes sapidus, 21, 23, 26, 496, 49\:J, 582, 588, 653

Camarocrinus, 413 Cmnpanularia, 54 Camptocrinus, 382, 383

mu]ticirrus, 384-385 Camptonectes, 755

beilistriatus, 780 bubonis, 756, 772

Cancer irroratus, 358 Capitella capitata, 164, 167

818

Carbonate dissolution, 175-176, 179, 187, 188, 199, 210, 213, 555-556, 778-781

Carcinus maenas, 653 Carditamera, 225, 226-227, 228 Cardium, 489

edule, 161, 593 Caretta, 663 Carneithyris subcardinalis, 769 Carpilius maculatus, 654 Carterina spiculotesta, 338-339 Caryocorbula, 225, 228 Cataceramus, 752, 753 Caudina chilensis, 585 Caveola acuta, 773 Cedaria, 685, 707 Ce1Jeporaria brunnea, 77 Cenometra bella, 384-385 Centrostephanus coronatus, 73 Cephalopods

clade of family diversity, 723 in Late Cretaceous assemblages, 763,

768, 770, 779 and the Paleozoic fauna, 676, 677, 678,

679, 680, 690, 693, 694. 696, 706 as predator, 353, 383, 563. 564 and shell breaking predation. 651, 660,

661, 662 as substratum, 199

Cerastoderma, 225, 226-227. 228 CeratoporeJla nicholsoni, 82-83 Ceraurine11a, 685, 709 Cerianthus americanus, 593 Cerithidea costata, 57 4 Cerithium, 649 Chaetoceras, 301 Chaetodon. 379 Chalks, 752-786 Chama pelucida, 76 Chesapeake Group, 220-233, 234 Chesapecten, 204, 225, 226-227, 228, 229.

233 nefrens, 223

Chione, 208, 224, 226-227. 228 Chiridota rigidu, 595

Chitinozoans, 273 Chitons, 70, 73, 88. 104, 353, 661. 694

Chlamydomonas hedleyi, 348 provasolii, 348 reinhardtii, 255

Chlamys, 757, 759, 770 islandicus, 204 septemradiata, 784 spp., 76

Clidonophora, 550 Chonetes sarcinuJJatus, 96 ChonetineJla, 526 Chorystothyris, 760 Chromis punctipinis, 47 Chrondites. 16, 637, 752 Chrysophrys auratus. 379 Chthamalus, 55 Chuaria circularis, 266-267 Cibicides lobatulus, 339 Cinctopora elegans, 200 Ciona intestinalis, 54 Ciriformia pacifica, 577 CiroJana Jineata, 397 Cittarium pica, 654 Cladochonus, 404-405

antiquo, 406 Clathromorphum circumscriptum, 90 Clione, 226-227

celota, 199 Clymenella,

mucosa, 577 torquato, 5 77, 588

Clypeaster subdepressus, 594 Cnidaria

Index

and algal symbiosis, 433, 434, 435, 436. 440,441,442,443,444,445.446, 447,448,451,453,460

Co11emataria, 473 Collenia magna, 685. 707 Collozoum, 434, 435 Collumatus, 468 Colobometra perspinosa. 392 Colpomya, 685, 710 Colpophyllia natans, 72 Comactinia meridionalis, 414 Comanthus bennetti, 391 Communities

of the Cambro-Ordovician, 684, 685, 686-687. 707-710, 699-700

forest, 170 Late Cretaceous

adaptation to mud. 748-749

evolutionary perspective, 781-794

nearshore benthic assemblages, 771-776

offshore benthic assemblages. 749-771

Index

Communities ( cont'd) Late Cretaceous (cont'd)

structure, 776-778 taphonomy, 778-781

onshore-offshore displacement due to adaptations, 713-714 competitive exclusion, 791 ecological processes, 702-705 extinction resistance, 703 population structure, 701, 792 physical disturbance, 702

onshore-offshore displacement in the Ordovician, 683-710

rocky intertidal, 24, 43, 162, 170-171, 187

seagrass, 162 structure

Cambrian fauna, 680, 725-727 Paleozoic fauna, 682, 725, 726, 727,

733-741, 742-743 Modern fauna, 682-683, 725, 727,

733-741, 742-743 suspension feeding dominated, 204, 388,

399, 400, 747-793 see also Fossil communities

Competition, 4, 10-19, 27-31, 56-70, 161, 162, 169, 197, 287

behavioral recognition, 11 in benthic foraminifera, 363-364 in brachiopods over time, 560-561 in crinoids, 385-392, 419-420 through diet preference, 187 direct, 10-11, 15, 385, 387

aggression by bivalve, 11; by corals. 62, 385; by crustaceans, 11, 12; by polychaetes, 11, 12

overgrowth, 11, 56-58, 59-60, 61-62, 77-78, 79, 87-88, 197

see Mutualism distribution effects, 15 emigration, 12, 13 erect vs. encrusting, 59 for food, 58 indirect, 11-12, 58, 386 and onshore-offshore community

displacement, 702, 703, 704, 706, 791

in the Paleozoic, 15-19 evidence by functional groups, 16-19 hardgrounds, 102 spatial relationships, 102-104

Competition (cont'd) predictions, 27-30

819

recognition in fossil sessile faunas, 87-88

and siliceous marine phytoplankton, 287-297, 305, 308-309, 313-314

through substrate changes, 12-13 by bivalves, 6, 11

see Amensalism; Biological disturbance and substrate type, 561

Conaspis, 685, 708 Conodonts, 676, 677, 723 Conus, 655, 741 Copepods, 297, 298-300, 301, 303-304,

394, 397, 723 Corallina, 362 Corals

aggressive behavior, 62, 385 and algal symbiosis, 434, 435, 436, 440,

441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448,451,453,460

clade of family diversity, 723 competitive rank, 61 competition with stromatoporoids, 99,

102 and crinoids, 388, 393, 401, 405-406,

411, 412 feeding efficiencies, 58 functional groups, 591 in Late Cretaceous assemblages, 767,

770, 775 life spans, 80 and Paleozoic fauna, 689, 677, 679, 683,

706 predators, 73 refuges from bioturbators, 548, 553 seasonal recruitment rates, 47 substrate preferences, 48, 526 succession pattern, 171 taphonomic feedback processes, 200-201 zonation patterns, 48

CorbuJa sp., 773, 775 CorcuJum, 440, 445, 450, 456 CornuJites, 395, 400 Corophium, 499

voJutator, 579 Corvus caurinus, 653 Coscinarina, 466 Coscinodiscus spp., 316, 318 CoscinopJeuria. 104 CrassateJJa, 759

820

Crassatella, ( cont'd) vadosa, 772, 773, 774

Crassostrea, 208 titan, 461

Crenella, 757 Cretirhynchia retracta, 769 Cricosia filosa, 755 Crinoids, 43

aggregation, 387, 414-415 ancient assemblages, 388, 415-416, 418 antipredator strategy

living crinoids, 380-381 fossil crinoids, 383-384

and borers, 406-411,412-414,420 and brachiopods, 388, 399, 400, 405,

411,412 clade of family diversity, 723 commensalism, 393, 399-406, 420 and community succession, 418 competition

direct, 385, 387 and evolutionary consequences, 419-

420 niche differentiation, 386-392 overdispersion of niches, 392

and cystoids, 94 evolution and biotic interactions, 418-

420 as epizoans, 411-412 facultative commensals, 400 and fish, 397-398 foraminifera as food, 353 functional groups, 591 as hosts

Recent, 392-395 past, 398-411

obligate commensals, 401-406 and the Paleozoic fauna, 674, 676, 677,

678, 679, 680, 683, 687, 689, 690, 693,694,695,696,699,700 706

parasitism, 393-395, 396, 399, 406-411, 412-414,420

planktotrophy through time, 792 predation

and evolutionary consequences, 418-420

on fossil crinoids, 381-384, 418-420 on living crinoids, 378-380 nonlethal (or partial), 385

refuge from bioturbators, 548, 551 regeneration, 385 sediment input. 415-417

Index

Crinoids (cont'd) sediment-mediated exclusions, 529 sediment stabilization, 17, 416-418 substrate preference through time, 524,

528 stereomic malformations, 399, 406-411 taphonomy, 415-417

Criocardium, 775 Cromyocrinus, 413 Crucibulum, 225, 226-227, 228 Crustaceans

and crinoids, 394, 396-397 foraminifera as food, 353, 357 tanaid, 4, 6, 8, 11. 506, 523, 594

Cruziana, 484, 518-519 Cryptosiphon terebelloides, 17 Cryptosula pallasiana, 54 Cucullaea, 759, 760-761, 775

capax, 774 sp., 759 wadei, 773

Cumella, 496 Cyanobacteria, 18, 253, 256, 259, 264, 267,

268-269, 269-270, 273, 276, 277 Cyanophora paradoxa, 261 Cyathocrinus, 391

multibrachiatus, 405 Cyathophyllum, 94 Cyathura polita, 57(1 Cybeloides, 685, 709 Cyclacantharia, 464, 466, 467, 471

kingorum agaricoidea, 466 Cyclocardia, 225, 226-227 Cyclonema, 401, 402 Cyclorbiculina compressa, 348 Cyclorisrna, 775

parva. 773 Cydocrinus concinnus, 405 Cylichna, 357

attonsa, 358 Cymbophora, 775, 776 Cypeasteroidea: see Sand dollar Cypraea cervinetta, 650

Dalrnanella, 685, 700, 710 Dasyatis

sabina, 586 spp., 586

Deep sea as archaic refuge through time, 549-551,

700, 782 bioturbation rate, 549

Index

Delectopecten, 784 Dendraster, 490, 494, 496, 498, 499

excentricus, 492, 582, 594 Dendrophyrya, 343 DendrophylJia, 553 Dendrostoma, 99

'l.:ostericola, 595 Denley Limestone, 630, 632, 633, 635, 636,

637,638,639,640,641 Dentalina sp., 356-357 Dentalium, 226-227, 228, 357

entale stimpsoni, 358, 359 inaequieostatum, 593

Depth of burrowing, 511 in Phanerozoic, 512, 514

Dermatostroma sp., 99 Deussenia belJalirata, 77 4 Diadema antillarum, 72, 90-91 Diatoms, 170

and biological disturbance, 497, 510, 523 diversity changes in upwelling zones,

295-296 extinction rates, 310-311 as food for foraminifera, 337 life characteristics, 286-287 Mesozoic, 560 reproductive mode, 310 speciation, 309-310 and symbiosis, 347, 348, 434, 441, 444 see also Siliceous phytoplankton

DicelJomus, 685, 707 Dicoelosia, 527 Dictyocha, 314, 315 Dictyodora, 521 Dinoflagellates, 347, 433, 434, 437, 446

see also Siliceous phytoplankton Dinomischus, 723 Dinorthis flabellulum, 700 Diodon spp., 653, 654 Diodora, 225, 226-227 Diopatra, 499

cuprea, 17, 29 Diplocrinus wyvillethomsoni, 380 Diplodonta, 225 Diplograptus, 685, 710 Diploria, 87 Diploschiza cretacea, 755 Diplotrypa hvergelmi, 96 Diplosoma macdonaldi, 55 Discorbis, 347, 359

mediterranensis, 346

Diversity vs. abundance, 565 cladograms of marine families, 721 constant levels in Phanerozoic, 721 differences between Paleozoic and

Neogene communities, 733-741

821

of epizoans in benthic shelly substrata, 197

of functional groups through time, 530-539, 540, 542, 544, 592

gradients Paleozoic, 150-151 Recent, 149-150

in Late Cretaceous assemblages, 749-781 of marine families in Ordovician, 677,

678-680,681,697,705-706 of marine families through the

Phanerozoic, 675, 676, 681-682, 697, 720-721, 723, 742

in the marine of the Neogene, 721, 732, 733-741

of Precambrian plankton, 275 of predators, 152 preservation in soft bottom faunas, 179 seasonality effects, 147-148 and siliceous phytoplankton, 291-295,

302-303, 318, 320 species richness within habitats, 687,

721, 742-743, 793 in succession, 183 and trace fossils, 551, 557, 558, 565, 674,

721 DNA, 254, 255, 256 Do!atocrinus, 382 Donax incarnatus, 593 Dorycrinus, 382 Dosinia, 225, 226-227, 228 Dotilla, 497

fenestra, 581 Dracius carnifex, 769 Drepanochilus, 776 Drilluta distans, 772 Drosophilia, 792 Durania, 457, 458

Echinarichnus parma, 594 mirabilus, 594

Echinocardium, 534 cordatum, 492, 583

Echinocorys, 769 texana, 752-753

822

Echinocyamus pusillus, 594

Echinoids clade of family diversity, 723

foraminifera consumers, 353, 354

functional groups. 591 in the Late Cretaceous assemblages, 752-

753, 758, 766, 768, 769, 774

and the modern evolutionary fauna, 544,

676. 678, 680 as prey, 381 and shell breaking predation, 653, 661

see also Sea urchins, Sand dollars Echiurus

echiurus, 588 sp., 595

Ecospace utilization through time, 682-683, 722, 725-727,

733-741 Ecphora, 225, 226-227, 228

Edotea triloba, 579 Edicaran fauna, 556-557, 558

Eirmocrinus, 382 Electra

crustulenta, 54 pilosa, 62

Elphidiella hannai, 358 Elphidium

crispum, 343-344, 369-370 excuvatum, 365

Elvinia, 685, 707, 708 Emerita

portoricensis, 594 talpoida, 594

Emmonsia, 404-405 Encope

grandis, 582 michelini, 594

Encrinurus, 685, 709 Endocostea, 773

sp., 756 Endocytos~, 260, 261, 262, 263. 277 Endosymbiosis

benthic foraminifera, 348-349 early protists, 253-254. 258, 260, 261,

262, 264, 275, 276, 277

Enhydra, 662 lutris, 587

Ensis, 165, 174-175, 177

arcuatus, 593 directus, 164, 167

Enteromorpha. 496

Entobia, 757, 763 cretacea, 363

Entolium membranaceum, 767 orbiculare, 767

Entosolenia, 359 Eomycetopsis, 268-269

Eparnioceras flavum, 353

Index

Epizoan colonization, 197-200, 220, 234,

361-363, 398-406, 411-412, 524,

745-792 Eretmocrinus, 382 Escumasia, 723 Estrichtius, 509

robustus, 587

Eucalyptocrinites, 382 rosaceus, 384-385

Eucrassatella, 225, 226-227, 228

Eugeniacrinites, 382, 383 cariophilites, 384-385

Eukaryotes acritarchs, 270-273, 274

comparative biology, 254-258 early evolution, 258-264 ecological consequences, 271-276, 277

fossil evidence filamentous microfossils, 268-269

size distribution, 269-270 "spot" cells, 265-268 tetrahedral tetrads, 268

fossil record, 264-277 Precambrian macrofossils, 273-274

Precambrian plankton dominance, 275, 276, 277

Eupomacentrus planifrons, 74-75, 76, 93 Eurychilina, 685, 709 Eurydesma, 461 Euspira rectilabrum, 773, 774, 775 Euzonus mucronata, 577 Evolutionary trends in

biological disturbance, 481-567 class-level taxa, 722-724 crinoids due to competition and

predation, 418-420 ecospace utilization, 719-7 43

gastropod morphology, 655-660

infaunalization, 627-648

onshore-offshore community displacement

in the Cambro-Ordovidian, 684-710,

782

Index

Evolutionary trends in ( cont'd) onshore-offshore community ( cont'd)

in the Cretaceous. 700-701, 783-793 in the Phanerozoic, 781, 786, 787-793

planktotrophy, 787-792 Exogyra, 754, 766, 770, 771, 778, 783, 785

cancellata, 754 calumba, 767 costata, 754, 759, 760, 774 overwegi, 771 ponderosa, 754, 759, 761 spp., 757

Extinction rates effect on diversity, 721, 743 effects on onshore-offshore community

displacement, 703, 786-793 of ISOSS in Permo-Triassic, 545

Faillaena, 685, 709 Fardenia, 590 Fasciularia, 652 Faunas

Cambro-Ordovician, 673-675, 679, 684-710

evolutionary Cambrian(!), 150, 675, 676, 681, 682,

683, 725-727 and degree of ecospace exploitation,

682-683, 722, 725-727, 733-743 Modern (III), 150, 675, 676, 677, 680,

681, 682, 725, 726, 727, 733-741 Paleozoic (II), 150, 675, 676-677, 681,

682, 683, 725, 726, 727, 733-743 see also Fossil sessile faunas

Favosites, 526 hisingeri, 98 sp., 97

Fenestella, 527 Ferganea, 785 Fish, 419,564,723

and armor protection, 661 association with crinoids, 394, 397-398 and the Paleozoic fauna, 676, 677 as predators, 20, 23, 25, 47, 70, 73, 88,

104, 353, 378-379, 520, 564 as shell-breaking predators, 104, 381,

651, 652, 662 Fissurina, 359

marginata, 346 Flat-pebble conglomerates. 561. 642 Fluidization, 483, 505

Flustra foliacea, 52 Foraminifera (benthic)

823

and algal symbiosis, 433, 434, 438, 439, 441, 442, 443, 447, 448, 449, 450, 454-456

and burial from bioturbation, 364-366, 546

carbonate production, 349 in chalks of Late Cretaceous, 752, 757 competition, 363-364 and crinoids, 400, 406, 409 as epibionts, 359-362 environments of inhabitation, 331 evolution and paleogeography. 454-456 food, 332-334 functional groups, 591 future studies, 369-370 geologic record, 331 parasites, 359 predation

as carnivores, 340 by incidental consumers, 352-355 by selective predators, 355-359

pseudopodia, 334-335, 336, 339, 340, 342-346

rate of movement in sediment, 546 species number, 331 taphonomy and test preservation, 366-

369 test morphology

of carnivores, 340 of herbivores, 340 modifications due to endosymbiots,

349-354 of omnivores, 342 and organics uptake, 337 of parasites, 346 of scavengers, 346 of suspension feeders, 345-346

trophic interactions, 332 trophic mechanisms, 334-335, 337-347

symbiosis, 347-351 Foraminifera (planktonic), 342, 433, 441,

447, 454, 462, 560 Fossil communities

succession in soft bottoms, 184-187 time averaging, 158, 160. 176, 179, 181.

184-187, 188, 730 Fossil sessile fauna

recognition of competition, 87-88

824

Fossil sessile fauna ( cont'd) recognition of ( cont'd)

displacement, 86 habitat selection, 87 partial mortality, 81, 85-86, 87 predation, 88-89 sudden burial, 86

Fox Hills Formation, 522, 542, 543, 592 Fragilaria shiloi, 348 Fucus, 52, 62,171

serratus, 62 Functional groups

amensalism, 629, 646 diversity through time, 530-539, 540,

542, 544, 592 infaunal, 7-9, 487 by taxa, 591

Fusulinids, 340, 350, 452, 454-456, 545, 546

Galathea elegans, 397 Gari, 225, 228 Gastropods

adaptation against breakage, 654-655 and algal symbiosis, 438, 445, 447 as benthic foram predator, 357, 358, 367,

368-369 bioturbation rates, 482, 484, 485, 486 burial rates, 593 clade of marine family diversity, 723 and crinoids, 394, 396, 401, 406-407,

409 grazing effects in Paleozoic, 642 guilds, 731 as infaunal predator, 19-20, 24, 26 in the Late Cretaceous assemblages, 758,

759, 760, 761, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776

magnitude of reworking modes. 493 and the Modern evolutionary fauna, 676,

678, 679, 680, 690, 694, 695, 696, 699, 700, 706

morphology changes through time, 419, 544, 655-660

Phanerozoic appearances, 573 planktotrophy through time, 792 prey-induced lip damage, 652 as predators of sessile fauna, 73, 406-

407 reefs, 95, 96

Index

Gastropods (cont'd) and shell-breaking predation, 104, 419,

640, 652, 653-654 shell repair, 104, 640, 658, 662 substrata needs, 200 substrata preference through time, 527

Geisonoceras, 685, 709 Genesee Group, 522, 542, 543, 592 Genetic transiliences, 790 Gennaeocrinusgoidringae, 382,384-385 Gilbertsocrinus tuberosus, 403, 405 Gisiiina gisii, 769 Glabratella ornatissima, 333, 334, 346-

347, 358, 369-370 Glauconites, 759-761 Glenobotrydion aenigmatis, 266-267 Glossifungites, 224 Glossus, 225, 226-227, 228, 231

faterna, 223 Glottidia, 561

pyramidata, 593 Glycera, 569

alba, 20, 593 Glycymeris, 204, 226-227, 228

glycimeris, 593 Goniopora, 445 Goodingia varicosa, 396, 409 Graciliata, 776

johnsoni, 761, 775 Granocardium, 775

bowenae, 757-758 sp., 758, 759

Graptolites, 564, 591, 676, 677, 695, 723 Great Barrier Reef, 379, 380, 388, 391, 397 Gryphacostrea, 759 Gryphaea nebrascensis, 782 Guilds

definition, 722, 728-730, 732 designation for the fossil record, 730-

732, 740-741, 742 ecospace utilization through time, 725-

727, 733-741, 742-743 in the evolutionary faunas, 725-727 internal distribution of species in

Paleozoic and Neogene communities, 736-741

mode of life and feeding types, 723 vs. species richness in the Phanerozoic,

732, 733-735, 742-743 structures of Paleozoic and Neogene

communities, 733-736

Index

Guilds ( cont' d l superguilds, 740-741 see also Functional groups

Gymnodinium vertebralis, 348 Gypsina, 359

plana, 56-57 Gyrodes, 759

petrosus, 758

Habitats Assateague Island, 29, 30 East Coast, 4, 29-30 West Coast, 4, 29-30, 162

Halimeda, 552 sp., 338

Hallucigenia, 723 Halodeerna, 497 Halyphyserna, 342, 343

sp., 345 Halysiocrinus nodosus, 384-385 Hamilton Group, 216 Hardouinia, 774 Haustator howelli, 772 Hedophyllum, 171 Helderberg Group, 632 Heliodorna, 551 Helioseris cucullata, 56-57 Herniaster wetherbyi, 758 Herniaulus spp., 316, 320 Hernisphaerarnrnina, 339 Hercosestria, 466 Hercosia, 464, 466, 467 Herrnodice carunculata, 71 Hespernornia, 683, 706 Hesperorthis, 590 Heterocyclina tuberculata, 348 Heterodontus portusjacksoni, 381 Heterornastus, 503

filiforrnis, 577, 588 Heterornetra savignyi, 380 Heteropsarnmia, 553 Heterostegina, 448, 455

depressa, 347, 348, 349 sp., 352

Heterotrypa prolifica, 99 Hiatella, 225 Hirnantonia, 401, 402 Hirnerornetra spp., 392 Hippopus, 434, 435, 440, 456, 552 Hippuritella, 459 Hirantia, 700

Holothuria, 488, 497, 498, 499 arenicola, 486, 490, 584 atra, 584 bivitata, 584 difficilis, 585 edulis, 585 flavo-rnaculata, 585 floridana, 585 rnaculata, 520, 584 rnexicana, 585 scabra, 585 vitiens, 585

825

Holothurians, 8, 11, 14, 16, 353, 482, 483, 484, 485, 497, 498, 500, 501, 506, 509, 516, 520, 545, 546, 550, 551, 557, 559, 567, 572, 591, 595, 723

Hornarus arnericanus, 580 spp., 653

Hornotrerna, 342 Hydractina, 52 Hydrobia

rninuta, 493, 574 neglecta, 575 u1vae, 575 ventrosa, 207, 493, 575

Hydroides dianthus, 54 Hyotissa, 783 Hypseloconus, 685, 707

Icthyosaur, 662 Tdahoia, 685, 708 Illyanassa, 495

obsoleta, 9, 200, 575 Tlyrnatogyra, 783 Trnitatocrinus gracilior, 381 IMOUS, 480, 491, 500, 501, 502-503, 505,

521, 522, 523, 528, 530, 536, 544, 546, 547, 549, 558, 562, 592

Inoceramus, 769, 775 cuvieri, 763 deforrnis, 763 flaccidus, 763 larnarcki, 764-765, 767 platinus, 752, 757, 759, 762, 764-765 prefragilis, 765 sp., 758 spp., 752, 753

Infauna in the deep sea, 550-552 direct corn petition, 11

826

Infauna (cont'd) dominant groups, 6 exclusion by shell accumulation, 196,

206-208, 233 evolution of communities, 628, 642-646 functional groups, 7-9, 14, 487

taxa, 6, 9

trophic mode, 9 mortality from bulldozing, 500-501 predation effects, 19-25 and sediment reworking, 628-629 of soft bottoms, 162 suspension feeders vs. epifaunal. 559-

560 Infaunalization, 564, 645, 683 Inoceramids, 461, 521l, 535 Ischadites spp., 525 Islandiella islandicus, 359 Isocrania costata, 769 Isognomon, 225, 226-227, 228 Isostichopus badionotus, 585, 586 Isotelus, 685, 710 ISSOS, 481, 505, 530, 531, 533, 534, 536,

537, 539, 540, 544, 545, 546, 547, 550, 551, 553, 558, 559, 561, 562, 563

faculella, 343 fanassa, 381 fenneria pustulata, 650

Kablikia, 723 Kalkberg Limestone, 632, 633, 634, 635,

636, 637 Kiangsella, 590 Kildinella Jophostriata. 271 Kinetic model of taxonomic diversity, 680-

683, 705, 721, 743 Krausella, 685, 709 K-selection, 133, 134, 144, 304-309, 561 Kuphus, 226-227, 228

Lagena, 346 Laminaria, 52, 171 Land plants, 523, 555, 557-558, 559, 560 Lapeirousia, 457 Larus

argentatus, 653 dominicanus, 653

Larvae and algal symbiosis, 445-446 lecithotrophic

mortality, 134

Index

nonplanktotrophic and planktotrophic diversity, 149 and genetic exchange, 787-792 mortality, 134 Paleozoic, 150, 701

Larval mortality by larval type, 134 in Late Cretaceous soft bottoms, 754,

768, 777 Larval pool. 47 Larval production, 58 Larval settlement

aggregative, 48-51 avoidance of competitors, 54-55, 199 and bulldozing, 500-501 of crinoids, 411-412, 414-415 of fossil rudists and gastropods, 96 and onshore-offshore community

displacement through time, 787-793 recruitment, 52, 56, 80 on soft bottoms, 749, 777, 778, 784 by symbiotic hosts, 441 survival. 160-161, 199

Latiala elegans, 758 lobata, 773

Laxispira sp., 758 Lecanospira, 685, 708 Legumen ellipticum. 774 Leodia sexiesperforata, 594 Lepadichthys lineatus. 379, 398 Lepidactylus disticus, 579 Leperditella, 685, 709 Lepidopa, 504

websteri, 581 Leptaenisca, 590 Leptichelia savingnyi, 594 Leptosynapta, 488. 497

clarki, 595 tenuis, 11, 503, 586

Lethrinus chrysostomus, 379 nebulosus, 379 sp., 379

Leymeriaster wetherbyi, 758 Lima. 757, 759, 770

acutilineata, 77 4

Index

Lima (cont'd) angolensis, 362

Limulus, 496, 499, 519, 567 polyphemus, 26, 578, 588, 594

Lingula, 561 cretacea, 769

Linoproductus angustus, 404-405 Liopistha, 759

protexta, 77 4 Liospira, 685, 709 Liostrea, 770 Lithophaga lessepsiana, 198 Lithothamnion, 204 Littorina, 199

irrorata, 575 littorea, 358 spp., 653

Long Island Sound, 163-169, 171-182, 629, 631

Lopha, 754, 770 carinata, 767

Lophophelia, 553 Lophospira, 96 Lordorthis, 590 Lovenia elongata, 594 Loxonema hamiltonae, 96 Lucina, 753 Lucinoma, 225, 226-227, 228

contractus, 223 Luidia cilaris, 378 Lumbricaria, 383 Lumbrinereis sp., 594 Lunatia, 225, 228 Lychopohonia, 590 Lyttoniacea, 471-472

MacJuriteJJa, 527 Macoma, 225, 228, 498, 499, 589

baltica. 161, 493, 573, 588, 593 nasuta. 493, 573, 574 secta, 573

MacrocaJJista, 225, 226-227 Macrocrinus. 391 Macrofauna size. 4

Mactra corollina, 593 olorina, 594

Madrepora, 553

Magadina, 533 .'vlagas chitoniformis, 769 iv1arginopora vertebralis, 348

827

Marine benthic fauna bioturbation and evolutionary effects,

479-595 composition

in the Paleozoic, 150-151, 628, 781-782

in the Recent, 150-151. 628 diversity, 147-148 physical parameter effects

light, 135 nutrients, 135-136, 141 salinity. 131-132, 161 substrata, 161 temperature, 127-131, 161 turbidity, 135

seasonality effects, 121-153 shelf diversity gradient, 149 see Communities; Faunas; Sessile marine

faunas Marriocarida, 723 Marsipella, 343 Marsupites, 770 Martesia, 224, 225, 228 Mazon Creek, 557 Mean fitness m, 142-144 Meekella, 590 Meiofauna. 9, 208, 490, 497 Melinna paJmata, 577 Mellita, 500

quinquesperforata, 492, 582, 583 J'v1eJocrinites michiganensis, 382 Membranipora, 47

membranacea, 52 Meoma, 488. 490. 499

ventricosa, 492, 583, 584, 585, 594 Merrenaria. 207, 208, 225, 226-227, 228,

495 Methylococcus capsulatus, 260 Mexicella, 685, 707 Michaelis-Menten relationship. 287-291 Micrabacia, 775

Micraster. 769 Millepora. 70 Mimachlamys cretosa. 753 Mimetaster, 723 Mississippi River delta, 216 Mitosis and multicellularity. 263 Modiolopsis. 685, 710 Modiolus. 226-227. 496, 552 Modocia, 685, 707 Moira stygia. 595

828

Molgula manhattensis, 54 Molpadia, 494, 497

oolitica, 8, 586 roretzii, 595

Monoculodes, 483 edwardsi, 579

Monopodia! evolution, 310

Montastrea annularis, 72, 74-75, 82, 85, 98 cavernosa, 56-57

Montipora, 171 Mososaur, 662 Mucor, 170 Mulinia, 168, 180, 181, 495

lateralis, 166, 172, 178-179 Mussels, 70

competitive rank, 61 exclusion of brachiopods, 566

Mutualism, 76-77, 393, 432 see Competition, direct

Mya, 20, 208 arenaria, 161, 588, 594

Myelodactylus, 382, 383 ammonis, 384-385

Myliobatis, 497 californica, 586, 587

Mytilus, 225, 226-227, 228, 489 californianus, 75, 565 edulis, 489

Myzostoma tenuispinum, 404-405 Myzostomites, 413

Napulus tuberculatus, 758 Nassa fossata, 575 Nassarius, 166, 168, 182

trivitattus, 179 Natica

hebraea, 593 millepunctata, 593

Naticonema, 401, 402 Natural selection

in aggregation, 48 in community distributions, 40 in gastropods due to shell-breaking

pradation, 649, 652, 663 in seasonal strategies, 133 in siliceous phytoplankton, 305

Navicula reissii, 348 Neithea, 757, 766, 770, 771, 778, 783

quinquecostata, 753, 764-765 regularis, 758

Neitheops quinquececostata. 764-765, 753 regularis, 758

Nematodes, 357, 358, 367 Nemerteans, 20, 25-26 Neogoniolithum rugulosum, 65 Neohaustorius schmitzi, 579 Neoliothyrira obesa, 769 Neopycnodonte

cochlear, 783, 785, 786 musashiana, 786

Neothyris, 533 Nephthys, 166, 168, 589

incisa, 164, 167, 577, 588 Nereimyra punctata, 20 Nereis, 589

arenaceodonta, 577 diversicolor, 577 succinea, 578 virens, 578, 588

Index

New Scotland Formation, 632, 637, 633, 640, 641

Niche stratification, 162, 206, 386-392 Nitzschia

frustulum, 348 laevis, 348 panduriformis, 348 valdestriata, 348

Nonionella, 358 Notacanthus bonapartei, 380 Notodendrodes antartikos, 335, 336-337 Nucula, 166, 168, 174-175, 177, 225, 228,

494, 495, 759 annulata, 164, 181, 573, 588 camia, 774 nucleus, 593 pernula, 593 proxima, 167, 181, 493. 573, 588, 593

Nuculana, 761, 775 whitfieldi, 774

Nuculites, 685, 710 Nutrient enrichment

effect on coexistence of phytoplankton. 294-297, 303, 318, 320

Nutrient uptake kinetics by marine phytoplankton, 287, 291, 297

Ochestoma erythrogrammon, 588 Ocypode, 488

quadrata, 581 Odobenus rosmarus. 587

Index

Odontogryphaea thirsae, 785 Ogygopsis, 685, 707 Oligometra serripinna, 392 Olivella, 357, 358, 369-370

biplicata, 575, 651 mutica, 593

Onniella, 685, 700, 710 Ontogeny

aclonal, 41, 89 clonal. 41-42

Onuphis sp., 594 Onychaster, 403 Onychocella, 77

alu1a, 65-66, 68-69 Opabinia, 723 OpercuJina

ammonoides, 348 sp., 352

Ophiomorpha, 775 Ophiuroids, 161, 353, 378, 381, 394, 401.

403, 482, 484, 485, 486, 506, 519, 572, 582, 591

Orbitolites sp., 348 Ordovician radiations

cluster analysis, 686-695 distributional ecology, 684-687, 707-710 onshore-offshore changes evidence, 684-701 mechanisms, 701-703 processes, 703-705

Q-mode factor analysis, 695-698 two-phase kinetic model. 680-682 Clreaster, 499

reticulatus, 582 Orthambonites, 700

decipiens, 685, 709 dinorthoides, 685, 708

Orthidella, 685, 708 Orthidiella, 590 Orthonychia acutirostre, 403, 405 Osculigero, 457 Osteichthyes, 520, 544, 676, 671'. 723 Ostracods, 394, 498, 545, 546, f '6, 677.

679, 723 Ostrea, 226-227, 228, 754, 757, 59, 785

plumosa, 752, 753, 758 Ovalipes guadulpensis, 582 Owenia, 168, 497

fusiformis, 167 Oxygenation of Earth atmosphere, 260,

274, 276-277

Oxyurostylis smithi, 579 Oysters

aggregation, 50 and algal symbiosis, 460-461 as epibionts, 198, 208 exclusion of bioturbators, 500

829

in the Late Cretaceous assemblages, 752-776, 780, 781, 783

substrate preference, 524, 528, 549

Pachylocrinus, 391 Pachycardia, 775 Pagurus bernhardus, 581 Palaeoisopus broili, 381 Palaeophycus, 633 Palliseria, 685, 709 Pandora, 180 Pangea, 148 Panopea, 225, 226-227, 228, 760 Panulirus vulgaris, 379 Paracaudina chilensis, 585 Paracoccus denitrificans, 258 Paraha ustori us

deichmannae, 579 longimerus, 579

Paranomia, 757, 759 scabra, 754

Paraphoxus spinosus, 5 79 spp., 594

Parasitism, 4, 19, 161, 346, 359, 393-395, 406-411, 412-414, 420, 434,437

Parasmittina sp., 66-67, 100-101 Paraspirifer, 526

bownockeri, 198 Parastichopus parvimensis, 586 Parastrophia, 590 Peachia hastata, 593 Pecten maximus, 204, 784 Pectenaria, 519

californiensis, 493, 578 gouldi, 493, 578

Pelletization preservation, 16 Penaeus duorarum, 579 Peneroplis

planatus, 348 sp., 348

Periclimenes tenuis, 397 Permo-Triassic extinctions, 148. 151. 419,

452, 530, 533, 544-547, 548, 551, 564, 674, 675, 720, 724. 782, 785

830

Petricola, 225, 226-227 Phacoides, 225, 226-227, 228 Phagocytosis, 274, 437 Philine alata, 358 Pholis spp., 653 Phoronids, 8, 490, 496, 499, 551, 723 Phosphanulus, 395, 407, 410, 413 Phyllodesium longicirra, 438 Physical disturbance

and benthic community structure, 162, 163-169

eradication of biogenic structures, 643-644

and onshore-offshore community displacement, 702, 703, 706

through seasonality, 121-152 over time, 522-523

Phytoplankton, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 285-320, 460, 494, 560

Pinna, 52, 552 Pis aster

brevispinus, 582 ochraceous, 75

Pitar, 168, 228 Placopecten, 228

magellanicus, 784 Placopsilina, 339

cenomana, 363 Plagiobrissus grandis, 584, 585, 595 Plagiostoma, 198 Planolites, 752 Planorbulinella sp., 352 Planorbulinopsis parasitica, 359, 363 Platyceramus platinus, 762, 764-765 Platyceras, 401, 402, 404-405

acutirostre, 403, 405 equilateralis, 403, 405

Platycrinites, 391, 404-405 hemisphericus, 403, 405

Platyhelminthes, 353, 393, 434, 444, 460 Pleuriocardia, 760, 761, 774, 775, 776 Pleurodictyum

problematicum, 96 styloporum, 96

Plicatula, 770 Pocillopora, 76, 171, 443, 444 Polinices, 228, 495, 567

duplicata, 575, 593 duplicatus, 575 josephinus, 593

Polychaetes, 6, 9, 388, 784 abundance with depth, 551

Polychaetes (cont'd) aggregation, 14, 48, 95 aggression, 10-11, 11, 12, 22

Index

association with crinoids, 393, 395-396, 397, 400

bioturbation rates, 482, 484, 485, 486, 588

bulldozing victims and villains, 495, 496, 497, 499, 500, 507, 529

burial rates, 594 clade of family diversity, 723 dead shells as substrata, 198, 199, 208 deep sea fauna, 550, 551 exclusion of bioturbators, 206, 490, 499 foraminifera as food, 353, 354, 355, 357,

358 glycerid, 11, 20, 22 hesionid, 20 juvenile size, 4

larval settlement, 52 magnitude of reworking mode, 493 maldanid, 9, 16 nereid, 10-11, 12, 22 of the Paleozoic, 15-17 and the Paleozoic fauna, 674, 676 Phanerozoic appearance, 15, 571 as predators, 20, 22, 73, 104 preservation, 15-16 reworking rates, 485, 501, 509 sediment stabilization, 8, 9, 14, 17 serpulid, 45, 47, 52, 58, 70, 95, 198, 400,

553, 757, 763, 767 and soft bottoms, 162, 163-168 spionid, 11, 14, 224, 225, 495 substrate preference, 45, 483. 559

Polydora, 224 cliata, 578

Polymorphism, 107 Pontiometra andersoni, 391 Population structure

and onshore-offshore community displacement, 701, 792

through Phanerozoic, 515 Porambonites, 590 Porifera: see Sponges Porites, 171, 445, 553

astreoides, 88 Porphyridum sp., 348 Portlandia arctica. 493, 573 Postligata crenata, 772 Potamides. 498 Predation, 4, 19-31, 70-75, 291

Index

Predation ( cont'd) on benthic foraminifera, 340, 352-359

on crinoids, 378-383

dead shell refuge, 197, 199

in the deep sea, 550

on encrusting vs. erect, 73

eukaryotic origins, 260

intensity, 75 on juveniles by adults, 18, 23, 161, 162,

202 of larvae in water column, 19

Mesozoic and Cenozoic, 104

in molluscan evolution, 81

Paleozoic, 25-27

partial (or nonlethal), 6, 22, 70, 385

patterns, 21, 22-25

predator types, 20-22

predictions, 27-30

by protists, 274

recognition in fossil sessile faunas, 88-

89 refuges, 19-20, 26-27

refuge to algal endosymbionts, 432, 441,

442, 456 and sediment disturbance, 11-22, 24-25,

481, 488, 490, 496, 505, 516, 536,

558, 564 as selective force, 564, 661, 662, 786

through shell-breaking, 70, 104, 564,

649-663 and siliceous marine phytoplankton,

291, 297-304, 305, 309, 320

size refuge, 23, 72, 77, 207, 301, 305, 500

in specific habitats, 29-30, 75, 161

Preservation potential of bioturbators, 563

changes over time due to bioturbation, 555-557

in Late Cretaceous chalks, 778-781

of polychaetes, 15-16 Pripulus, 569

caudatus, 595

Primary production and algal symbiosis, 445-448 benthic, 140-141

and bioturbation effects, 534-535

deep sea, 551 early seas, 560

planktonic, 136-140 plants, 557

and seasonality, 141-142

Proapsidocrinus, 382

Proch!oron, 259, 263, 434

Prokaryotes

831

comparison to eukaryote biology, 254.

255

differentiation from acritarchs. 272

fossil cytoplasm after death and "spot" cells,

267

differentiation from eukaryotes, 264-

265

tetrahedral tetrads, 268

importance in biological evolution, 252

membrane system, 262

mitochondrial and plastid precursors, 258-259

Precambrian benthic dominance, 275,

276, 277

Prokaryotic loop, 255

Protelphidium tishuryensis, 366

Pseudohaustorius caroliniensis, 579

Pseudolithophyllum sp., nov., 90, 92

Pseudoperna bentonensis, 763

congesta, 763, 764-765

Pseudopleuronectes americanus, 23

Pteria, 770 Pteridium, 170

Pterocerel!a poinsettiformis, 758

Pterocrinus, 382

bifurcatus, 384-385 Ptychodera

bahamensis, 587

carnosa, 587

Ptychopleurella, 685, 709

Ptychospirina, 401, 402

Pullenia sp., 356-357

Pycnodonte, 198, 755, 757. 766, 770, 771,

778, 784 biauriculata, 767

giginensis, 770 mutabilis, 753, 754, 758, 759, 750. 751,

773 vesicularis, 767

Pygospio. 495

Quinqueloculina, 366

impressa, 365, 366 sp., 359

Radiations Ordovician, 673-710

Vendian-Early Cambrian, 674, 675, 681

832

Radiolarians. 434. 441. 443, 444. ·!46. 448. 462, 560. 676, 679

Radiolites, 457, 458. 459 Rafinesquina. 685, 710, 741

Rangea. 358 Redox potential discontinuity (RPD), 628-

629 Reefs

Phanerozoic examples. 94-104 see Sessile marine fauna; Taphonomic

facilitation Reproductive potential

by latitude. 134 temperature effects. 147

Reptadeonella. 66-67 Resuspension of sediment. 483. 494. 305.

629 Retusa. 357

canaJicuiata, 575 Rhinoptera, 497

bonasus, 587 Rhodopseudomonas, 258 RhynchoJithes. 662 Rhynchoteuthis, 662 Rhysostrophia. 685, 708 Richthofeniacea, 463-471 RNA, 255, 256, 257 Robertocyathus sp., 105 Rosalina, 334

carnivora, 362 gJobuJaris, 337, 361, 362 Jeei, 364

RostriceJJuJa rostrata, 184, 185, 186 r-selection, 47, 133, 134, 144, 304-309. 702 Rudists. 94, 96. 203, 456-460, 767. 771 Rugia tenuicostata. 769 Rupertina, 339 Rusophycus, 519 ·

Saccocoma. 383 SaccogJossus

cambrensis, 587 inhacensis, 587

Sacodendron, 343 Sagenina, 339 Sand dollar (Cypeasteroidea), 482. 484,

485, 486, 488, 490, 496, 497, 500. 501, 506, 507, 569, 572. 582-583, 592, 594

SanguinoJaria. 498 nuttallii. 207

Saukia. 683. 708

Sauvagesia. 437 Saxidomus nuttallii, 207 Scrabrotrigonia. 775

thoracia, 773

Index

Scaphopods. 357. 358-359, 482, 484. 485. 486, 506, 508. 519, 571. 591. 593. 676, 678, 679, 723. 760

SceJisetosus Jongicirrus. 396 Schizophoria. 526 Schizoporella. 62. 79

biaperta, 54 errata. 50-52, 76-77 unicornis. 54, 56

Schizoprobiscina, 395, 407. 413, 414 Schizoramma. 590 Schyphocrinites, 413 Scleractinian corals. 198. 224, 453, 548.

549, 591 Scobicularia. 494

plana, 493, 574 Scolecolepides viridus. 578 Scoloplos

fragiJis, 588 robustus, 16, -193, 578, 589

Scotop!anes, 483. 550. 570, 586, 589 Scumulus inopinatus. 769 Scrta!ocrinus robustus. 403 Scytonema, 269 Sea anemone, 187, 556, 593 Sea pens, 548-549 Sea urchins (Spatangioda). 70, 73, 88, 187.

358, 482. 483, 484, 485. 486, 492, 498, 499, 500, 501' 520, 546, 559. 572, 583-584, 594-595

Seasonality, 121-152 and siliceous phytoplankton fitness.

307-309 Seasonal recruitment rates. 47. 75 Seasonal strategy. 132-133

niche expansion, 145-146 reproduction and development, 144-143.

149, 150 Sediment mixing, 7-9, 13-14, 16. 172-

173, 175, 176, 179, 188, 549, 627-663

Sediment stabilization. 8, 9, 13, 17-18, 19. 50, 196-234, 416-417, 490. 494, 499, 500, 523-524, 558, 768

Sedimentary fabrics bedding thickness measurements. 631.

635, 636, 637, 639. 640. 641 evolution in the Phanerozoic. 642-646

Index

Sedimentary fabrics (cont'd) Ordovician vs. Devonian of N.Y., 631-

642, 646 of reworked sediments, 629-631, 643,

645 Sedimentation rates in the Paleozoic, 523 Semele, 225, 228 Serial endosymbiotic theory, 253-254 Serracaris, 723 Sessile marine fauna

aclonal, 41, 61 Phanerozoic distribution, 94

clonal, 41, 61 life span, 79 Phanerozoic distribution, 94

colonial advantages, 59, 61, 70, 93. 106-107

colonization of rocky intertidal, 187-188 competition, 56-70 competitive ranks, 61 distributions

factors, 46 fossil, 94-106 Recent, 39-93

epifaunal suspension feeders through time, 524-528

fossil, 81-107 by environment, 43-44 habitat selection, 48, 70, 81 infaunal bioturbation processes, 491, 494 larvae, 46, 47, 48-50 major animal groups, 42-43 mortality from bulldozing, 500-501 partial (or nonlethal) predation, 28, 70,

72, 73, 78-79, 385 predation, 70-75 predators, 73 preservation, 81

recognition of partial mortality. 85, 86, 87, 96, 98

refuges from bulldozers, 547-553 regeneration, 73, 85, 89, 104-106, 107 selective extinction, 546-547 solitary limitations, 59, 70 zooid morphology, 89

Sestropoma, 446 Shell accumulation

importance of sedimentation, 207, 218-220

mechanisms, 196, 209-210

in erosional truncation, 217 -l18 in sediment aggradation, 211-213

Shell accumulation ( cont'd) mechanisms (cont'd)

in sediment bypassing, 215-217 in sediment starvation, 213-215

Shell breaking

833

and adaptation for prevention, 653-655 agent of mortality, 650-651 breakage types, 652-653 by crabs, 70, 649, 653, 662, 663 origins in Mesozoic, 104 predation through time, 649-663 predators in the fossil record, 661-663 prey-induced damage, 652 and repair, 104, 640 trends in Paleozoic, 564

Shell gravel development, 208-220, 234 Siliceous phytoplankton

Arctic Ocean, case study, 314-320 competition

coexistence of species, 291-297, 308-309

effect on morphology, 297-298, 305 in evolutionary time, 313 in nutrient uptake, 287-291, 297

diversity under competition, 291-294 under predation, 291, 302-303 in upwelling zone, 294-295, 303

evolutionary diversification, 309-312, 313

fossil record, 303-304 morphology

changes through time, 313-320 competition and predation effects,

297-298, 304, 312, 318 and nutrient uptake, 289-291

motility, 286, 289, 290-300 and nutrient enrichment, 294-297, 303,

318, 320 paleontology, 312-320 predation, 291, 297

antipredator strategies, 300-301, 320 by copepods, 297-300 and diversity maintenance, 302-303 and the geologic record, 303-304 and morphology, 297-298, 304

r and K strategies, 304-309 and seasonality, 307-309

Silicoflagellates diversity changes in upwelling zones,

295-296

life characteristics, 286-287

834

Silicoflagellates ( cont' d) speciation rate, 310

Simonizapfes, 400 Sinum perspectivum, 578 Siphonodosavia abyssorum, 356-357 Siphunculus, 569

nudus, 595 Skeletonema, 301 Skolithos, 551, 556, 557 Soft bottom communities

data collection methods, 161, 162 diagenesis, 175-176 effects of bioturbation and its evolution,

478-595 epifaunal interactions in the Paleozoic,

184-186, 187 faunal abundance, 172 infaunal evolution, 628, 642-646 life and death assemblages, 176-182 of Long Island Sound, 163-169, 171-182 nonpreservation, 151 preservation of succession, 171-172,

181, 188 succession and resemblance to infaunal

evolution, 643-644 temporal patterns, 161, 162, 183 taphonomic feedback, 195-234

Sokolowia, 785 Solar Radiation, 123-125 Solemya, 495

velum, 11 Solenhofen Limestone, 557 Somateria spp., 653 Sorites

marginalis, 348, 349, 350 orbiculus, 348 orbitolites, 348

Sowerbyella, 685, 670, 710, 741 Spartina patens, 8 Spatangus

purpurcus, 595 rashi, 585

Speciation and onshore-offshore community

displacement, 703-705, 787-793 Sphaerulites, 457 Spiculosiphon radiata, 340-341, 357 Spionidae spp., 594 Spirocyrtis iowensis, 96 Spiroecus, 96 Spiroloculina hyalina, 364 Spirorbis, 395, 400

Spirorbis ( cont'd) borealis, 54 pagenstecheri, 54

Spisula, 225, 228, 494 subtruncata, 594

Spondylus, 770 americanus, 60 sp., 753 spinosus, 764-765, 767

Squilla empusa, 176, 578 Sponges

and algal symbiosis, 434, 444, 460 clade of family diversity, 723 competitive rank, 61 and crinoids, 42 in the deep sea, 551 food gathering, 559 food niches, 58 functional group, 591 growth patterns, 85 habitat separation, 58

Index

in Late Cretaceous assemblages, 198, 757, 767, 769, 770

and the Paleozoic fauna, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680

seasonal recruitment rate, 47 substrate preferences, 45, 199, 545 zonation patterns, 48

"Spot" cells, 265-268 Springericrinus, 403

magniventrus, 405 Stachyoides, 94 Starfish, 70, 73, 75, 76, 104, 187, 353, 490,

499, 508, 572, 582, 591, 594, 676, 677, 723

Steginoporella, 79-80 plagiopora, 66-67, 84-85

Stenorhynchus sp., 380 Stephanopyxis

spp., 315-316, 318 turris, 310

Stictopora, 685, 709 Stichopus

moebii, 585 tremulus, 586

Stigmatella hybrida, 99 Stilostomella sp., 356-357 Streblospio benedicti, 164, 167 Streptorhynchus, 590 Strictipora brachensus, 184, 186 Stromatolites, 17, 18, 98,251-252,267, 269,

275-276,529,548,552,561,642,694

Index

Stromatoporoids, 94, 96, 98, 99, 102, 106, 107,411, 545

Strombus, 650 gibberuJus, 651

Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis, 358 Strophomena, 527, 685, 710

fasilica, 184, 185, 186 Strophomenids, 184-186, 198, 200, 202-

203, 205, 473-474, 526, 677, 693, 696

Strophostylus, 401, 402 Styela clava, 54 Stylopoma, 62

spongites, 66-67, 101 Substrata

abiological, 44-45, 81, 95 benthic foraminifera, 363 biological, 44-45 crinoidal effects, 416-418 cryptic, 45, 48, 61, 66, 75, 81, 784 dead shells

affects on endobionts, 199-200 alteration of sediment properties, 200,

201, 204, 206, 208, 233 effect on diversity, 197 examples in the Phanerozoic, 198-199 recent and past environments. 204 as refuge, 199

hard bottom 487 as refuge from bioturbation, 547-548 preservation potential, 563

hardgrounds in bioturbation through time, 561-562,

564 in Late Cretaceous, 765-766

live shells benefits for epizoans, 198 boring organisms, 199 examples in Phanerozoic. 198-199 effect on diversity, 197

reproductive impact, 200 selectivity effects due to bioturbation,

561 siliciclastic soft bottom, 172. 487,747-

794 surface area, 56 for suspension feeders, 524-528 types and deposit feeders. 483, 503-505,

528 Succession

allogenic, 159, 160 in ancient environments. 160, 184-187

835

Succession ( cont'd) autogenic, 159, 160, 195, 201, 204-206 and bioturbation, 555 crinoidal effects, 418 definition, 158-160 diversity changes, 183 duration and longevity of dominants,

171 in nearshore benthic, .o1-169, 183 patterns

corals, 171 rocky intertidal, 170, 171 soft-bottom benthic, 169 soil fungi, 170 temperate forest, 169, 170

preservation in soft bottoms, 171-172, 181, 553-554

of soft bottom communities and resemblance to infaunal evolution, 643-646

and soft bottom fauna, 151-188 Symbiodinium microadriaticum, 437 Symbiosis, 4, 76, 260, 274, 277, 332, 335,

347-351.431-474 Synalpheus spp., 397 Synapata, 483

inhaerens, 586 Syncyclonema, 759, 760

simplicius, 757, 758, 772, 773, 774, 777 Syringopora, 526

Taenicephalus, 685, 708 Tanchintongia, 461, 462 Tapes, 208 Taphonomic feedback, 195-234

definition, 196 and ecologic succession, 204-206 evidence in Miocene Chesapeake Group,

223-233 evolutionary effects, 234 examples in ancient communities, 202-

203 facilitation, 196, 197-206 inhibition, 196, 206-208, 233 patterns in the stratigraphic record, 208-

220 shell concentration mechanisms. 196,

209-210 in shell-poor environments, 220, 234

Taphonomy. 171-182, 195-234, 366-369, 415-417, 562, 778-781

836

Taphrosestria, 466, 467 Tarrichnium, 395, 408 Tawuia dalensis, 274 Taxocrinus, 391

colletti, 385 Teguliferina, 467, 471 Teguliferinidae, 471-478 Tellina, 168

agilis, 164, 167 tenuis, 12

Temora longicornis, 299 Tentaculites, 525, 592 Terebratalia, 533 Terebratulina, 755, 785

chrysalis, 768, 769 faujasii, 769 longicollis, 769

Tethyan fauna, 454, 455, 461, 468-471, 771

Texigryphaea, 783 Thaerodonta, 685, 710 Thais, 70, 652

kiosquiformis, 654 lamellosa, 653 lapillus, 653

Thalamita crenata, 653 Thalassia, 8, 140, 363, 490, 497, 552 Thalassinoides, 752 Thalassiosira spp., 301 Thamnopora, 94 Thermoplasma acidophilum, 259 Tholocrinus, 382

wetherbyi, 384-385 Thoracophelia mucronata, 577 Thurammina sp., 363 Thyone sp., 595 Tichosina floridensis, 363 Timorechinus, 382

mirabilis, 384-385 Tolypammia vagans, 363 Trace fossils, 16, 18, 220, 224, 484, 512,

518-519, 520-521, 522, 529, 551, 556, 557, 558, 565, 628, 629, 631, 633, 637, 645, 674, 721, 752, 775

Traces diversity in the Phanerozoic, 524, 551.

557, 558, 565, 674, 721 of ichnogenera through time, 628 morphology vs. depth, 631 size and type through the Phanerozoic,

512, 520-522 see also Biogenic sedimentary structures

Trachyspaeridium laminaritum, 225-227 laufeldi, 266-267 vidalii, 266-267

Transenella tantilla, 594 Trapezia ferruginea, 76 Trematis, 685, 709 Trenton Group. 633, 634 Tretaspis, 700 Tretomphalus, 334 Tresus nuttallii, 207 Triarthrus, 685, 700, 709 Tribrachidium, 558

Index

Tridacna, 434, 435, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444,445,446,449,450,456

derasa, 552 gigas, 552 squanmosa, 552

Trigonosemus pulchellus, 769 Trigonostoma, 659 Trilobites, 633, 743, 791

bioturbation rates, 482, 484, 485, 485 and the Cambrian fauna, 673-674, 676,

678, 684, 689, 690, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 699, 700, 704, 706, 725

clades of family diversity, 723 decline, 552, 563-564, 683 feeding types and bioturbation, 518-519,

522, 539, 591 guilds, 731 as predators, 26, 518 range, 506

Triplesia, 605, 709 Tritaxis conica, 362 Trochammina sp., 361 Trochus, 650

niloticus, 654 Trophic group amensalism, 481, 483, 489,

494, 505, 515, 629 see also Amensalism

Tropidoleptus, 526 Tropiometra carinata, 414 Trypanites, 75 7 Tubinella furalis, 360 Tullimonstrum, 723 Turritella, 225, 226-227, 228, 231, 232,

759, 760, 763, 774, 776 howelli, 772 merchantvillensis, 761, 775 plebia, 223, 224 spp., 758 tippana. 773, 774

Index

Uca, 488, 494 pugiJator, 493, 494, 581 pugnax. 492, 581 spp., 582

Uintacrinus, 770 Ukoa, 590 Upogebia, 489

JitoraJis, 492, 580 pugettensis, 492, 580

Urolophus, 497 halJeri, 587

Vaccinites, 458, 459 Vase-shaped microfossils, 273, 274 Vendian-Early Cambrian radiations, 674,

675, 681 VennielJa, 759, 775 Venus, 208 Vermetus, 225, 226-227

VermicuJothecidea vermicu]aris, 769

VetericardieJJa, 774 Volviceramus

grandis, 763, 764-765, 766

invoJutus, 764-765, 766

Wiwaxia, 723

Yohoia, 661 Yoldia, 16, 166, 168, 225, 495, 589

eightsi, 354 limulata, 11, 573, 588, 593

ZancJea gemmosa, 76-77 Zirfaea, 224, 225 Zooanthus soJanderi, 88 Zoophycus, 529, 752 ZooanthelJa microadriaticum, 348 Zostera, 8, 140, 497 Zugmayerella, 590 Zygospira, 685, 710

837