Index

AAbbey of Pomposa, 1745, 1747

‘Abd al-Rahmān al-Sufı̄, 1922

Aboriginal peoples, 542–544, 546, 548, 549,

988, 990–994, 2215–2230. See alsoIndigenous peoples

Aboriginal bark paintings, 357

Abri Blanchard bone, 26, 322

Abul-Abbas, 1102, 1103

Abuli, 1446–1448

Abū Ma‘shar, 126–129

Abū Rayhān al-Bı̄rūnı̄, 1922

Abu Simbel, 138, 139

Accuracy, 375–376, 384

Achaemenian dynasty, 1902–1904

Acronychal rise(rising), 464, 465, 1577, 1578,

1857–1859

Adamclisi monument, 1366

Ad Deir, 1818, 1819

AD 1054 supernova. See Crab supernovaAflāj, 1941, 1942, 1947Agrarian calendar, 1002–1003

Agricultural marker stars, 1936–1939

Ahargana, 1995–1998, 2003Ahu, 2234, 2237–2239Akapana Pyramid, 803, 805

Akhet, 1507, 1535, 1536

Akhet Khufu, 1510

Akkadian, 1825–1826, 1830, 1836–1838

Al-Andalus, 189, 190, 192, 195

Alaska, 534

Alatir and Tarazed, 536, 537

Alatri, 1645

al-Battāni, 1922

al-Bı̄rūnı̄, 126, 1902, 1903, 1905, 1922

‘Alchuklash, 76Alcor, 1681

Aldebaran, 1208–1210

Alder Creek, 601

Alentejo, 1149, 1154–1161

Alexander Romance, 1597Alexandria, 32, 1569, 1594, 1598, 1599

Algenib, 2087

Algeria, 1094, 1109, 1113

Alhambra, 1689, 1691, 1693

Alignment(s), 321–322, 412–414, 416, 418,

421, 422, 548, 549, 607–617, 788, 789,

1663. See also Axial alignments,Solar alignments

Alignment studies, 359, 360

Align-the-Hall, 2087–2089

Al-Jazari, 2176

Al Khazna, 496, 497

al-Khwārizmı̄, 185, 187

Al Kutba, 1814, 1817

Allied Forces of the Eight Powers, 2147

Almagest, 32, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1921al-Mahri, S., 56

al-Ma’mūn, 1921, 1922

Almanacs, 1929, 1930, 1933

Almendres, 140, 1154–1156, 1161

Almogaren, 1117, 1118, 1120, 1122, 1123

Alpheratz, 2087

Alps, 1214–1216

Altair, 1683

al Tajuri, 1103

Altitude, 460–465, 469

Al Uzza, 1814, 1817, 1818

al-Zı̄j al-Mumtahan, 1921Amaterasu, 484

Amazigh, 1112

Amenhotep I, 1491

Amun (Amon), 1474, 1507, 1531, 1533, 1534,

1536, 1537

Amenhotep, 1491, 1492

An, 1824, 1825

Anahit, 1905

Analemma, 1744. See also AnalemmataAnalemmata, 1928, 1932. See also AnalemmaAnaphoric clock, 1593, 1594, 1596, 1599

C.L.N. Ruggles (ed.), Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8,# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015

2269

Anasazi, 567

Anatolia, 1783, 1790

Ancestral Pueblo, 258, 273, 567, 573, 574

Ancient Egypt, 484, 489, 1477–1486,

1489–1493, 1495–1499, 1501–1517,

1519–1528, 1531–1538, 1542, 1543,

1547, 1814

Ancient Greek science, 1104

Andesite Sun, 1367–1373

Andronicus of Kyrros, 1592

Angkor Wat, 9, 296

Annals of Sejong, 2167, 2169, 2173, 2176Annunciating Clepsydra Pavilion Borugak

(報漏閣), 2165, 2169

Anomalistic cycle, 1995, 1996, 1998–2000

Anomaly, lunar, 1606, 1613, 1616, 1618, 1619,

1621, 1622, 1994–1996, 1999

Anta Grande de Zambujeiro, 1150

AN.TAH.SUM, 1787, 1788, 1790, 1791

‘Antap, 76Antares, 2072, 2073

Antas, 1136, 1138–1140, 1143, 1149–1152

Antelami, Benedetto, 1750

Antequera, 1136–1138

Anthropology, perceptions of

archaeoastronomy within, 229, 230,

232–233

Antikythera Mechanism, 53, 1565, 1567,

1603–1623

Antikythera Mechanism Research Project,

1604, 1605, 1610, 1611, 1613, 1614,

1616–1620, 1623

Antiochos, 1660, 1662–1667

Antoninus Pius, 1598

Anwā, 1928–1930, 1933Aotearoa, 2232, 2236

Aphrodite, 1597

Apis bull, 35

Apollo, Temple of, at Delphi, 523

Apparent horizon, 1069, 1073, 1074

Aquila, 150, 536, 537, 1683

Aquileia, 1598

Arachne, 1590

Ara Pacis, 1657

Aratus (Aratos), 53, 60, 150–158, 161, 1432,

1556–1560, 1595

Arawak diaspora, 931–943

Archaeoastronomy

definition of, 354

as part of archaeometry, 320–321

as part of cognitive archaeology,

319–320

as part of landscape archaeology, 319

as a thematic archaeology, 318–319

Archaeological heritage, 289, 290, 295

Archaeological record, 288, 316, 317,

320–323, 1456

Archaeological theory, 233

Archaeology, perceptions of archaeoastronomy

within, 229, 230, 232–233

Archenar, 1034

Archimedes, 1596, 1618

Architectural documentation, 566, 569, 573

Architecture of thought, 1055

Arctic Circle, 534, 537

Arcturus, 151, 536, 538, 964, 965, 1086, 1433,

1434, 1682, 1683

Arcus visionis, 512

Ardnacross, 1292, 1293

Argentinian Chaco, 988–990

Argo Navis, 148

Arg€uelles, J., 276, 277Aristotle, 123, 124

Armenia, 1448–1450, 1453–1460

Armillary clock, 2179–2194

Armillary sphere, 1590, 1595–1597, 1918,

1921, 1923, 2127–2132, 2134, 2135,

2159, 2160, 2179–2187, 2192–2194

Armillary sphere hunyi (浑仪), 2037Arochi, L.E., 271

Artemis, 496

Artemis Orthia, temple of, 523

Artha-śāstra, 1956Artifacts, concepts of space and time as, 4, 6, 9

Āryabhatı̄ya, 2004

Asclepius, 1172

Assurbanipal, 97, 1848, 1852

Assyria, 1847–1852

Astarte, 515, 1795, 1797

ASTER GDEM, 450

Asterism(s), 519, 520, 522, 523, 535, 536, 538,

1000, 1001, 1208–1210, 1212

Astrolabe(s), 1594, 1601, 1690, 1831, 1832,

2010–2013, 2015

Astrologers, 69, 70, 72, 74

Astrological tablets of Grand, 1597, 1598

Astrology, 94, 97–100, 103–114, 151, 234,

918–919, 1627, 1629–1634, 1879,

1880, 1903, 1905, 1982, 1984, 1987,

2201

Chinese, 2044, 2047

Astrometeorology, 1625–1628

Astronomer priests (tohunga), 2262Astronomica, 72, 149, 160

2270 Index

Astronomical calendar, Korean,

2157–2162

Astronomical ceilings, 1478,

1481, 1497

Astronomical clock, 2179, 2180, 2194

Astronomical dating, 320, 383–384, 478, 480,

527, 1886

Astronomical diaries, 1870

Astronomical equinox, 1723

Astronomical heritage, 1236

Astronomical instruments (天文儀器), 2182Astronomical intent, 429, 433, 434

Astronomical representations, 999, 1000

Astronomical tables, 1864, 1869

Astronomy, 228–232, 234, 235, 750, 857, 861,

1183, 1981–1988

Astrosim project, 448, 449, 454

Astrotourism, 287–298

Athabascan, 630, 638

Athens, 1565–1568, 1590, 1592

Atituiti Ruga, 2239, 2240, 2242

Atkinson, R.J.C., 266, 268

Atmospheric phenomena, 1338, 1344

Atmospheric refraction, 1720

Atoms, 1550, 1551

Atrahasis, 1826

Atum, 1473, 1474

Aubrey Holes, 366, 1225, 1226, 1235

Augustan solarium, 69

Augusta Raurica, 1646

Augustus, 69, 70, 99, 1599, 1600

Aunjetitz, 1354

Auriga, 537, 1683

Aurora borealis, 535, 538

Australia, 2216, 2217, 2223–2229

Authenticity, 304, 306, 310

Automation and robotics, 2176–2177

Autumn equinox, 495, 504

Aveni, A.F., 217–219, 222, 270, 278

Avesta, 1902, 1903, 1905Axial alignments, 2086, 2089

Axial-stone circles (ASCs), 1282

Axle-shaped monuments, 1064, 1065,

1070–1074, 1076

Ax-throwing, 1191

Aya Marq’a, 845

Azerbaijan, 1444–1446, 1450

Azimuth(s), 390–397, 399–407, 460, 461, 463,

465, 549, 1721

quadrant, 2147

of the sun, 431

Azimuthal ring, 2147

Azimuth of the maximum slope (aspect),

1157, 1160

Azmina, 1929Aztec(s), 484, 730, 732, 733, 743, 745

BBaal, 1795, 1808, 1809

Baal Hammon, 1094, 1097, 1098, 1794

Babylon, 32–34

Babylonia, 1586, 1587

Babyloniaca of Berossus, 1826

Babylonian

astrology, 1870

calendar, 1884, 1885, 1903

mathematical astronomy, 1863–1870

records, 1567

Backsight, 143, 484, 487, 489

Bailovo, 1378, 1382, 1383Baja California, 595, 599

Baktun 13, 89, 273, 276–280

Balearic Islands, 1144

Ball court, 552, 560, 561

Ball-falling power transmission, 2176

Ballochroy, 1289, 1290

Balnuaran of Clava, 362, 363, 1283, 1284

Bambang Basiwara, 2213

Bamboo book, 2080, 2083

Banjar, 2208–2214

Baptistery of Parma, 1750, 1751

Barasana, 17

Bashi, 53

Basic concepts, 459–471

Basketmaker III, 578–580

Basque Country, 1188, 1191, 1195

Batca Doamnei, 1366

Bat guano, 1381, 1383

Baur Bilah, 2210, 2211Bauval, R., 274

Bayesian methods, 500–503, 505

Bears, celestial, 151, 158–161, 1682

Bear Son Tale, 160

Beda, 745

Beijing, 78, 79, 82, 84, 85, 2092

Beijing Ancient Observatory, 2141–2148

Belize, 769

Beltane, 487

Bel-Ušezib, 97

Bentaiga, 137, 1117, 1120, 1122

Berossus, 1826

Berrybrae, 1282

Bhālūmal, 2015

Index 2271

Bhāskara, 2010

Bianchini tablet, 1597

Bible, 1884

Big Horn Medicine Wheel, 255, 522, 523, 527

Bilingual Creation of the World byMarduk, 1826

Bilzingsleben, 1202, 1203

Biodiversity, 1053

Biological times, 1209, 1211

Black bile, 123, 124, 127

Black constellations. See Dark cloudconstellation

Blackfoot, 544

Blanchard des Roches, 1199

Blessed star, 1756

Blood, 121, 123, 124, 127

Bluestones, 1226, 1229–1231

Boats of the Sun, 1445, 1446, 1450

Bohusl€an, 1216Book of Documents, 2032, 2044, 2060Boötes, 160, 1682

Borana, 23, 28

Borana calendar, 16, 18, 21, 23, 1041–1049

Borchardt, L., 39

Borobudur Temple, 9, 296

Bororo, 949

Boulder configurations (Medicine Wheels),

542–543, 547

Boustrophedon, 1778

Boyne valley tombs, 378, 380

Brad, 1366

Bradley, R., 1282, 1283

Brahmagupta, 2009–2010

Brandt, J.C., 270

Bărboşi-Galaţi, 1366

Bridges, Lucas, 1008

Bromley, A., 1609

Bronze Age, 156, 158, 161, 1154, 1307–1315,

1350, 1352–1355, 2086

Brown archaeoastronomy, 355, 356

BR-type dolmens, 499

Buena Vista, 797, 799

Buffalo Cult, 547

Bugis, 2213

Building surveying, 1744

Bulan, 2211Bundahišn, Dēnkard, 1902Bureau of the Grand Astronomer, or taishi ju

(太史局), 2143Burials, 1066, 1076

Burl, A., 1278, 1279, 1281–1284

Burro Flats, 598, 599

Byblos, 1809

CCaborca, 661

Cahokia, 255, 256, 377, 798

Cahuachi, 827

Cahuilla, 601

Calakmul, 726

Calculation of Motions Seven Celestial

Regulators Chiljeongsan naepyeon(七政算內篇), 2174

Calculus, 2002

Calendar/calendrical, 94–97, 166, 168, 169,

171, 172, 176, 542, 548, 743–747,

832–836, 851–861, 1041–1049,

1107–1113, 1183, 1184, 1502, 1506,

1507, 1510, 1563–1570, 1607, 1610,

1614, 1617–1619, 1623, 1626, 1627,

1841–1844, 1892, 1895–1899, 1929,

1930, 1933, 1982–1987, 2226–2228

agrarian, 1002–1003

Chinese, 2044, 2048, 2059–2067

circle, 1080–1082

pot, 1330–1332

regulator, 1434, 1439

Round, Mesoamerican, 19, 23

specialist (Zapotec). (see Colanı́)sticks, 26, 247, 653

Calendrical Astronomy lifa (历法), 2032Calendrical Phenomena lixiang (历象), 2032California, 74, 77, 90

Camaquen, 796Camay, 796, 803Cambyses, 35

Camera obscura, 751, 1417

Campo Lameiro, 1216, 1219

Campus Martius, 69, 70, 1657, 1658

Canaanite, 1794–1796, 1798

Canada, 534, 536

Canary Islands, 1097, 1115–1123, 1127

Candlemas, 487

Candravākya, 1992Canon of Yao, 2032, 2105, 2110Canopic Decree, 38

Canopus, 1433, 1434, 1506, 1507, 1511, 1599

Cape Kumukahi, 2239

Capella and Menkalinan, 536, 538

Capua, 1646

Caracol, 255, 364, 527, 528

Carahunge, 139–141, 377, 378, 1448–1450

Caral, 796–799, 805

Carambolo, 1795, 1796

Cardano, G., 129, 130

Cardinal directions, 327, 331, 332, 552, 562,

651, 652, 656, 770, 2218

2272 Index

Cardinality, 772

Cardinally aligned cities, 2200

Cardinal orientation, 955, 1526

Cardo, 1644

Carina, 148

Carlson, J.B., 281, 282

Carnac, 1288

Carnegie Institution of Washington, 785

Carpathian Basin, 1318, 1322, 1337–1347

Carthage, 1591, 1646, 1648

Casa Grande, 559, 561

Casa Rinconada, 255, 578, 579, 586–588

Casma Valley, 797–802, 805

Cassiopeia, 1683, 2091

Castillo. See also KukulcanCastor and Pollux, 1683

Castrum, 1644

Catasterismi, 149, 160Catasterism myths, 1574

Caucasus, 1443–1450

Caura, 1795, 1796

Causse-type dolmens, 501

Cave art, 1206, 1208–1209, 1211

Cave of La Marche, 1198

Cave of Lascaux, 1203, 1206–1208,

1210, 1211

Cave of La Tête du Lion, 1209, 1210

Cave of La Vache, 1198, 1199

Cave of Lortet, 1199, 1200

Cave of Niaux, 1206

Cave of Thaı̈/Thaı̈s, 1202

Cave of Trois-Frères, 1208

Cave ruin of Geißenklösterle, 1202

Caves, 1205, 1206, 1208–1209, 1211, 1212

Cecco d’Ascoli, 129

Cedillo, 1152

Celestial bears, 151, 158–161, 1682

Celestial divination, 2034

Celestial globe, 2010, 2012–2013, 2015,

2159, 2160

Celestial navigation, 1038

Celestial Patterns tianwen (天文), 2021Celestial pole(s), 460–462, 464, 474, 2088,

2089, 2092, 2115

Celestial sphere, 460–463, 465, 467

Celestial symbols, 1337–1347

Celtiberians, 1176, 1181–1184

Censorinus, 38

Centaurus, 161, 908, 909, 965, 1172, 1174

and the Southern Cross, 1408

Center of land, 2103

Center of the world, 2115

Center stone, of saroiak, 1188–1193

Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), 1728–1731

Central apse, in Dacian sanctuaries, 1366,

1367, 1372–1374

Central pole, of Medicine Wheels, 548

Centuriations, 1646

Cepheus, 1557, 1559

Ceque(s), 851–861, 925–927

calendar, 23, 24

system, 825, 923, 924

Ceremonial centers, 233, 547, 582, 588, 589

Cerro Chicón, 574, 871, 872, 874

Cerro El Chapin, 661

Chac, 774–777, 779, 780

Chaco Canyon, 143, 256, 258, 259, 273, 274,

594, 596, 597, 603, 785. See also FajadaButte

Chalcolithic, 1226

Chamberlain, von Del, 270

Chankillo, 25, 137, 380, 381, 385, 489,

807–820

Channel Islands, 1142

Characteristic circles, of Andesite Sun, 1370

Charalambos Karakalos, 1607

Chauvet, 246

Chemehuevi, 601

Chenty-khety, 1492

Cheomseongdae, 142

Chiaravalle della Colomba, 1746–1752

Chichén Itzá, 137, 270–273, 277, 295, 296,

508, 513, 721, 722

Chief of the Night, 645

Chiliques volcano, 924–926

Chiljeongsan, 2157–2162Chiljeongsan Naepyeon, 2158–2161Chiljeongsan Oepyeon, 2160Chillon Valley, 797

China, 69–71, 78, 80, 85, 2031–2148,

2198, 2201

Chinese and Islamic calendars, 2161

Chippendale, C., 267

Chiriguano, 967–973

Chiron, 1172–1174

Choiak, 1492

Chongxiu Daming-li, 2160, 2161Chongzheng calendar reform, 2066Chonsu, 1492

Christian churches, 484, 1094, 1098, 1099

Chronology, 1251, 1254, 1255, 1984

Chukchi, 534, 1210, 1683

Chumash, 74, 76, 77, 598, 599, 601, 602,

624, 625

Churches, 484, 1094, 1098, 1099

Church orientation, 1719–1724, 1727–1731

Index 2273

Circle-cross patterns. See Cross-circle designsCircle-with-dotdesigns, 553–555, 557

“Circular instrument”, yuanyi (圆仪), 2039Circumpolar regions, 534, 535, 1496, 1498

Circumpolar stars, 464, 1211

sighting on to determine true north,

1525, 1526

City planning, 770–772, 2201

Civil calendar, 1481, 1506, 1507, 1510, 1535

Classification, of Medicine Wheels, 543

Clava cairns, 1278, 1282, 1283

Clepsydra Hall (浮漏堂), 2142, 2144Cliff Palace, 566, 569–573

Clockwork, 2180, 2182, 2183, 2188,

2193, 2194

Cluster analysis, 500, 503–505, 543

Cochimi, 662

Coins with zodiac signs, 1598

Colanı́ (Zapotec calendar specialists), 765

Collective representation of space and

time, 927

Colonial astronomies, 197–210

Colonialism, 199–200

Colonization, 998, 1003

Color-direction framework, 232, 654, 656

Comets, 913–919, 1039, 1040

Chinese observations of, 2047

Commagene, 1660–1663, 1667

Commentaries on the Phaenomena of Eudoxusand Aratus, 153, 1556–1560

Commodification of the past, 290–291

Compass

magnetic, 46, 51, 53, 54

sidereal, 48

Compass-clinometer, 414, 415

Complex structures, in southern Egypt,

1083–1086, 1088, 1090

Conrad, C., 269

Conservation, 303–307, 309

Constellation(s), 327, 329, 335–336, 954–956,

1502, 1508, 1593–1595, 1674–1676,

1769

Chinese, 2051–2058

48, in ancient Greek tradition, 1556,

1557, 1560

Constellation-like cup-marks, 2152–2156

Control of cultural time, 608

Cook, James., 2232, 2248

Copacabana, 894

Copán, 515, 770, 771

Copper mines, 1378

Coptic calendar, 1936

Cordova, 1691–1693

Coricancha, 82, 832, 880, 881, 883, 886

Corona Borealis, 2150, 2153, 2154, 2156

Corpse Stars, 2210

Corridoi dolmenici, 1144Corsica, 1144

Corvus, 150

Cosa, 1645

Cosmical setting, 465, 1576

Cosmic board shi (栻), 2035Cosmic capitals, 2089–2091

Cosmic directions, 330–333

Cosmic hunt, 1681–1683

Cosmogonic notions of Thracians, 1380, 1391

Cosmogony, Guarani, 977–978

Cosmograms, 7, 770–772

Cosmography, 7

Cosmologic, 1341

Cosmological concepts, 327–329, 336, 337

Cosmology, 4–6, 327, 329–330, 346–347,

350, 934, 937, 939, 941, 943, 975–980,

1987, 1988

Cosmos, 1619, 1622

structuring of, 1389

Cosmovision, 346–347, 349, 350, 937, 943,

1209, 1211

Costeşti, 1366, 1373–1374

Court tomb, 1252, 1253, 1255, 1256,

1258–1260

Coutignargues, 1143

Coyote, 646

Crab supernova, 578, 594–596, 604, 610, 663

Crantit, 380

Creation period (Aboriginal). See DreamingCreole, 988

Crescent(s), 495, 496, 498–500, 502, 504,

1060, 1061, 1064–1066, 1071, 1073,

1074, 1076, 1662–1666

Crete, 1432, 1439

Criollos, 998, 999, 1001–1003Crises, 122, 124, 128

Criteria for expressing heritage value, 304,

306, 308

Critical days, 122–124, 128

Cromlech(s), 1153–1161

Cross-circle designs, 245, 381, 730,

737–742

Crossovers, 495, 500, 502

Cross staff, 56

Crux. See Southern CrossCry Engine, 447

Cuatro Puertas, 1117, 1118, 1120

Cueva Ahumada, 663, 665

Cuicul, 1646

2274 Index

Culmination, 464

lower, 464

upper, 464

Culpeper, N., 121, 130

Cultural adaptation, 2201

Cultural consumption, 291

Cultural development, 617

Cultural heritage, 289, 295, 301–311

Cultural identity, 2228, 2229

Cultural interaction, 1003

Cultural landscape(s), 771, 1720

Cultural property, 292

Cultural space, 1727, 1728, 1730

Culture history approach, 252–253

Cupmarks, 1282, 2149–2156

Curfew alert injeong (人定, “people at rest”),2167

Cursus monument(s), 1239, 1242, 1243, 1246

Curvigram, 418, 419

Cusilluchayoc-Amarumarcahuasi, 903–910

Cushing, Frank, 77, 78

Cuzco, 82, 83, 832–834, 836

Cycles, lunar and planetary, 1855, 1858–1860

Cyclical calendars, 19

Cylindrical sundial, 2014–2015

Cynosura, 1557, 1558

Cyprus, 1564

Dd’Abano, P., 128

d’Abbeville, 947–949

Dacian compasses, 1369

Dacian kingdom, 1366

Dacians, 1365–1375

Dacian sacred geography, 1366

Dacian sanctuaries, 1365–1375

Dacians instruments, 1368

Dacian standard measuring unit, 1368

Dafangdeng-dajijing, 1957Daily life, Guarani, 979, 980

Daily prayers in Islam, 1930

Dakshinàgni, 1964, 1965Damiya, 1802, 1803

Dāmodara, 2003

Daphni, 1739

Dark cloud constellations, 908, 949

Darśhapournamàsiki vèdi, 1964Dark lane, 834, 835

Dark moon, 505, 1291

Data-driven approaches, 361

Data selection, 374, 376–383

Datong-li, 2158–2161

Datong-li Tunggui, 2159, 2160Dawenkou Culture, 2034

Day, 7, 8, 11, 12

4-day cycle, 762, 765

7-day cycle, 762

52-day subcycle, 762

65-day subcycle (cociyo), 761

260-day divinatory cycle, 730

260 days intervals, 732

364-day calendar, 1884, 1885

Dayan calendar, 2065

123D Catch (software), 451, 453

Dea Syria, 1663

Decans, 1496–1499, 1597

Decebalus, 1366

December 21 2012, 89

December solstice, 813, 816, 833, 901, 902,

904, 905, 910

Declination, 391–393, 395, 402, 407, 460–468,

471, 1498, 1720–1724

change with time, 474

contour maps, 1295

distributions, analysis of, 420, 423

indicated, 413, 414, 418, 419, 422, 423

of the sun, 420, 421

Decolonization, 208–210

Decumanus, 1644, 1646–1649

Decumbiture charts, 121–122

Deferent, 1912

Deir el Bahari, 1535, 1536

Delhi, 2018–2020, 2026, 2027

Delos, 1590, 1599

Delphi, 523, 1565, 1566, 1568

Delphinus, 1683

DEM. See Digital elevation model (DEM)Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC),

1037–1040

De-naturalization, 342, 347

Dendrogram, 503, 504

Dengfeng large gnomon, 309, 2111–2116

Dexiosis, 1660, 1662, 1663, 1667Dhruva, 1996–2000Dhruvabhrama-yantra, 2013–2015Dhū l-Hijja, 1931

Diagonal star clocks, 1483–1485, 1496–1499

Differential, 1608–1610

Digital elevation model (DEM), 448–450,

452, 454

Diné, 629–638

Dinétah, 633, 635, 636

Dinsmoor, W.B., 1566, 1567

Dionysus, 1386

Dioptra, 1596

Index 2275

Dipper, 2075

Disc with twenty-eight lunar lodges,

2039, 2040

Disk-stone ray, 1369, 1371

Divider stars, 1944, 1945

Divination, 2070–2073, 2075, 2076, 2201

Divination of the Five Planets, orWuxing zhan五星占, 2034, 2035

Divinatory calendar

day names, 760, 761

eclipse recurrence in, 765

Divine instrument for pacifying luminaries,

2147

Divinization, 1655

Diyā’ al-Dı̄n Muhammad, 2011

Djebel Barkal, 1542, 1545–1547

Dolinean, 1366

Dolmens, 1448, 1449, 1802, 1803

with cup-marks, 2150, 2151

Dome of Pantheon, 1652–1654, 1656

Domus Aurea, 1655

Domus de Janas, 1406, 1407

Dorotheus, 121, 122

Dossier, World Heritage nomination, 303–305,

307, 308

Double axe constellation, 1438, 1439

Double-jamb doorway, 880–885, 888, 889

Dou Mu, 85, 87

Dowth, 1265, 1267, 1268, 1270, 1271

Draconitic cycle. See Lunar node cycleDragon Greek constellation of, 1557–1559

Dragon Star, 2074

Dreaming, 2216, 2223–2226, 2229

Dresden Codex, 71, 73, 695–707, 712, 714, 775

Drombeg, 378

Druids, 264, 266, 267, 1227

Dry-stone monuments, 1059–1076

Duality in puebloan conception of time, 654

Duat, 1473, 1474

Dunhuang manuscript, 2083

Durrington Walls, 1225, 1227, 1229, 1230,

1232, 1233, 1235, 1236

Dushara, 1814, 1817, 1818

Dust pollution, 1942, 1947

Dynamic approach in ethnoastronomy, 988,

991, 993

Dzibilchaltún, 788

EEa, 1826, 1827

Early Bronze Age, 1802

Easter computus, 172–173

Easter Island, 141, 2232, 2234, 2235, 2237,

2239–2241, 2261–2268

Eastern and western Christianity, 1774

Eastern goulets, 1061, 1064, 1065, 1070, 1074

Eastern horizon, 1714–1717

Eastern Wall, 2087

East, symbolism of, 1707

Ebers, P., 1491, 1492

Ebla/Tell Mardikh, 1804

Eclipse(s), 32–34, 71, 696, 700, 701, 751, 757,

913–919, 1415, 1419, 1763, 1838,

1856–1860, 2072–2076, 2216–2218

Eclipse cycles, 2062

Eclipse records

Chinese, 2044

Zapotec, 765

Eclipses of the Moon, 898

Ecliptic, 167, 460, 463, 465, 467, 470, 471,

494, 784, 1655, 1937, 2128, 2129, 2131

armillary sphere, 2147

co-ordinate system, 463

Ecotime, 242, 243

Eddy, J.C., 270, 542

Edmunds, M., 1604, 1613, 1619, 1620, 1623

Effigies, Medicine Wheels as, 547, 548

Égersis, 1798

E-groups, 362, 385, 783–790

Egypt, 270, 274, 281, 1471–1539, 1569, 1629,

1631, 1878–1880

Egyptian

calendar, 1903

civil calendar, 488

civil year, 1496

star clocks, 1478

temples, orientation of, 520, 521,

1501–1518

Eichú, 971–973

Eight-year cycle, 1565

Elam, 1902

El Cóporo, 665

Elements, in Greek thought, 1550–1553

Elephantine, 39, 40

Elevation, 460

model, 549

profile, 1157

Elite, observations by, 233, 235, 333

El ñandú, 1000–1001

El Tajı́n, 296

El Zape, 664

Emperor Shun Di, 2175

Emperor Wu, 2061

Emu constellation, 949

Encyclopedia of oral knowledge, 1052–1056

2276 Index

England, parish church orientations in,

1712–1715, 1717

Engonasin, 161

Enki, 1825, 1826

Enlil, 1824, 1825

Ennead, 1473, 1474

Enoch, 1884, 1885, 1890–1892, 1896

Enūma Anu Enlil, 1836–1838, 1848, 1850, 1890Enuma Elish, 1823, 1825, 1826Environment phenomena, Ticuna perceptions

of, 954–957

Epagomenal days, 1490

Epàtta, 1757

Epicycles, 1606–1614, 1616, 1618, 1620–1622

Epiphi, 1492

Epochal Excellence calendar, 2063, 2065

Equator, 1655, 1656

Equatorial armillary sphere, 2146

Equatorial co-ordinate system, 460

Equatorial ring, 1596

Equatorial sundials, 2120–2123

Equinoctial markers/alignments, 25, 374, 377,

611, 615, 616, 1164–1167, 1424, 1426,

1708–1709, 1788–1789

Equinoctial sundial, 2019

Equinox(es), 59, 466, 471, 484–486, 488, 491,

552–557, 562, 732, 735, 902, 905, 910,

1096, 1097, 1164–1167, 1433–1435,

1437, 1439, 1567, 1591, 1596,

1653–1656, 1671, 1676. See alsoTemporal equinox

ambiguity of concept of, 466, 1708–1709

Era Epoch calendar, 2065

Era Nabonassar, 35

Ereškigal, 1827

Erlitou, 2085, 2087, 2089

Esarhaddon, 97, 1848, 1850–1852

Escapement mechanism, 2134, 2136–2138

Eshtan, 1784

Esna, 1491, 1492

Etak, 61Ethiopia, 1041–1046, 1049

Ethnicities, 953, 954

Ethnoastronomical analogy, 1685

Ethnocosmology, 1450

Ethnographic

analogy, 244, 245, 247, 608, 614, 660

context, 2200, 2201

fieldwork, 999–1000, 1938

Ethnography, 617

Ethnohistory, 233–235

Ethnosciences, 240, 649–657

Etiological stellar myths, 149

Etruscan

civilization, 1637, 1638, 1642

sacred books, 1638

temples orientations, 1164, 1640–1641

Euctemon, 1626, 1627

Eudoxus (Eudoxos), 151–158, 1556–1560,

1590, 1599

Eurasian belief system, 1333

European colonists in Santurce, 1001, 1003

Eusebius, 1734

Evening star, use for weather prediction,

1117, 1119

Evening star, Venus and Mercury as, 469

Evenk, 1681–1683

Évora, 1154, 1648

Example supplements to the Chiljeongsan, 2160Exquisite Instrument, or linglong yi 玲珑仪,

2143

Externsteine, 1361

Extinction, atmospheric, 519, 520

Extremes

lunar, (see Major lunar standstill limits)planetary, 508–515

solar, (see Solstices, Solstitial sunrise andsunset directions)

solar meridian culminations, 1378

of Venus, 719, 725

Ey-as, 53

FFacts, 316–318, 323

Fa’ida, 62

Fajada Butte, 245, 273, 274, 295, 297, 381,

438, 447, 596, 598

Fajada Butte type site, 439, 440

Fakhrı̄ Sextant, 1922

Falaj stars, 1941–1943, 1945–1947False cupola, 1136, 1146

Fasti, 149Fawa’id, 49, 53, 56, 62

Feast days of saints, 765

Feţele Albe, 1366, 1374

Fenestration, 1734, 1735, 1739

Fern Cave, 594

Ferrara, 1745, 1747, 1748

Festivals, 2199, 2201

Fewkes, J.W., 566, 568, 569

Ficino, M., 129

Field-allocation astrology, 98

Fire star, 2072, 2073, 2075

First Emperor of Qin, 2089, 2091, 2092

First sighting of the lunar crescent, 1929–1931

Index 2277

First visibility, 1857

of Venus, 969, 970

Five-dot sign, 1329

Folk calendars, 1722, 1767–1771

Folklore, as source of astronomical concepts, 328

Fontvielle, 1143, 1144

Forbidden City, 2092

Foresight, 137, 143, 484, 487, 489

Formal reasoning, 1055, 1056

Forman, S., 130

Freemasonry, 1130

Frontinus, 1646

Full moon. See MoonFunnel-necked Beaker Culture (FBC)/(TRB),

1299–1304

GGabin-ja, 2161

Gai tian, 2102, 2103Galen, C., 123–126, 128–130

Galicia, 1214–1220

Gamona, 1117, 1121, 1123

Gan De (甘德), 2037Ganga, 1970, 1972, 1975

Gan.ita-Yuktibhā.sā, 2002Gan zi (sexagesimal number system), 2060Gāthā days, 1903

Gavi Gangádhrèśwara, 1960, 1961

Gemini, 536, 537

Gender-based orientation, 1071

General Terán, 664

Gengwu Yuan-li, 2160, 2161Geoglyphs, 240, 246, 821–829

Geographical information systems (GIS), 549

Georgia, 1446–1448, 1450, 1461–1467

Germany, 275

Ġgantija temples, 1422

Ghatı̄, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014Ghatı̄-yantra, 2008, 2009Gāhānbārs, 1903

Giants’ tombs, 1404–1407

Gila Butte, 560

Gilbert, A., 274

Gilbert Islands, 2239

Gilpin, L., 271

GIS reconstructions, 496

Giza, 274, 275, 487, 489, 519, 526, 1506,

1510, 1512

diagonal, 1527, 1528

plateau, 1519–1528

Glengorm, 1292–1294

Globalization, 200, 208–210

Global navigation satellite system (GNSS),

397, 399, 402–404, 406

Globe, celestial, 1590, 1595

Gnomon(s), 245, 548, 1103, 1209, 1210, 1590,

1591, 1595, 1596, 1599, 1600,

2008–2010, 2014

calendar, 2109

shadow length, 2095–2097, 2102, 2103

shadow measurement, 2095, 2096,

2102, 2103

use of, 2118

Gnomonics, 1590, 1592, 1601

Gnomon with template guibiao (圭表), 2037GNSS. See Global navigation satellite system

(GNSS)

Göbekli Tepe, 140, 1080

Gobustan, 1444–1446

God-Sun, 1379, 1384

Goguryeo tombs, 2152–2156

Going train, 2183–2185, 2187, 2193

Gokhnari, 1447

Golden numbers, 1775–1777, 1779

Golyama arsenalka, 1390–1392, 1394

Google maps, 1712, 1717

Goseck, 137, 139, 276

Goths, 1358, 1359, 1361

Governor’s Palace at Uxmal, 362

GPS, 538

Gradualist model, 149, 152

Gran Canaria, 1116–1118, 1120–1123

Gran Chaco, 998, 999

Grand (village in Lorraine), 1593, 1597

Grand Commencement System of Calendrical

Astronomy, or Taichu li (太初历), 2041Grand Menhir Brisé, 379

Grand Monad and Nine Lodges Divination,

2035, 2036

Grand Scribe’s Records, 2089, 2091Great Bear constellation, 151, 158,

1557–1559

Great Comet of 1882, 1040

Great Goddess-mother, 1379, 1384

Great Houses, 577–589

Great Inception calendar, 2061–2062, 2064

Great Mother-Goddess (Cybele), 1387, 1388

Great Plains, 541–550

Great Pyramid [of Giza], 1520

Great Round Sanctuary, 1367, 1372–1374

Greek(s), 1163, 1164, 1549–1598, 1644,

1878–1880

influences, 1396

mythology, 1401

Green archaeoastronomy, 355

2278 Index

Greenwich, 302

Gregorian, 1108–1112, 1664

reform, 1779

Grey Mare, 161

Griffith observatory, 267–270, 275, 278,

280, 282

Grifoni, 1390, 1392, 1394

Großgartach, 1318, 1319Group E, at Uaxactún, 783–790

Guanches, 1127, 1129Guarani, 975–980

culture, 977

history and archaeology, 975–980

Guatemala, 769

Guaycuru groups, 998–1000

Guest stars, Chinese records of, 2046

Guianas the, 932–936, 938–943

Guiding stars, 538

Guillaume Brouscon, 58

G€uı́mar, 1125–1130Guinea pigs sacrifice of on day of anti-zenith

sun, 888

Guo Shoujing, 2113–2116, 2176

Guo Shoujing’s armillary sphere, 2130, 2131

Gyosik Chubobeob, 2161Gyujanggak library, 2161

HHa‘amonga-a-Maui, 2236, 2237

Hadı̂th, 195

Hadramawt, 1938

Hadrian, 1652, 1654, 1655, 1657

Hadrian’s Mausoleum, 1657

Hadrian’s Villa, 454

Ħagar Qim, 1423, 1425Hagia Sophia, 1735

Hain, 1006, 1007, 1009Hākimı̂ Zı̄j, 1922Hall of Supreme Harmony, 82, 85

Hancock, G., 274

Han Dynasty, 2092

Harmonic Convergence, 276

Hathor, 1080, 1491, 1492

Hatshepsut, 1503, 1507, 1534–1536

Hattusa, 1837

Hausa, 1110

Hausterretza, 1188, 1191–1194Hawaiian calendar, 2252

Hawaiian Islands, 2248, 2251, 2253, 2257

Hawaiian temples, 524

Hawass, Z., 274

Hawkins, G.S., 214–218, 221, 222, 224, 266–270

Hay-making stars, 1762–1764

Heart Star, 2074

Heavenly Elk, 1682

Heavenly mandate, 98

Hebrew, 1884–1885

Hecate, 496

Heel Stone, 1227, 1229, 1231, 1234, 1236

Hegemony, 235

Heiau, 2234, 2235, 2238, 2242, 2250, 2251,2253–2255, 2257

Heliacal

rise/rising, 464, 970, 972, 973, 1082, 1428,

1433, 1434, 1498, 1576, 1578, 1579

set/setting, 465, 470, 631, 637, 1434

Helice, 1558

Heliopolis, 1528, 1600

Heliopolitan cosmogony, 1474

Helios, 1597

Hellenistic astronomy, 1982, 1984, 1985

Helvetia, 1390, 1392, 1394

Hemerologia, 1570Hemerologies, 119, 2083

Henges, 1241–1246

Hera, 1663, 1667

Heraclides Criticus, 1173

Herero, 1035

Hermopolis, 496

Hermopolitan cosmogony, 1474

Herodot, 1366

Hesiod, 18, 20, 22, 151–152, 1564, 1565,

1567, 1625

Hešta-house, 1787

Heyerdahl, thor 1127

Hierophanies, 270, 271, 788, 789,

1654, 1656

Hierothesion, 1660, 1662, 1664–1667High Room of the Sun, 81

Himyarite calendar, 1936

Hipparchus (Hipparchos), 153, 154, 158, 1367,

1368, 1370, 1372, 1556, 1560, 1594

Hipparchus, planispheric astrolabe, 1372

Hipparchus’ stereographic projection, 1367,

1368, 1370

Hippocrates, 118, 122–126, 128, 129

Hippocratic corpus, 122–123

Historical evidence relating to astronomy,

325–337

Historical heritage, 289, 290, 295

History, perceptions of archaeoastronomy

within, 229, 230, 233–235

History of science, 229, 326–328, 336

Hittites, 484, 1783–1791, 1814

Hogan, 632, 636, 638

Index 2279

Hohokam Culture, 552

Hole-in-the-Rock, 556, 557

Holly House rock shelter, 598

Holocene, 1060

Holy People, 631–633, 635, 636

Homer, 52, 53, 151–152, 1564

Honduras, 769

Hopi, 642–644, 646, 649–657, 1210

calendar, 20

Horizon (software), 446, 447, 449–451,

454, 455

Horizon astronomy, 936

Horizon calendars, 653, 2100, 2109

Horizon distance, 1157

Horizon features, 1156, 1157

Horizon markers, 334, 653, 1158

Horizon pillars, 833, 836, 873

Horizons (NASA), 454

Horizontal co-ordinate system, 460

Horoscope(s), 98, 99, 105, 106, 111, 114,

1598, 1630–1634, 1660, 1662,

1663, 1872

Horoscopic point, 1597

Horse race, 1757

Horseshoe, 1154, 1155

Hosios Loukas, 1739

Hoskin, M., 218, 220, 223

Houghton St Giles, 1716

Hour, seasonal and equinoctial, 1592

Hour stars, 1496–1499

House (astrological), 1598

Houses Bronze Age, 1307–1315

Hovenweep, 259, 598

Hovenweep-type site, 438

Huamén Poma, 72, 74

Huayna Capac, 867, 873–875

Hucha, 917Huelva, 1150

Huexotla, 513, 514

Huihui-li, 2159, 2161Huihui-li Jing, 2160Huitzilopochtli, 744

Humanities perceptions of archaeoastronomy

within, 228–230

Humanized landscape, 927

Humors, 118, 122–127, 130

Hunter (Southern African constellation), 1034

Hun tian, 2103Hyades, 149, 151, 932, 933, 940, 1208–1210

Hydra, 150

Hyginus, 149, 1646 (COMP: Wrongly spelt as

Hyginius in page 1646)

Hyginus Gromaticus, 1753

IIatromathematics, 119

Iberia. See Iberian PeninsulaIberian culture, 1097, 1163, 1164

Iberian peninsula, 515, 1163

Iberian sanctuaries, 1163–1168

Ibn al Haytham, 1104

Ibn al-Zarqāllu, 1922

Ibn Majid, 49, 53, 56, 62

IbnYūnus, 1921, 1922

ICOMOS. See International Council onMonuments and Sites (ICOMOS)

Identities, 288–291, 295, 296

Identity, 342–344, 348–350,

1002–1003

Ideology, justifying cosmic order, 235

Igloolik, 533–535, 537, 538

Ilkhānı̂ Zı̄j, 1923Illahun, 39, 40

Illapa, 914

Imago mundi, 7, 9

Imhotep, 1172

Imperial Palace, Beijing, 82, 84, 85

Imperishable stars, 1508

Imported cosmological principles, 2201

Inanna, 1785

Inca(s), 72, 74, 82, 831–836,

852–861

calendar, 19, 23

empires, 484, 488, 893

Inclination of the sky, 1367

India, 1880, 1949–2028

Indian lunar zodiac, 1938

Indicated declinations, 413, 414, 418, 419,

422, 423,

Indicated horizon, 416

Indication, 413, 414, 416, 419, 420

Indicator stars, 1945

Indigenous astronomies, 197–210

Indigenous knowledge, 946, 949

Indigenous peoples, 1679–1685. See alsoAboriginal peoples

Indo-Europeans, 1214, 1220

Indo-Persian astrolabes, 2010–2011

Inferior conjunction, 470

Inferior planets, synodic phenomena

of, 469

Infinite series, 2002, 2006

Information science, 548, 549

Instrument making, 2159, 2161, 2162

Instruments, 356, 357, 1587–1588

Integrity, 304, 306, 310

Intentionality, 254, 255

2280 Index

Intercalary, 1565–1567, 1842, 1844

cycles,1565–1567

day, 1437

month, 1788, 1842, 1951

Intercalations, 1043, 1046, 1770, 1842–1844,

1903, 1904

Intercultural interaction, 1730, 1731

Interdisciplinary approach(es), 2199–2201

Interdisciplinary perspectives, 2201

Interethnic contact, 197

Interethnic systems, 988, 992–994

International Council on Monuments and Sites

(ICOMOS), 302–303, 307, 309

International Society for Archaeoastronomy

and Astronomy in Culture (ISAAC),

228, 229

Inti, 913

Intimachay, 886–889, 900–905, 910

Intip Raymin, 842, 843,

845–847

Inti Raymi, 894

Inuit, 533–538

Inundation, season of the1507

Iordanes, 1366

Iosephus Flavius, 1366

Ipet Sut, 1531, 1532, 1534,

1536–1538

Irish high crosses, 1739

Iron Age, 1154, 1801–1811

ISAAC. See International Society forArchaeoastronomy and Astronomy in

Culture (ISAAC)

Isba, 53, 54, 56Ishtanu, 1785

Ishtar, 1785

Isidor de Sevilla(Isidore of Seville),

1366, 1696

Isis-Djamet, 1478–1480

Islam, Astronomy in the service of, 181–194,

1697,

Islamic

astronomy, 1103, 1105, 1982,

1984, 1987

calendar, 1104, 1105

lunar calendar, 484, 1108–1113, 1936,

2212–2213

sacred law, 182–184, 190,

193–195

Island of the Sun, 893–895

Is Paras, 365, 366

Italian medieval churches, 382

Iwaniszewski, S., 219

Izapa, 278

JJagyeongnu (自擊漏, ‘automatic-striking

water-clock’), 2164

Jaipur, 2018, 2021–2023, 2025–2027. See alsoJantar Mantar

Jang Yeong-sil (蔣英實), 2164Jantar Mantar, 134, 296, 302

Japan, 2197–2201

Javanese, skylore, 2208–2213

Jebel al-Mutawwaq, 1802, 1803

Jenkins, J., 277, 278

Jesuits, 2025, 2027

Jewish agricultural colony, 998

Jewish Colonization Association, 998

Jibhyeon-jeon, 2159Jones, A., 1614, 1619

Joseon dynasty, 2164, 2174

Joshua Tree National Park site, 437, 438

Jubilees, Book of, 1896–1898

Julian calendar, 17, 22, 1108, 1109, 1111,

1768, 1774, 1775, 1778, 1779, 1903,

1936

Julian dates, 1720, 1721

Julius Caesar, 69

June solstice, 813, 815, 817, 818, 833,

834, 894, 895, 903, 905, 967–970,

972, 1229

Jupiter, 1662–1664, 2071, 2075

synodic phenomena of, 470

Jyes˙t˙hadeva, 2002, 2005

Jyotisa, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1988Jyotisa-vedānga, 1953–1956

KKa’aba, 183, 189–191, 194, 195, 484, 1688,

1690, 1692, 1696, 1700–1702,

1930–1933, 2210

Kachinas, 656

Ka-her-ka, 1491

Kahikinui, 2238, 2239, 2242, 2253–2258

Kakunupmawa, 76Kalakol, 1042, 1047

Kalasasaya, 803, 804

Kali-yuga, 1995Kallippic Dial, 1614, 1617

Kama, 917

Kamal, 53, 56Kanaloa, 2248–2251

Kāne, 2248–2251, 2254, 2256

Karanapaddhati, 1992, 1999–2000Karanas, 1985–1987Karanovo, 1378–1380

Index 2281

Karantika, 2209Karnak, 81, 142, 1503, 1505, 1507, 1510,

1531–1539

Kartika, 2209Kashmir, 1962, 1963

Katcina cycle, 611

Kenya, 1042, 1047

Kepler, Johannes, 2003, 2004

Kerala school, 2001–2006

Ker 17 pictograph site, 598

Ket, 1681

Keyhole monuments, 1061, 1064–1066, 1069,

1070, 1074, 1076

Khafre’s pyramid, 1520–1525, 1527, 1528

Khakas, 1681

Khanda-dhruva, 1996Khanda-dina, 1995–1997, 1999,Khanty, 1681, 1682

Khariparia, 1463

Khevsureti, 1463–1465

Khipu, 27, 382, 841, 849

Khoisan, 1032–1034

Khomli, 1462, 1463

Khufu, Great Pyramid of, 519, 1510, 1520,

1521, 1523–1528

Killa, 913

King Sejong, 2159, 2162, 2164

King Sejong’s Striking Palace Clepsydra,

2171, 2173, 2176

Kiva, 567, 569

Klóketen, 1007

Knocknarea, 1137

Knossos, 1432–1436, 1439

Knowth, 1265–1273

calendar stone, 382

Kögler Ignaz, 2147

Kokino, 140, 141, 377

Komi, 1207

Kompassgr€aber, 1061, 1064, 1066, 1074Korea, 2149–2195, 2198, 2201

Korean dolmens, 2149–2156

Koryak, 1683

Kosthaka, 1987Kreisgrabenanlagen, 448

Kū, 2248–2250, 2252, 2254, 2256, 2257

Kukulcán (Chichen Itza), 270, 271

Kumeyaay, 595

Kumukahi, Cape, 2239

Kumulipo, 2251Kurdu, 1102–1105

Kush, 1541–1547

Kush, Kingdom of, 1506

Kushuh, 496

LLabrador, 534

Labyrinths, 827, 828

Lagadha, 1953–1954

Lake Tanganyika, 1037–1039

Lake Titicaca, 894

La Mesa de Miranda, 1177–1179

Landscape, Arawak, 932, 934, 936, 937, 939,

941–943

Landscape archaeology, 549

Landscape-based orientation, 1076

Landscape, Irish, 1249–1261

Langeneichst€adt, 275Languedoc-type dolmens, 499

Lapita peoples, 2232

La Rumorosa, 437, 595, 597, 599, 663

Lascaux, 246, 247, 322, 1203, 1206–1211

Las Haldas, 798–801

Las Labradas, 661, 662

Las Lajitas, 137, 138

Last visibility, 1857

Late Archaic Period, 796–797

Late Neolithic, 1226

Later Vedic period, 1950–1953

La Tête du Lion, 1203, 1209, 1210

La Tierra Caı́da, 1152

Latitude, determination by gnomon, 2095

Latitudinal motion, 2003, 2004

Layered cosmos, 327, 329–330

Leeway, 45–46

Le Gentil, 1966

Legitimization, political, 235

Length of the sun’s shadow, 2115

Lengyel, 1318, 1319, 1321, 1322,1324, 1325

Leo, 1663, 1664, 1666, 1667

Levant, 1783, 1801–1811

Libya, 1094, 1095, 1097

Lifeworld, 4–6, 8

Light-and-shadow, 358, 365–366, 368, 375,

380–383, 427–443, 552, 553, 556, 557,

561, 663, 664

intentionality of, 429, 433, 434

observations, 833

Light as a symbol of Christ, 1734,

1735, 1739

Lighting effects in Christian churches,

1734–1735, 1740, 1746, 1748

Light pollution, 1943, 1947

Linde-li, 2158Linealism, 2198

Linear A, 1432

Linear calendars, 19

2282 Index

Linear Pottery culture, 1318

Line of nodes, 494

Lion horoscope, 1660

Lisbon, 1150

Little Bear, 1558

Lived cosmovision, 1680

Lixus, 1794Llanos de Moxos, 960, 961, 964

Lo‘alo‘a heiau, 2242, 2253Lockyer, J.N., 269

Lofty bronze gnomon, 2159

Lokono, Wapisiana, 933

Long barrows, 1224, 1234

Long Count, 19, 89, 696, 697, 710–712

Longitude, determination of, 57, 94, 96

Longshan culture, 2106

Longue durée, 150, 1685Lono, 2248–2250, 2252–2254, 2256, 2257

Los Angeles Times, 269, 272Los Millares, 1136, 1140

Luba people (DRC), 1037–1040

Lucan, 53

Lugnasad, 487

Luiseño, 601

Lukasa(Luba mnemonic device), 1040

Lunar

alignments, 493–505, 1302

anomaly (see anomaly, lunar)calendars, 10–12, 20, 1033, 1046

Cult, 832–833

eclipses, 915, 916, 1785

lodges (see Lunar mansions)mansions, 1103, 1928–1931, 1951, 1952,

1954, 2052, 2053

months, 7, 653, 1665, 1786

node cycle, 25, 26, 467, 468, 751, 1280,

1283, 1284, 1291

nodes, 467, 468, 898

orientations, 900, 1374

parallax, 463, 494

phase cycle, 20, 22, 23, 1002

Series, 710–712, 714

standstill limits, 383, 421, 422, 467–468,

1235, 1723, 2108

standstills, 59, 334, 467–468, 494–496,

498, 500, 719, 725

stations, 1938, 1939

synodic counts, 241

year, 1433

Lunation, 466

Luni, 1646

Lunisolar, calendars, 11, 21, 24, 25, 1569,

1841–1845, 1867, 1954, 2071

Luni-stellar calendar, 1047

Lunistice(s), 467–468, 750, 751, 753, 756, 757,

1455. See alsoMajor northern lunistice;Major southern lunistice

Lupus, 161

Lyra, 835

MMAA. See Monument with small auxiliary

towers (MAA)

Macedonian lunar months, 1569–1570

Machine language, 1055

Machu Picchu, 143, 144, 258, 833

MacKie, E., 216, 218, 221, 224

Mādhava, 2002

Madhyama-graha, 2003Madrasa, 187, 192, 195Magellanic Clouds, 1034

Maghrib, 186, 190, 195

Magura cave, 1381–1383

Mahendra Sūri, 2012

M€ahrisch-Ostösterreichische Gruppe, 1318Maipurean language family, 932

Majanos, 1125–1130

Major lunar standstill limits, 468, 469, 481, 515

Major lunar standstills, 467–469, 480, 481,

899, 1094, 1095, 1165, 1168, 1281,

1433, 1434, 1439

Major lunistices. See Major lunar standstilllimits

Major northern lunistice, 903, 905, 1455, 1788.

See also Major lunar standstill limitsMajor southern lunistice, 1399, 1408, 1409.

See also Major lunar standstill limitsMakahiki season, 2252

Makara Sankranti, 1970Mali, 1109, 1112

Mallorca, 1169, 1172

Malville, J.M., 566, 568–570

Mamlûks, 195

Management of World Heritage Sites, 303,

304, 306, 307

Manco Inca, 898

Manda-correction, 2003, 2004Mandakendra, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2000Mandala, 7

Mandaladhruva, 1997Manda-samskāra, 2003

Manda-sphutagraha, 2003Mandate of Heaven, 2060, 2061, 2065

Mandocca, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999Maneaba, 61

Index 2283

Mangareva, 2239

Mangi, 1682

Mangsa, 2211, 2212Mañic, 1000, 1001

Manilius, M., 60, 72

Marae, 2234, 2235Marāgha observatory, 142, 1918, 1922, 1923

Marcus Cetio Faventinus, 1753

Marquesas, 2232, 2236

Mars, 33, 696, 697, 702–704, 706, 1662–1664,

1666

synodic phenomena of, 470

Marshack, A., 247

Marzabotto, 1645

Matarrubilla, 1136, 1138

Material culture, 289, 290, 316, 317

Mathematical astronomy, 1880

Mathematics, 1583–1588, 1982, 1986

Mathura, 2018, 2023–2025

Mattang, 62

Maui, 2238

Maure, 1108

Mausoleum of Augustus, 1657

Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, 1735–1737

Maya, 71, 73, 89, 257–259, 270, 272, 273,

276–281, 730, 732, 735, 769–775, 777

Long Count, 276, 732

McCluskey, S., 217, 221

Mean conjunction, 1886, 1887

Mean planet, 2003

Mean sun, 2003–2005

Mecca, 2210, 2213

Mechir, 1492

Medellı́n, 1648

Medical astrology, 119, 124, 129

Medical education, 127–128

Medicine, astral, 1873–1874

Medicine Men, 638

Medicine Wheels, 270, 522, 523, 527, 541–550

Medieval, Islam, 182–184, 186, 188, 190,

192–195

Medieval parish churches, 1711–1717

Medina Azahara, 1691–1693

Megalithic

astronomy, 1289

calendar, 25

complex, 1446

cromlechs, 1153–1161

enclosures, 503

lunar observatories, 380

sites associated with saroiak, 1192–1194

tombs, 1135–1147

Melancholy, treatment of, 129, 130

Meleia, 1366, 1374

Melothesia, 118, 120–121, 128

Memoir of Respectful Veneration PavilionHeumgyeonggakgi (欽敬閣記), 2169,2173

Memorials Medicine Wheels as, 544, 547

Memphis, 35, 39, 40

Memphite cosmogony, 1474

Menchet, 1492

Menga, 1136–1138

Menhir(s), 1154–1157, 1161, 1464, 1465

engraved menhir, 1154, 1155, 1161

Menkaure’s pyramid, 1520, 1521, 1524, 1527

Menorca, 1144, 1146, 1169–1174

Mentuhotep II, 1535, 1536

Meratus Dayak, 2208

Merazig, 1108–1109, 1111

Mercury, 33, 1662–1664, 1666, 1667, 1817

synodic phenomena of, 469, 470

Mérida, 1648

Meridian, 464, 466, 1496, 1498

convergence, 451, 454

lines, 296, 432–434

Meroe, 1542, 1545, 1546

Mesa Grande, 559, 561

Mesa San Carlos, 599, 601

Mesa Verde National Park, 566–574

Meskhetyu, 1478, 1480–1483, 1506, 1508,

1510, 1512, 1538

Mesoamerica, 488, 491, 683–791

Mesoamerican 365-day year, 740

Mesoamerican frontier, 660

Mesolithic, 1154

Mesopotamia, 70, 71, 150, 151

Mesopotamian influences in India, proposed,

1984

Mesopotamian calendar, 1664

Mesore, 1491

Metamorphoses, 160Meteorites, 1766

Meteors, 835

Methodology in ethnoastronomy, 342, 343,

350, 548–549

Meton, 1567, 1626, 1627

Metonic cycle, 1606–1608, 1617, 2061

Metrology, 1052

Mexicas, 743, 744

Mexico, 270, 272, 277, 278, 749, 769, 2089

Mexico-Tenochtitlan, 747

Microfocus X-ray Computed Tomography,

1610

Middle Bronze Age, 1807–1810

Middle Paleolithic, 1198

2284 Index

Midnight Sun, 534

Midsummer full moon, 1291

Migration symbols, 611, 612

Mihrâb, 195, 1696, 1700

Miletus, 1594, 1595

Milky Way, 908, 909, 983, 984, 1000, 1001,

1039, 1209, 1211, 1595, 1682, 1683,

2091, 2092

Miller, W., 594–596

Ming Dynasty, 82, 2092

Minhaj, 56Minoan astronomy, 1431–1440

Minor lunar standstill limits, 467, 481

Minor lunar standstills, 467, 480, 481, 1279,

1280, 1284

Minor lunistice. See Minor lunar standstilllimits

Mishmarot, 1897Mithra, 1905

Mittelsberg Hill, 275

Mizar, 1681

Mnajdra, 367

South Temple, 1424, 1426–1429

Model of solar system, 1104–1105, 1670–1674

Monastery of Corvey, 1737

Monastery of Saint John in M€ustair, 1739Monastery of San Vincenzo al Volturno, 1737–

1739

Monks Mound, 798

Monochrome paintings, 1378, 1381–1383

Monsoon, 47, 59, 60, 1951

Montaña Santidad, 1120, 1122

Mont Bego, 1214

Month, 7, 11, 12, 20–22, 467, 760, 763, 764,

1564–1570

Monument with small auxiliary towers (MAA),

1061, 1065, 1071, 1076

Moon, 17, 18, 21–23, 25, 26, 28, 466–469,

494–505, 512, 515, 709–714, 725,

750–755, 757, 784, 789, 832, 834–836,

982, 983, 1002–1003, 1350–1354,

1415–1417, 1419, 1444, 1445, 1447,

1449, 1630–1632, 1662–1664, 1666,

1667, 1674, 1675, 1785, 1788,

2216–2218

Autumn Full Moon, 1160

-carriage apparatus, 2182, 2184, 2186,

2187, 2192, 2193

Full moon, 495, 499–505, 1785

Full moon crossover, 1157, 1160

phases of, 1002, 1627

Spring Full Moon, 1156, 1160

tilt of the crescent Moon, 59

“Moon-months”, Inuit, 537

Moray, 867, 869–873

Morning star, Venus and Mercury as, 469

Morocco, 1094, 1097, 1108

Mortuary monuments, medicine wheels as, 547

Mosaic inscriptions, 1735

Mosques, 183, 187–190, 192–195,

1688–1693

Mountain worship, 921–928

Mount Pelion, 1173

Mount Picchu, 899–900

Moving stars, Ticuna, 954

Moxos’ lagoons, 959–965

Mravalai, 1463

Mu’ayyad al-Dı̄n al-‘Urdı̄, 1923

Muezzin, 187, 189, 195

Muhammad Muqı̄m, 2011

MuhTrta, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956Mul-Apin, 1830–1832, 1890Multi-disciplinary assessment in World

Heritage context, 305, 310

Mundo Perdido, 788

Mural quadrant, 1918, 1921

Mursi calendar, 16, 18, 21, 23, 1041–1049

Mursili II, 1784, 1785

Mutau Flat, 437, 599

Muwaqqit, 187, 188, 192, 195Mycenaeans, 1137, 1432, 1437, 1440, 1564

Mystery of Stonehenge, 267, 270Mythological astronomy, 953–957

Mythology, Inuit, 536–537

NNabataeans, 1813–1820

Nabta Playa, 297, 527, 1079–1090

Nadir, 460, 464

Naegele’s Rule, 1203

Nairuz, 59Naked eye observation, 242

Naksatras, 1951, 1952, 1954

Namoratung’a II, 377, 527

Nanna, 496, 498

Napata, 1542, 1543, 1545–1547

Nō Rūz, 1903

NASA

Horizons service, 454

SRTM, 450

Nasca culture, 822, 825

Nası̄r al-Dı̄nTūsı̄ parallactic ruler, 1923

National Archaeological Museum in Athens,

1604, 1605, 1610, 1618, 1623

Nationalism, 1361–1362

Index 2285

National movements, 207–208

National Palace Museum of Korea,

2169, 2173

Nautical astrolabe, 55, 56

Nautical guide, 62

Nautical quadrant, 54

Navajo, 602, 603, 1210

Navetas, 1144, 1146, 1147

Navigation, 43–63, 537, 538, 1439, 1440

Navigational nayrTz calendar, 1936Nazca, 246, 520, 822, 825

Nazca lines, 822, 825–828

Nazi, 1361–1362

Nea Moni, 1739

Nebra Disk, 275, 1343, 1344, 1349–1355

Necker Island, 2238, 2241

Needham, J., 2006, 2164, 2169, 2175

Nefertum, 1473

Nekhet, 1479, 1480, 1485

Nemrud Dag, 1659–1667

Neolithic, 1154, 1156, 1307–1315, 1317–1325,

1378–1379, 2085

Nergal, 1827

New Age, 272, 274, 277

Newgrange, 142, 295, 296, 434, 435,

1265–1268, 1270, 1271, 1273–1275

Newham, C.A., 270

New Mexico, 273

New moon, 495

sighting, 1884–1886

New Zealand, 2232, 2233

Nganasan, 1683

Niger, 1109, 1110

Nigeria, 1110

Nihonjinron, 2199Ni‘ihau, 2251

Nı̄lakaņţha, 2003–2005

Nile, 1535, 1538, 1539, 1542, 1543, 1546,

1547

Nile Valley, 1080

Nine-compartment ball-timing compartment-

drum wheel, 2187–2190, 2194

Nineteen-year lunar cycle, 1439, 1567, 1884,

1886, 1887. See also Lunar node cycleNineveh, 1848

Ningal, 496

Ninmah, 1826

Nocturnal clock, 1762

Nola, 1646

Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans, 1771Nomos, 1660, 1663, 1665, 1667Noon, 760

local, 466

Norba, 1647

“Normal science”, 336

Normal stars, 1833

Norte Chico, 796–797, 805

North Africa, 1093–1099, 1101–1105,

1107–1113, 1164, 1166

Northern Eurasia, 1679–1685

Northern lights, 1756

Numi-Torum, 1682

Nunavut, 534, 536

Nuntarriyashas, 1787, 1788Nuraghes (Nuraghi), 1144, 1403–1411

Nuraghic culture, 1414

Nuri, 1545–1547

OOberlauterbach, 1318, 1319Obliquity of the ecliptic, 465, 474, 479–481,

1965

Observations

anticipatory, 653

confirmatory, 653

to determine Christian feast dates, 171, 173

to determine Christian prayer times, 166

precise, 231

role of, in Islamic world, 1914

Observatories

Carahunge interpreted as, 1453, 1456

E-groups conceived as, 784–785, 787–790

as heritage category, 356

Medicine Wheels conceived as, 548

Roque Bentaiga interpreted as, 1120

as a term, 134–144, 357

October ceremony, 924–925

Odry, 377, 1357–1362

Odrysian kingdom, 1386

Ogboni cult, 1053

Ogdoad, 1474

Old St. Peter’s, 1734

Ollantaytambo, 866–869

Olympia, 1565

Olympiad dial, 1614, 1617

Oman, 1941–1947

Omens, 70–72, 96–99, 1835, 1837, 1838,

1877–1879, 2228

O’odham, 552, 556, 558, 559, 561

Operational Guidelines UNESCO, 303, 304

Opposition, planetary, 470

Oracle bone inscriptions, 2044, 2045, 2052,

2069–2076, 2118

Oral history, 2250, 2257

Oral tradition, 1946

2286 Index

Orbits, planetary, 1104, 1105

Orientation, 166, 167, 172, 176, 177, 183,

190, 192, 195, 548, 1060, 1064–1076,

1250, 1255, 1257–1260, 1308–1314,

1320–1325, 1673, 1711–1717

of churches, 1696, 1703–1709

of the dead, 1301

equinoctial, 1706–1708

upon feast day, 1708

upon foundation date, 1708

of Giza pyramids, 1523–1526

of megalithic monuments, 494, 495

structural, 375–380, 383, 413–417, 423

towards mountain peaks, 1401

true east, 1704

of visibility, 1295

Orion, 274, 275, 1034, 1329–1331, 1439, 1682,

1683, 2075, 2208–2211, 2213

Orion mystery, 1522–1523

Orion’s Belt, 934, 936, 937, 939, 940, 942,

1242–1246

Orisha/Vodun, 1051–1058

Orita, 1056Orongo, 384, 2237, 2240

Oropos, 1590, 1592

Orpheus, 1386

Orunmila/Ifa, 1052–1054

Osiris, 1473, 1474

Ostrusha, 1390, 1392, 1394

Otomı́, 744, 746

Ottomans, 195

Outliers (statistical), 423

Outlined cross, 558, 559

Outstanding universal value (OUV),

302–310

Oxford conferences, 219, 221

Oxford I conference, 221

PPachons, 1492

Padmanābha, 2013, 2014

PAH-triad, 923, 927

Painted stick IIM22:43, 2097–2102

Paleo-almanacs, 1198, 1201

Pallka, 799

Palma Sola, 661

Pānānā sighting wall, 526, 2256, 2258

Pañca-siddhāntikā, 1956, 1957Pantheon, 142, 359, 365, 434, 436, 1651–1658

Paophi, 1492

Papago, 552, 557, 560

Parallax, lunar, 463, 494

Parameśvara, 2002, 2003

Parapegmata, 20, 26, 1569, 1574, 1579, 1590,

1594, 1595, 1618, 1619, 1626–1628

Parker, R.A., 34, 35, 39

Parthians, 1902

Paschal moon, 499, 504

Passage tombs, 1251–1261, 1263–1271,

1273, 1275

Passover, 1884–1886

Patron saint’s feast day, 1712, 1715–1717

Patterns of light interaction, 611

Paul the Silentiary, 1735

Payni, 1492

PCA. See Principal component analysis (PCA)Peak sanctuaries, 1432–1434

“Pecked basin”, 569, 570, 572

Pegasus, 1937, 1938, 2087, 2088, 2092

Pella/Tabaqat al-Faql, 1808

Peña de Los Enamorados, 1137

Penasco Blanco, 255, 594, 595

Pendulum, 2184, 2185, 2191, 2193, 2194

Peret, 1507, 1510

Peri-ecliptic band (zodiacal band), 784

Persian empire, 1569

Persian Yazdagird calendar, 1936

Petra, 496, 497, 1813–1820

Petrified Forest National Park, 598, 600

Petroglyphs, 240, 246, 1444, 1445, 2263, 2266

Petroglyph (supposed), 578, 610. See also Crabsupernova

Petsophas, 1432–1435, 1439

Phaenomena, 1556–1560Phalaka-yantra, 2010Phamenoth, 1492

Pharmuthi, 1491, 1492

Phenological almanacs, 1206–1207

Phenological depictions, 1198

Philoponus, 1594

Philosophy, 1549, 1550, 1553

Phlegm, 120, 123, 124, 127

Phoenicians, 1163, 1168, 1793–1798

Phoenix Mountains, 553, 555, 556

PhotoFly, 451

Physical sciences, perceptions of

archaeoastronomy within, 228,

230–232

Piacenza liver, 1639, 1640

Piatra Craivii, 1366

Pictograms. See PictographsPictographs, 240, 570–573, 1464, 1465

Pilagá, 982

Pilgrimage, 894

Pilgrimage festivals, 588, 589

Index 2287

Pima, 552

Pin-and-slot mechanism, 1610–1612, 1618,

1620

Piscis Austrinus, 150

Pithouses, 567

Piyé (term), 760, 764

Planetarium analogy for E-groups, 788–790

Planetary

conjunctions, 1663

model, 2003–2005

periods, 1858, 1859

Planets, 834–836, 1104, 1606, 1618–1623,

1630–1634, 1670, 1671, 1673, 1674

Chinese observations of, 2047

Planetta, 1757

Platform for Heaven Communication, or

lingtai 灵台, 2143, 2144Platform for Heaven Inquiry, or houtaiy 候台,

2142

Platform for Heavenly Communication, or

lingtai (灵台), 2034Platform mounds, 552, 557, 559–561, 796, 805

Plato, 1595

Pleiades, 149, 151, 536, 537, 734, 834, 835,

918, 932, 933, 936, 938–941, 948, 949,

971–973, 982, 1033, 1034, 1117, 1203,

1208–1210, 1214, 1350, 1352, 1353,

1355, 1426–1429, 1462, 1683, 1785,

1790, 1791, 2153–2156, 2208, 2209,

2211, 2213, 2236, 2238, 2240–2242,

2252, 2254, 2256

Pleiades conjunction calendar, 1938

Pliny, 1595, 1600, 1796

Podomorphs, 1116, 1118, 1119, 1217

Polaris, 474, 478, 536, 538, 1211, 1683

Pole star. See PolarisPolynesia, 2231–2242, 2247–2258, 2261–2267

Polynomial texture mapping, 1610, 1613,

1617, 1618

Polysemic nature of rock art, 243

Pompeii, 1590, 1593, 1595

Popular astronomies, 202, 205

Popular calendars, 1111

Porphyrios, 1366

Portal tombs, 1252, 1253, 1255, 1256, 1259

Portela de Mogos, 1154–1156, 1161

Portulano, 54, 56

Posidonios, 1618

Positional astronomy, 459–471

Positivism, 360

Postprocessual archaeology, 253–255

Power to stimulate an emotional response, 1734

Pranatamangsa, 2211, 2212

Prayer(s), 1103, 1105, 1930–1933

direction of, 1705

to the Gods of Night, 1831

time of, 436, 1929–1931

towards the rising sun, 1734

Precession, 247, 473–479, 481, 1911, 1913,

2062, 2065

Precession of the lunar nodes, 2129

Precision (of the equinoxes), 231, 375–376,

385, 2129

Prediction, 231, 232, 234

of eclipses, 232, 898

Pre-Greek astral traditions, 154

Prehistoric markers, church alignments upon,

1739

Pre-Islamic religious monuments, 1093–1099

Presa de La Mula, 663, 664

Price, Derek de Solla, 1607

Principal component analysis (PCA), 503–504

Procedure texts, 1864, 1867–1869

Processual archaeology, 253–255

Procopius, 1735

Property, cultural, 292, 294, 303, 304, 306,

307, 309, 310

Proscenia, 784, 787, 789

Protection of heritage, 303, 304, 307

Proverbs, Yemeni, 1939

Prudden unit-type structures, 579

Ptah, 1474

Ptolemy, C., 118, 119, 123–126, 128, 129, 148,

154, 1590, 1594, 1596, 1597, 1599,

1627, 1628, 1910–1914

Ptolemy’s Canon, 32, 35

Pueblo Bonito, 578–581, 588

Pueblo Grande, 559, 560

Puebloan peoples, 72, 231–233, 622, 624,

627, 630, 631, 637, 638, 641–647,

649–657

Pumasillo, 881

Punic temples and sanctuaries, 1094,

1096–1098, 1163, 1164, 1166

Puppis, 148

Purple Subtlety Court (紫微殿), 2142, 2144Purulli festival, 1786, 1790Pustiosu, 1366, 1374

Pyramids

of the Feathered Serpent, 730, 732, 733

of Giza, 1519–1529. See also Khufu, GreatPyramid of; Khafre’s pyramid;

Menkaure’s pyramid

of G€uı́mar, 1125–1130of the Moon, 730, 731

of the Sun, 730–733, 738, 740, 741, 798

2288 Index

QQhapaq Raymi, 842, 845

Qibla, 189–195, 1687–1693, 1696, 1697,1700–1702, 1929–1933

in the Mediterranean, 1697

Qin Dynasty, 2089–2092

Qing, 82

Qiyas, 53Qom, 982Quadrant, 2147

Quadrant, meridian, 1596, 1601

Quarter Remainder system, 2061

Quartz, 1282

Quetzalcóatl/Kukulcán, 513

Quipu-calendar, 845–847

Quipus (Khipu), 27, 382, 841, 849, 853, 854

Quiver star, 1463

Qumran, 1884, 1885, 1895–1899

Qur’ân, 182–184, 186, 189, 195Qutb al-Dı̄n Shı̄razı̄, 1923

Quya Raymi, 845, 848

Quyllur, wara-wara, 914

RRA. See Right ascension (RA)Ra’ang Bayi, 2210, 2211Racoş, 1366, 1374

Radial line centers, 823, 827

Radial pyramid, 789

Rafal Rubı́, 1144

Raiders of the Lost Ark, 281, 283Rainbow, 1353–1354

Rainmaking ritual, 1082

Ramadān, 1930, 1931

Ramesses II, 81

Ramesside star-charts, 1478, 1483–1485

Ramesside star clock, 1496–1498

Random distribution, 1074

Rapa Nui (Easter Island), 141, 2232, 2234,

2235, 2237, 2239–2241, 2261–2267

Raymi, 842, 844–848

Records of the Annunciating ClepsydraPavilion Borugakgi (報漏閣記), 2169

Rectangular tumuli, 1060, 1061, 1064, 1066,

1074–1076

Recumbent stone circles, 1277–1284

Refraction, atmospheric, 463, 534, 537

Regimento das Léguas, 56

Regimento do Cruzeiro do Sul, 55

Regimento do Norte, 54, 56

Regimento do Sol, 55

Regulus, 1663–1667

Rehm, A., 1606–1608

Reiche, M., 825, 826

Rekeh-wer, 1491, 1492

Removal of curfew paru (罷漏, quit theclepsydra), 2167

Renenutet, 1491, 1492

Repatination, 240

Retrograde motion, 470

Reyman, J.E., 566, 568, 569

R˙g-vedic period, 1950, 1951

Ribstones, 547

Ricci, Matteo, 2144

Right ascension (RA), 460, 461, 1498

Ring Hill, 1082–1084, 1087, 1089

Risco Caı́do, 1117, 1122, 1123

Ritual calendar (tzolk’in) of 260 days, 696Rituals of Kingship, 1804, 1805

Ritual organization of Socaire, 924

Ritual uniformity, 172

Rivard, J., 271

River Boyne, 1264–1266

Rock art, 542, 545, 607–617, 1032, 1035,

1205–1212

Rock-cut sanctuaries, 1382, 1387–1389

Rock shelters, 554, 556

Rock shelter of Laussel, 1207, 1208

Roman empire, 1629, 1634, 1669

Roman period in Iberian peninsula, 1163,

1164, 1166

Roman temple orientations, 1094–1099

Rome, 69, 70, 99, 1366, 1367, 1644, 1645,

1653, 1654, 1656

Rondels, 139, 1317–1325

Roque Nublo, 1120, 1122

Rosa Camuna, 1215, 1216

Rose of the winds, 51

Rössen, I., 1318, 1319

Roundhouses, Iron-Age, 412

Round Mound, 78–81

Route of the 36� parallel, 156, 157Royal Observatory Ganuidae, 2160, 2164Rudele, 1366

Ruggles, C., 214, 219, 221

Rujm el-Hiri, 520, 524, 525, 1803, 1804

Run, 1775

Rūznumā, 2014

SSabbath, 1896–1899

Sacred

bundles, 547

geography, 1527–1528, 1690

Index 2289

Sacred (cont.)geometry, 1712

mountains, 652, 656

space, 1388

Terrace, 1366, 1367

well, 1414

Sagan, C., 273

Sagittarius, 2150, 2153–2156

Sah, 1483, 1484

Sahara, 1059–1076

Salzburg, 1593, 1594

Samarkand (Samarqand), 308

observatory, 1918, 1922–1924

Samhain, 487

Samshvilde varskvlavi, 1463

San Carlos Mesa, 437

Sanctuaries, 1163–1168, 1365–1375, 1385–

1394, 1793

Sand paintings, 631, 633–635, 637

SANGA-priest, 1786

Sanskrit astrolabes, 2012, 2013

Santa Cristina’s well, 138, 1413–1420

San Zeno, Chapel of (817-824) in Church of

Santa Prassede in Rome, 1737, 1738

Sapaksi, 598

Saqqara, 1528

Sarapis, 1600

Sardinia, 1144, 1146, 1404, 1406–1408, 1410,

1411, 1413–1419

Śārdūlakarna-avadāna, 1956Sarmizegetusa Regia, 1366–1374

Saroiak, 1187–1195

Saros cycle, 1606, 1611–1613, 1617, 1859,

1860, 2062

Sassanian calendar reform, 1904–1905

Sassanian dynasty, 1902

Saturn, synodic phenomena of, 470

Sawai Jai Singh, 2017–2027

Sayil, 770

Scandinavia, 1214, 1215, 1217

Scaphe, or yangyi 仰仪, 2143Schematic calendars, 22

Schifanoia, 1745, 1748

Schild, R., 1080, 1081, 1085, 1087, 1089

Science heritage, 302, 307–308

Scientific practice, Yoruba, 1052, 1053

Sears Point petroglyphs, 382, 601

Seasonal hours, 1498

Season Granting calendar, 2066

Seasons, 1197–1200, 1951–1954, 1956,

2226–2228

Sechin Bajo, 797, 799

Sedentism, 1080

Segeda, 1182–1184

*seh2wōl, 1214Seibal, 770

Seikh Abada, 496

Selection of data, 376, 380, 381

Selene, 496, 1597

Selk’nam, 1005–1009Selkup, 1681

Semasiographic system, rock art as, 247

Semi-subterranean Temple at Tiwanaku, 803

Senenmut, 1478, 1481, 1484

Senuseret I, 1536, 1539

Septimius Severus, 99

Series global (heritage entity), 310

Serra da Estrela, 1154, 1156

Seshat, 1053, 1512, 1517

Seven cycles star, 1463

Seven liberal arts, 166

Severus Sebokht, 1594

Sextant, 2018, 2019, 2147

Śı̄ghra-samskāra, 2003

Shabikeshchee, 603

Shabnumā, 2014Shadow-casting phenomena, 428

Shadow lengths, 1928, 1930, 1931

Shadow schemes, 1931, 1938

Shahjahanabad, 2019–2021, 2023, 2025, 2026

Shamanistic belief, 534

Shamans, 535, 542, 1209–1211

Shang di, 69, 78–80, 2072

Shang dynasty, 71, 2069, 2075

Shaori, 1465–1467

Shausga, 1785

Shaw Butte, 553, 555, 556, 600

Shef-bedet, 1492

Shemu, 1507, 1510

Shi Shen (石申), 2037

Short stone rows, 414, 1287–1295

Shoushi Calendar, 2114Shoushi-li, 2158–2161Shrines, Mithraic, 1669, 1670

Shushmanets and Golyama Kosmatka tumulus,

1390, 1392, 1394

Shvidmoqcevis varskvlavi, 1463

Si Ayuh, 2210, 2213, 2214

Siberia, 1680–1685

Sicily, 1144

Siddhānta, 1985–1988Sidereal day, 11

Sidereal month, 467

Sidi Ali Celebi, 53

Sidonius Apollinaris, 1734

Śighra cycle, 1996, 1999

2290 Index

Śighrakendra, 1996, 1997, 2000Sı̂ghrocca, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2004Sighting wall, 2255–2256, 2258

Signs of the zodiac, 1670, 1671, 1673

Silk book, 2080

Simplified armillary, 2159, 2160

Simplified Instrument, or jianyi简仪, 2143Sin, 496

Sinagua, 600

Sinaguan, 611

Sine quadrant, 2010, 2013, 2014

Sinking-bowl type of water clock,

2008, 2009

Sipapu, 579

Sirius, 32, 38, 39, 151, 1082, 1086, 1094,

1117, 1173, 1490, 1497, 1506,

1507, 1538, 1543, 1545, 1546, 1789

Six-directional framework, 650, 654

Six Ren Divination, 2035, 2036

SketchUp, 452, 455

Skidi Pawnee, 1353, 1355

Sky

dial, 1449, 1450

knowledge, 240, 242, 243, 245

River, 2088, 2091

visualization software, 422

Sky-earth social relations, 955

Skylore of northern Eurasia, 1679–1685

Skyscapes, 1684, 1685

Skywatchers on Rapa Nui, 2262, 2263, 2267

Skyworld, 2224–2229Slope, direction of, 1154, 1157, 1158, 1160

SLS. See Structured light scanner (SLS)Smallpox inoculation, 1053

Smithsonian Institution, National

Anthropological Archives (SI/NAA),

650, 653, 654

Snaketown, 559, 560

Snefru, 1523, 1524

Social field, 10, 233

Social organization, 233

Social sciences, perceptions of

archaeoastronomy within, 228–230,

232, 350

Social theory, 360–362

Socio-political processes, 2201

Socotra, 1938

Śodhyadina, 1996–2000Sofaer, A., 273

Solar

alignments, 1734, 1789, 2034

anomaly, 1996, 2000

calendars, 7–8, 11, 1382, 1383

calendar, Tupinambá, 947

eclipses, 915–917, 1785

god, 1396

hierophany, 430. (see also Light-and-shadow interactions)

horizon calendars, 20, 24, 28

and lunar eclipses, 494, 835, 2159, 2162

observation devices, 653, 812–814, 819

orientations, 1400, 1696, 1701

solstice orientations, 1373–1374

stations, 1447, 1448, 1466

system, 1104–1105

terms, 2062, 2067

wheel, 1216

year, 1433, 1439, 1498

zenith passage, 10, 788

Solstice markers, 1426

Solstices, 59, 272, 273, 276–282, 465–469,

484–486, 489, 491, 542, 548, 549,

622–625, 716, 732, 735, 1406–1410,

1433–1435, 1455, 1566–1568, 1596,

1653, 1654, 1657, 1671, 1673, 2012,

2097, 2113–2115

Solstitial

alignments, 485

orientation, 1224, 1229–1234, 1723

sunrise and sunset directions, 24, 330, 638,

650–652

Solunto, 1595

Song, 77, 85

Song I-Yeong (宋以穎), 2165, 2179–2194Son Mas, 521

Son of Heaven tianzi (天子), 2034Sonoran Desert, 552, 562

Sopdet, 1479, 1484, 1507, 1511, 1542, 1543, 1545

Sorghum, 1938

Sothis, 38–40, 1490, 1542, 1545

Sotho-Tswana, 1033, 1034

South Arabian kingdoms, 1938, 1939

South Caucasus, 1444

Southern Cross, 965, 1172, 1174, 1424, 1428,

2213, 2256, 2257

Southern Cross and Pointers, 1046, 1401

Southern lunar maximum, 566, 569, 570, 572.

See also Southern major lunistice,Major lunar standstill limits

Southern non-zodiacal constellations, 155

Southern Tewa, 603

South Kalimantan, 2208, 2210, 2213

South Mountains, 552–554, 559

Sovereign Pole calendar, 2064, 2065

Space, concept of, 3–13

Spal, 1795

Index 2291

Spatial order, 770, 771

Spatial patterning, 358, 359

Sphairopoiı̈a (sphere-making), 1596

The Sphere of Eudoxus, 153Sphinx, 487, 489, 1521, 1522, 1527, 1528

Sphutacandrāpti, 1992, 1998–1999Sphujidhvaja, 1957

Sphuta-graha, 2003Spiral, petroglyphs, 552–554, 557–559

Spirit-helper, 1210

Spondylus, 1379

Spots of light in medieval churches, 1746,

1748, 1750

Spring and Autumn Annals, 2044Spring equinox, 495, 499, 504, 1805, 1886

Spring full moon, 499–500, 503, 504

Śravana BeLagoLa, 1961, 1963

Śringeri, 1960, 1962

Staffordshire clogs, 1776

Standstill. See Lunar standstillsStar(s), 834–836, 1031, 1033–1035,

1455–1457, 1459, 1555–1560,

1564, 1565

calendar, 244, 1440

ceilings, 636, 638

charts, 357, 358

charts, Chinese, 2055, 2056

clocks, 1941–1947

compass, Micronesian, 2234

globe, 2144, 2147

maps, 357, 2150

paintings, 2152–2156

Starlight, 291, 292, 294, 295

Starlight reserves, 292, 294

Star-lore, 548, 933, 934, 938–941, 943

Star names, Chinese, 2052

Starry sky, 288, 291, 292

Stars of the year, 932, 933, 936, 939, 940

State calendars, 1110, 1111

Stationary point, 1857, 1859

Station Stones, 1226, 1227, 1229, 1235

Steele, J., 1614

Steering by the stars, 46–48

Stellar alignments, 517–528

Stellarium, 448, 453–455

Stellar phases, 1626, 1627

Stereographic projection, 1367, 1368, 1370,

1593, 1594

Sterngarten, 455

Stone circles, 2200, 2201

Stonehenge, 136–140, 214–217, 221, 222, 224,

255–259, 264–284, 295, 362, 366, 488,

542, 1223–1236, 1456

Riverside Project, 1224, 1233

sarsen circle, 381

Stone inscriptions in Indian temples, 1961

Strabo(Strabon), 1161, 1366, 1595, 1796, 1814

Strabo, Walahfrid, 1734

Street of the Dead, 730–734, 738

Stretching of the cord, 1502, 1503, 1512, 1517,

1524

Strike-release ball-system, 2183, 2184, 2188–

2192, 2194

Striking Heavenly Clepsydra

Heumgyeonggaknu, 2163, 2169–2175Striking Palace Clepsydra Jagyeokgungnu

(自擊宮漏), 2164Striking train, 2183, 2184, 2189–2191, 2194

Stroked Pottery culture, 1318

Structured light scanner (SLS), 451

Stukeley, W., 266, 267

Suhayl, 1688

Sulba Sútras, 1963, 1964Sumerian, 1824–1826, 1830, 1831, 1836–1837

Summer solstice, 484, 485, 552, 553, 556–559,

561, 562, 1094, 1095, 1127–1129, 1165,

1168, 1398, 1400, 1455, 1663, 1665,

1804, 1808, 1809

Sun, 483–488, 490, 491, 784, 788, 789, 1104,

1105, 1339, 1341, 1342, 1344, 1346–

1347, 1350–1355, 1396, 1444–1450,

1630–1632, 1652–1654, 1656–1658,

1663, 1666, 1667, 1670, 1671, 1674–

1676, 2216–2219

Chief, 74, 75, 77

crosses, 1341

cult, 833–834

dagger (Fajada Butte), 273, 274, 447

dagger sites, 365, 437, 621–627

dance, 547

markers, 433

movement apparatus, 2182, 2184–2186,

2192, 2193

nests, 1463

Priest, 643

symbol, Pueblo, 643, 647

temples, 566, 568–570, 572, 573, 882,

1960, 1961, 1963–1965

watching, 332–334, 631, 637, 642–644, 646

Sundials, 69, 70, 167, 170, 174–177, 429, 430,

432, 433, 1367, 1373, 1588, 1593, 1652,

1654, 1739, 1942, 1943, 1945–1947,

2117–2125

Sun goddess Amaterasu, 2199, 2200

Sun-goddess of Arinna, 1784, 1786–1789

Sun God of Heaven, 1785

2292 Index

Sunming-li, 2158, 2159Sunrise

arc, 465, 813, 818

azimuth of, 1712, 1714, 1715

Sun’s daily arcs, 167, 168, 174, 428

Sunset arc, 465

Sun’s house, 653

Sunspot observations, Chinese, 2045

Sunstick, 76

Superior conjunction, 469

Superior planets, synodic phenomena of, 470

Supernal Emblem calendar, 2062, 2065

Sūriya-pannatti, 1956Survey instruments, 414

Survey techniques, 428, 433, 441

Surya Puja, 488, 490

Sushiryeok Cheobeob Yibseong, 2158Su Song, 2134–2138, 2176

Suzhou, 85, 86

Sweat bath (temascal), 665

Swedish rock art, 357

Symbol counts, 375, 381–383

Symbol of Christ, 1734, 1735, 1737, 1739

Symbo-logic systems, 5, 10

Symbols, Mithraic, 1670–1674

Symmetry axis analysis, 1156, 1157,

1159, 1160

Synodic arc, 1867, 1868

Synodic month, 20, 21, 23, 466

Synodic period, of planets, 470

Synodic period of Venus, 970

Synodic phenomena, 1864, 1865, 1867

Syzygy, 2063, 2064

TTables, astronomical, 1597, 1987, 1988.

See also Zı̄jTabwa people (DRC), 1037

Tacit/implicit knowledge, 1057

Taharqa, 1545–1547

Taiyang Tongjing, 2160Takamatsu and Kitora Kofuns, 2200Talayotic culture, 1144, 1146, 1169, 1170,

1172, 1173

Talayots, 1146, 1170, 1171

Tally of days, 1427

Tal-Qadi stone slab, 1423

Tangarduk Kaya cave sanctuary, 1383, 1384

Tanis, 1591

Tannur, 496, 1814–1816

Tantrasangraha, 2004Taoist Temple of Mystery, 85–88

Taosi, 25, 2060, 2085, 2086, 2105–2110

Taqı̄al-Dı̄n, 1924, 1925

Tarapacá, 915, 916

Tarazed, 1683

Tarquinia, 1645

Tarraco, 1645

Taulas, 520–521, 1169–1174

Tauroctony, Mithraic, 1674–1676

Taurus, 2208, 2210, 2211, 2213

Tawantinsuyu, 839–841

Techy, 1492

Ted Pedas, 272

Teide, 1121, 1123

Tekna, 1108, 1111

Tell-type settlements, 1378

Tempe Butte, 557–559

Temperament theory, 118, 122–126, 128–130

Tempietto di Cividale, 1736, 1737

Temple(s), 769, 770, 1094–1099, 1386,

1388–1394, 1652, 1655, 1734, 1735,

1793–1798

of Ain Dara, 1810, 1811

of the Amphitheater, 796–798

architecture, 1959–1967

of the Condor, 888, 889

of Heaven, 78, 79

of the Mortars, 888–889

of the Pillars [Chankillo], 815, 817, 818

Polynesian, 2235, 2237–2238

of Re-Horakhty, 81

of the Rock, 1804–1807

of Solomon in Jerusalem, 1734

of the Sun, 832

of Three Windows, 884

Templo de la Luna, 907

Templo Mayor, 716, 726, 743–747

Temporality, 17, 19, 24

Temporal equinox, 466, 1097, 1165–1167

Tenerife, 1125, 1127, 1129

Tenos, 1592

Teotihuacán, 296, 722–724, 726, 729–735,

738, 740, 741

Termes, 1645

Terms, 1591, 1597

Terrestrial globe, 2180, 2183, 2185–2187

Terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), 451

Territorial markers, Medicine Wheels as, 548

Textiles, 851 Thales, 1595

Theatres, E-groups as, 789

Thebes, 35, 39

Thematic Study on astronomical heritage, 302,

303, 306, 308

Theodolite surveys, 414, 415

Index 2293

Theon of Alexandria, 1594

Thirst Dance, 547

Thirteen towers [of Chankillo], 808–814, 819

Tholos, 1136–1138, 1140, 1143

Thom, A., 214–218, 221, 222, 231, 232, 270,

494, 518, 520, 548, 1279, 1283, 1284,

1288

Thom paradigm, 518

Thornborough, 525, 1239–1247

Thoth, 496–498, 1491, 1492

Thrace, 1386, 1387, 1389

Thracian astronomy, 1387

Thracians, 1385–1401

Thrasyllus, 99

Three Kings, 1760

Three paired stars, 1760

Thutmosis III, 1533, 1536

Tian wen, 2044Tides, 948, 2216, 2218

neap tide, 57

spring tide, 57, 59

tidal chart, 58

Tierra del Fuego, 1006

Tiger Star, 2074

Tikal, 770, 771, 785–788

Timbuktu, 1101–1105

Time, 3–13, 16–20, 23–26, 166–168, 171–175,

177, 1551, 1586–1588

conception of, 19, 20, 23, 24

keeping, 2201

periods, 1057

reckoning, 1198, 1199, 1201–1203

12 Time-announcing medallions, 2184, 2187,

2188, 2194

Time-annunciator, 2183, 2184, 2187–2190,

2192, 2194

Timing of irrigation systems, 1941

Timing of water shares, 1943

TIN. See Triangulated irregular network (TIN)Tindaya, 1116–1119

Tipi rings, 543, 547

Tirfa, 56Tirthas, 1979

Tisza, 1319

Tithi, 1954Titicaca,lake, 894

Tištrya, 1905

Tiwanaku, 803–805

Tlacaxipehualiztli, 745

Tlaloc, 744, 746

TLS. See Terrestrial laser scanner (TLS)Toba, 981–984

Tobias, M., 96

Toleta de Marteloio, 54

Tomb(s), 1154, 1386, 1388–1394, 2201

seven-stone, 1154

Tombe dei Giganti, 1144, 1404, 1406, 1407

Tomnaverie, 1282, 1283

Tonalpohualli, 732, 746Tonga, 2232, 2236, 2237

Topchika Cave, 1380–1381

Topography, 496, 2151

Torralba d’en Salort, 521, 1171, 1173, 1174

Torre d’en Gaumes, 1172

Total station surveys, 814

Tower of the Winds, 1592–1594, 1599

Trajan’s Emperor Column, 1366

Transhumance, 1156

Transit star clock, 1496–1498

Translation movement, 1910

Treasury, 496

Trecena

augments, 762

houses, 761, 762

Trepidation, theory of, 1911

Triangulated irregular network (TIN), 449

Triangulum, 1047, 1048

Triaster, 2075

Trier, 1598

Trigonometry, 1912, 1913, 1982, 1985–1987

Trilithon, 1226

Triple Concordance calendar, 2061–2063, 2065

Triquetrum, 2018

Tropical year, 2113–2115

Tropic of Cancer, 661, 662

Tūsı̄ couple, 1912

Tsiskari (Venus), 1463

Tuareg, 1107–1113

T€ubatulabal, 598Tuleilat al-Ghassul, 1802

Tulum, 721

Tumuli associated with a line of stones,

1064, 1073

Tumuli with antenna, 1065, 1066

Tunisia, 1094, 1097, 1108–1109

Tupa, 141, 142, 2239, 2262, 2263, 2265–2266

Tupinambá, 946–948

Turtle watchtowers, 2262

Twenty-eight lunar lodges, 2039, 2040

Twenty-four solar terms, 2035, 2102, 2103

Twin pyramid groups, 770

Twins, 557–560

Tybi, 1492

Tyche, 496, 498, 1663

Tycho Brahe, 2147

Tyre, 1794, 1798

2294 Index

UUdayagiri, 1961, 1963

Udeghe, 1200

Ujjain, 2018, 2023–2025, 2027

Ulaca, 1177, 1178, 1180–1182, 1185

Ulugh Beg, 1922–1924

Umar al–Khayyām, 1922

Underworld, 2224, 2225, 2229

UNESCO, 302–305, 308–310, 2026

Uniformist model, 149, 150, 154, 155

Unity3D, 447, 452, 454

University of Pennsylvania Museum of

Archaeology and Anthropology,

278, 281

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), 549

Unreal Engine, 447

Upper Paleolithic, 1198, 1200, 1201,

1203, 1211

Upper Paleolithic, Franco-Cantabrian,

1205–1212

Ur, 33, 34, 496, 497

Uraniborg, 142

Ur-Nammu, 496

Urn Tomb, 1816–1820

Uroscopy, 126

Urra = hubullu, 1830Ursa Major, 536, 537, 1681,

1936–1938

Uttaràyana, 1964Uxmal, 508, 513, 515, 725, 726, 773–780

VVākyakaranna, 1992, 1995, 1996,

1999, 2000

Vākya system, 1991–2000Valcamonica, 1214–1216, 1218

Vale d’el Rei, 1154, 1155

Vale Maria do Meio, 1154, 1155, 1161

Valencia de Alcántara, 1150

Valencina de la Concepción, 1136

Valens, V., 120, 121

Vallée des Merveilles, 1214

Van Stone, Mark, 281

Varāhamihira, 1956

Varanasi, 2018, 2023–2025, 2027

Varro, 60

V-Bar-V Heritage Site, 600

Vedānga, 1950, 1951, 1953–1957Vedic

period, 1950–1953

rituals, 1952

sources, 1982–1984

Vega, 536, 538

Veintena, 760–762

Vela, 148

Venantius Fortunatus, 1735

Ventilation shafts, in the Great Pyramid of

Giza, 1526–1527

Venus, 23, 71, 73, 495, 507–515, 558, 559,

696–702, 706, 707, 719, 725, 727,

775–779, 784, 787, 788, 835, 914,

918, 1117, 1119, 1168, 1342, 1345,

1346, 1663, 1666, 1667, 1785, 1788,

1817, 2218

extremes, 788

omens, 34

synodic cycle of, 22

synodic phenomena of, 470

Verbiest, Ferdinand (1623-1688), 2146

Vernacular astronomy, 2198, 2200, 2201

Vernal equinox, 495, 499, 504, 1805, 1886

Vetton, 1176, 1177, 1180, 1184

Vézelay Abbey, 1754

Viewscape, 244

Vision Quest, 547

Visual communication, 244, 247

Vitalism, 2198

Vitruvius, 1367, 1374, 1590, 1592, 1593, 1646,

1734, 1744, 1753

von Hallerstein, Ferdinand Augustin Haller

(1703-1774), 2147

Voyaging, 2232

V-shaped monuments, 1060, 1061, 1064, 1065,

1070, 1073, 1076

Vučedol Culture, 1327–1334

WWallace’s Line, 44

Warachikuy, 845Warrior elite, 820

Water clock, 2008–2009

Water-hammering type (水激式), 2180, 2182Water-Powered Astronomical Clock Tower,

2129, 2133–2138

Water Strider, 645

Wayekiye, 1542

Wayfinding, 538

Weather and fertility ritual, 955

Wedge tombs, 1251, 1253, 1254, 1256,

1257, 1259

Week, 1896–1898

days of, 1627

Weight (錘), 2180, 2182

Weltbild, 7

Index 2295

Weluku, 2209, 2210Wendorf, F., 1080, 1085, 1089, 1090

Wep-renpet, 488,